:PROPERTIES:
:CREATED:  [2026-05-31 Sun]
:ID:       a1b2c3d4-e5f6-4a7b-8c9d-0e1f2a3b4c5d
:END:
#+title: Rainbird AI
#+filetags: :passepartout:strategy:competitors:rainbird:
#+STATUS: draft

* Overview

Rainbird Technologies Ltd is a UK-based AI company founded around 2015. It builds a commercial neurosymbolic decision intelligence platform — the closest existing product to Passepartout's Gate, but focused exclusively on enterprise policy decisioning rather than being a general-purpose verified computing environment.

* The Three-Engine Architecture

Rainbird's platform has exactly three engines, which map directly to Passepartout's architecture:

1. **Language Engine** — an LLM that serves as the natural language interface. Users ask questions in English; the LLM translates them into symbolic queries. It also assists in building the knowledge graphs.

2. **Neural Engine** — handles pattern recognition over unstructured data. Extracts entities, relationships, and uncertainties from documents and free text. Feeds into the knowledge graph.

3. **Reasoning Engine** — a proprietary symbolic inference engine. This is the authoritative layer. It reasons deterministically over the knowledge graph, propagates uncertainties, and produces provably correct decisions with full audit trails.

The hierarchy is symbolic-above-neural — the same architectural choice as Passepartout. The LLM translates and proposes; the reasoning engine decides.

* Knowledge Graphs and Ontology

This is the core of Rainbird's approach and the most relevant part for Passepartout.

Rainbird calls their knowledge representations **"world models"** — deterministic graph-based structures that encode an organization's regulations, policies, and expert knowledge. The graph consists of:

- **Entities** — the objects in a domain (Customer, Policy, Claim, Transaction, Provider)
- **Relationships** — how entities connect (Customer has Policy, Policy covers Claim)
- **Rules** — deterministic logic that governs decisions (If claim amount exceeds 10,000 AND policy type is basic, then flag for manual review)
- **Uncertainty annotations** — Rainbird's engine natively propagates uncertainty through the graph rather than treating all facts as binary

The graph is built in **Rainbird Studio**, a no-code visual environment. A fine-tuned LLM assists in construction: you describe your domain in natural language, the LLM proposes entities and rules, and a human expert reviews and approves them before they enter the graph. This is the critical difference from Passepartout's approach — Rainbird's knowledge base is human-curated, not self-hardened.

Rainbird also supports:

- **Version control** on world models
- **Deployment control** across environments
- **Collaborative building** — multiple experts can work on the same graph
- **Testing and reporting** on graph accuracy

* How a Decision Happens

1. A user asks a question in natural language, or an automated process submits a query.
2. The Language Engine (LLM) translates the question into a symbolic query against the knowledge graph.
3. The Reasoning Engine walks the graph deterministically, applying rules, propagating uncertainties, and producing an answer.
4. A proof tree is generated — every step of the reasoning is recorded, showing exactly which rules fired, which entities were consulted, and what uncertainties were propagated.
5. The Language Engine translates the result and proof back into natural language for the user.

Because the LLM never makes a decision — it only translates — there are zero hallucinations in the output. Every answer is traceable to a specific path through the knowledge graph.

* Market Position

**Customers and case studies:**

- **EY** — automated data-privacy checks, turning a process from months to minutes, with every result fully explainable and auditable
- **BDO** — cut R&D tax reviews from 5 hours down to seconds, helping advisors take on more clients with consistent decisions
- **DACB (law firm)** — uncovered 800% more fraud 500% faster with full transparency into how every decision was made
- **Killik & Co (financial advisory)** — client suitability checks in a fraction of the time, fully compliant with financial regulations
- **NHS (UK National Health Service)** — COVID-19 risk assessments during the pandemic

**Target sectors:** Banking and finance, insurance, tax and audit, healthcare, law, intelligent automation.

**Positioning on the Gartner Hype Cycle for AI 2023:** Rainbird is the exemplar of **neurosymbolic AI**, listed under innovations that will be fueled by generative AI. Gartner positions neurosymbolic AI on the Slope of Enlightenment, meaning it is understood by early adopters and entering practical deployment.

