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0_inbox/books/TWOW/html/merged/03.01.00 What Is.html
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<title>The whole diagram represents the structure of the argument of ontological philosophy</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="LibreOffice 4.2.8.2 (Linux)">
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<meta name="created" content="20010831;0">
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<meta name="changed" content="20150722;200916456159361">
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<style type="text/css">
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p.western { font-family: "Arial", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; so-language: en-US }
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p.cjk { font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt }
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p.ctl { font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 10pt; so-language: ar-EG }
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</head>
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<body lang="en-GB" text="#99ccff" dir="ltr" style="background: transparent">
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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whole diagram represents the struc<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFIAAAAeCAMAAACIaLm+AAAAYFBMVEX////37+/v39/nzs7fv7/Xr6/MmZnHjo7AgIC/f3+4cHCwYGCoUFCgQECZMzOPHx+HDw+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADfehd+AAAAxklEQVR4nO3WvW7DMBADYOpOlqofW8e+/8P2ggRxhgSIUGcoai4eBHygqMX4Pjz4CMlDc5In+YfIBWRGJFUK1oeDNV+/KLNkdUcAM2QnbVy5jYxxJ8c2Qw6UDRmtoxeoIJENEjQDuJFDREJ/n6RohUlKYEHzDcitmhfeW1Z8rfVZz1dkhi7MQRZetixONtX0SFoShDZBdni5Fah30i/vC0exG9mTDdUJ0vxtyIBxJzMkodV9ywjIzJa/yEme5H8iP/ADc3R+ACaznP9bz8ITAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" name="OdaWIs_up" align="right" hspace="5" vspace="10" width="82" height="30" border="0">ture
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of the argument of ontological philosophy. It has a place for
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everything that reason can know, including not only what is
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necessarily true, but also what is contingently true. Necessary
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truths provide the structure in which the actual is contained as one
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of the range of possibilities. While necessary truths are known to be
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true by deriving them from the best ontological explanation of the
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world, contingent truths require further experience of what actually
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happens in the world.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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distinction between truths about "what is" and "what
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ought to be" mirrors the two main functions of reason. Reason is
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both theoretical and practical, because rational beings need to know
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not only what to believe, but also what to do. In both cases, beliefs
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are true because they correspond to what exists. Truths are
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ontologically necessary when they correspond to what exists in all
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possible spatiomaterial worlds, though most of the necessary truths
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(of both theoretical and practical reason) derived in the following
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sections are only conditionally ontologically necessary. They hold
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only in every possible spatiomaterial world l<i>ike ours</i>, for
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they also depend on space and matter having the specific kind of
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nature they have in our world (that is, where the laws of physics are
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true).</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Necessary
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truths about what is follow from the spatiomaterialist <font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">explanation
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of how space and matter constitute </font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><i>properties</i></font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">,
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</font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><i>relations </i></font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">and
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</font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt"><i>change</i></font><font size="2" style="font-size: 11pt">:</font></font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Explaining
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the nature of <i>properties </i>ontologically solves the so-called
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“hard problem” about the nature of consciousness, for it explains
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why there are phenomenal properties as well as physical properties.
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(If properties are aspects of substances, then bits of matter must
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have intrinsic properties as well as extrinsic properties.)</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
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spatiomaterialist explanation of the nature of <i>relations </i>shows
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how mathematics is true, why math is ontologically necessary, and
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what makes it seem to be certain. (Recognizing space as a substance
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makes it possible to explain <i>all </i>the ways in which set theory
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can be interpreted, showing how they are all true.)</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Its
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explanation of the nature of <i>change </i>solves Hume’s problem of
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induction by explaining change as an aspect of substances enduring
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through time. Since space is recognized as one of the basic
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substances enduring through time, that enables spatiomaterialism to
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show that certain “global regularities” hold necessarily. Those
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regularities include the conservation of matter, the second law of
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thermodynamics, the principles of mechanics, and evolutionary change.</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Space
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causes evolutionary change in two ways, implying that that the
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overall course of evolution is an inevitable series of stages at each
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of which there is gradual change in the direction of maximum power.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">At each
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stage, space causes some kind of (biological) machine to gradually
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become as powerful as possible in controlling conditions affecting
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its reproduction both individually and collectively. This is because
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those machines are not only able to control relevant conditions, but
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also reproduce. They inevitably impose natural selection on
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themselves by their own population growth. Since space is what makes
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cycles of reproduction add up to scarcity over time, space is an
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ontological cause of natural selection, helping to make it inevitable
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in a spatiomaterial world like ours.</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Space is
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also what enables one stage to lead to another, because, once
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biological machines approach maximum power for their kind, they can
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be organized as so many different parts of a more complex biological
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machine. Their reproduction as a whole then causes them to become
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maximally powerful in the same way, that is, by natural selection.
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Space causes new stages of evolution, because space is what makes
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such higher levels of part-whole complexity possible.</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Because
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evolution is an ontologically necessary global regularity in a
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spatiomaterial world like ours, the organisms that evolve at each
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stage are natural kinds with essential natures. Rational beings are
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the organisms that evolve at one of those stages, implying that we
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are necessary beings in a spatiomaterial world like ours. And given
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how the series of evolutionary stages leading up to rational beings
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like us is explained, spatiomaterialism even entails a theory about
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how the brain works, solving problems of neurophysiology. Thus,
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ontological philosophy explains the nature of <i>mind </i>(including
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<i>consciousness</i>), <i>imagination</i>, <i>language</i>, <i>reason
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</i>and even <i>spirit</i>.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Necessary
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truths about what ought to be also follow from the spatiomaterialist
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ontological explanation of the nature of evolutionary change. In a
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spatiomaterial world like ours, matter and space constitute rational
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beings with an individual self interest, a moral interest (deriving
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from their spiritual self interest), and a religious (self) interest.
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Besides showing what is good for rational beings, ontological
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philosophy explains why the good is good for rational beings, so that
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it compels rational beings choose what is good because it is good. In
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the end, that means that rational beings will recognize that they
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ought to do what is good for the world as a whole. That is the
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religious interest that they will come to recognize themselves as
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having.</font></font></font></p>
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</body>
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</html>
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