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0_inbox/books/PDM/Bill Mollison - Permaculture A Designer's Manual text/203.txt

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+mu u
+‘REGD‘MMENDED SCALE 0? sum PARTICLE SIZES
+mm .
+[Alter McDonald Hal]
+rin- olay c a sea
+clay nimoles a 002
+sor n m . 0 oz
+sun: on . z.n
+lino 0,02 , o z \
+ooaiss 0.2 - 2
+GRAVEL z . so
+Fl"! 2 , s
+Moo-um 5 ~ 2::
+coaiu 2n . so
+CDEBLES so e 200
+STONES zoo , soo
+aouwsns sow
+ahsorphon.
+rural
+
+Hamus or humic decay and bacteria) producla pioyide
+colloids, as do llnely ground graphiio and silica, line
+clays lpariieics ol 2-200 millimioronsi such as illiies,
+henlonilc (usually deposiled on clay pans isom
+evaporaiion of clays in iuipellsiml), grain iiours and
+animal lgeiaunous) nours, eg iroin hooves, horns,
+sinew wislzs, album and so on aamna also seeiele
+polysacciurides which ioi-m soil gels,
+
+Son condilioncis which iorm slabie colloids are sold
+under a variely oi iradc names (ask a local agncullural
+supplieil, e g. Agrusuhem, lkedagzm. Tenasorl:®.
+which are hydrophiiir laliraci waleri as are many
+naniral gels irom grain ymduns and seaweed, Ware.
+conservanon iii up lo 50% is claimed lor some oi rhesc
+addirives Mosa arlilicial gels are Icryllc-based
+nacrylaniid polym) and supplied as granules able lo
+aosoro hundreds oi nines lheir weighr in wales. rhsy
+sie used hi gut eifed in nursery planla, row crops,
+Ilrw nee planiings m desens, and in rransplanling. The
+acrylics are applied ro soils al 5 log/ha or more, and
+conserye irrigalion waler by psevsnring eyaporaiinn
+lsiraii rurmer, New Zealand, Aug ‘34) These
+subshues are 0! value in seed penning.
+
+Calloids also loml hydvaphnblc irepei waleri
+snbshms such as lhose oi clays and some soil hingi
+produce. The surraces oi colloid panislcs are usually
+negalively chill-geld, as are rool hairs, and ihus aiiraer
+posinve ions ro ihsar suriaces, cg rhe posinve ions or
+sulphates nirrares, and iii meials lsodium, calcium
+magnesium, ironl Aboua 99; al such ions are so held
+in soils chepcr, i952), Colloids irom liumus are
+hundreds oi limes more eiiecme ihan clay colloids in
+ion exchange in soils
+
+Ammmua and sodium can dislodge lheac ions, and
+
+lhey can oscome av ilaiile lo planl ioois, which aliracl
+lliein by producing nogahyc rill charges wilh ioo
+much i-iushing by sodium, ihe calcium and meralhr
+ions can he losl io lcaching pnsceoaes and carried hi
+sueams, hence lo seas or lakes.
+
+Cullmds used in waier solienrng capruie cslcium
+ions and release sodium ions, allowing soaps lo laiher
+Ferric uxide colloids have pusml‘l‘ charges and glvl‘
+warer a brown srairi, iypicai oi waler: issuing lrom
+acid pears and pmc ioissls. ihe colloid paniclcs can lse
+nocculaled iaggmgaredl and selile our ii aluminium
+salrs lsulpholesi are added. and rhis may happen as a
+resulr oi acid rain, or can be induced Wirh ihe acid
+iorms ol any negarive parricles Sall also iloccuiares
+colloids up is rhe poinl where excess sodium
+dr/lorrulorcs days, wirh calcium and oiher ions, which
+is ihe efiocr ol high sall conconrrarions in dryiand soils
+loyer lcs ppm salli.
+
+Burning desnoys rhe colloidul properues ol surlace
+clays and is anoiher reason why descn soils leach our
+airer iiies. aurni clay panicles no longer farm (nVIul'dsi
+and become poor in iruneral nuri-ienls, which are rhen
+lound only in deep soil profiles Oeganie humus ionns
+blxk slimy pools on rop ol ihecoliapsed soils
+
+ir is rhe clay panicles and colloids lorganic and
+inorganic colloidal lhai oind waier and nurrienr in
+soils. in ihe oopics ai loasl, mosaol lhesc oolloids are in
+ihe biomass oi rho soil as cellular gels, or aie produced
+as shealhing maierial by soil omens wirhoui colloids,
+soil minerals rapidly leach our and become poor in
+nulrienl Fire. clearing, ploughing, and cuiiivarion
+desrioy such colloids and soil srnicrnre, as does extess
+sodium ions. rhus. iii hold and sachangc nuincnls, we
+as gardeners need lo develop narurai or arriiicial
+colloid conicni in soils, iiom where planr ml: and soil
+launa or llora derive iheir waier and ossenrisl
+numenls Very e clay is needed in sandy gardens lo
+cioalc a svll dal soil environmeni, and liie iorms are
+encouraged and developed by humus, mulch, and
+perenmal planl crops. Good soil siruciure lro hold ihe
+coflnlds) is developed iiy careiul easin husbandry,
+aogelhcr th iloeailaling additives such as gypsum
+and humus.
+
+ 
+
+solL WATER
+
+The waier conlenr oi soils is a soup oi iieehvrng
+organisms, dissolved gases and sairs, minerals, gels,
+and ihe washoii iiom ihrougliiall in lrees lwaxes,
+lnssi iree ”body wines"? Organic and inorganic
+paniclea are held in - warer soils have a widely
+vamblt wares-holding capaciry dependeni on rheir
+composirion and manure, so ihai sands absorb and
+ielain warer more quickly lhan clays, hul clays hold
+more walcr per unir volume Available water ihus
+varies horn 2% lsririace sandal lo 40-7. or more oi soil
+yehsine. We can assisr rhe quamuy held in dry sires by
+swallng, conrouring or rerracing, loosening soils,
+adding ilocsulanis, inrioducing aniricial or narurai gels
+lscaweeds or plaslic aoso-laisi, or lay placing a clay or
+
+ 
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+103
+