**Pricing model:** Rainbird is a proprietary SaaS platform sold through enterprise licensing. Pricing is not public, but given their customer profile (EY, BDO, NHS), it is in the tens-to-hundreds of thousands per year range for enterprise deployments. They also offer partner delivery models through their delivery partner network.

* Architecture Comparison with Passepartout

| Dimension | Rainbird | Passepartout |
|-----------|----------|-------------|
| Role | Decision engine (queried for answers) | Operating environment (gates every action) |
| Architecture | Three engines: Language, Neural, Reasoning | Four subsystems: Environment, Knowledge, Verification (Gate), Social Protocol |
| Authority | Symbolic engine is authoritative | ACL2-verified deductive layer is authoritative over LLM |
| Knowledge format | Knowledge graphs built in Studio (human-curated) | Org files (human writes), indices derived (machine builds) |
| Graph growth | Manual — human experts build and update in Studio | Automatic — autodidactic loop hardens from Gate decisions |
| LLM role | Natural language translation only | Proposes actions, facts, interpretations; cannot overrule Gate |
| Audit trail | Proof trees from reasoning engine | Full decision log from every Gate action |
| Execution environment | Conventional cloud/SaaS | Lisp address space, bare metal at Stage 3+ |
| Identity | User accounts in SaaS | Self-sovereign DID |
| Social protocol | None | DIDComm, PDS, relay, compute marketplace, liquid democracy |
| Openness | Proprietary, closed source | Designed to be open and self-hosted |
| Autodidactic loop | None — models updated manually | Continuous — learns from decisions, probes, and kernel wrappers |
| Pricing | Enterprise SaaS, undisclosed | Self-hosted free, hosted tier $10-30/mo |

* Key Weaknesses and Gaps

**No evaluation loop.** Rainbird is a system you query. It does not sit in the action path. It cannot prevent an action before it happens — it can only answer whether an action is compliant. This is the fundamental architectural difference. The Gate prevents; Rainbird advises.

**No autodidactic loop.** Every rule in Rainbird's knowledge graph was written by a human in Studio. The system does not learn from its own decisions. It does not harden novel patterns into verified procedures. It remains permanently dependent on manual knowledge engineering.

**No self-improvement.** Related to the above — Rainbird can never improve its own reasoning engine. If a new type of decision is needed, a human must add rules to the knowledge graph. Passepartout's Gate can propose new boundaries, have them verified by ACL2, and deploy them autonomously.

**No identity layer.** Rainbird has no concept of a self-sovereign identity, DID, or personal data store. It authenticates through SaaS accounts. It cannot participate in a decentralized social protocol.

**Proprietary and hosted.** Customers cannot audit the inference engine, cannot modify it, cannot run it on their own bare metal. They trust Rainbird's SaaS infrastructure. This limits deployment to enterprises that can accept a third-party SaaS dependency.

**No operating environment.** Rainbird does not run your editor, shell, browser, or agent. It is a tool you consult, not a system you live in.

* Implications for Passepartout

**Validation.** Rainbird proves the market exists. Enterprises will pay significant sums for deterministic symbolic AI over a natural language interface. Every Rainbird case study — especially in regulated industries — validates the revenue model Passepartout targets for Stage 2.

**Differentiation.** Rainbird's weaknesses are Passepartout's strengths. The autodidactic loop, the evaluation loop interposition, the social protocol, the Lisp address space, the self-hosted pricing — these are gaps in Rainbird's offering that Passepartout can exploit.

**Patent risk.** Rainbird predates the Gate and weakens patent claims around the probabilistic-deterministic split in isolation. Passepartout's strongest patent position after Rainbird is the combination of all six differentiating elements — not just the split, but the autodidactic loop, Merkle memory, evaluation loop interposition, sufficiency criterion, and social protocol combined.

**Knowledge graph lessons.** Rainbird's Studio-based knowledge graph construction is mature and proven in enterprise deployments. Passepartout should study their approach to entity modeling, rule representation, uncertainty propagation, and proof tree format. There is no need to reinvent the ontology layer from scratch.
