sueh ellerrs, lhen quickly esrablrsh nanonal loresl and walershel manager-1m! or uslorallon oolroes based on sueh mareh For ourselves, as designers. lhe proper appmach lo lnnd plannmg rulers rhal we reeommend oermanenl luresls and rho oreservanon 0! older loresrs on cmssrva'md ridges, and un sleep |l Inpe or morer sea-lacing slopes nle pleselvallou ol alpine or uplind absmphon areas lsalso essenllal SOIL STORAGE Soil nandmunlng ur nipping“ lsee chapler sr, pruvxdmg lr louowed by «lee Planlanon, lrare elemenr additions, and a nundeslruellve agneullure ol wellemauaged ualural yields, sparse grazlng, and ronservallon larmlug eenamly mereases lby larlors ol up ro 70—85%) lhe ablllry ol solls lo hold and nlllrrale warer, Areas ol up lo 35% nun)“ ean be eonvened ru rem overland flow by a mmblnanon ol soil condihmr ingswaleand wakvsyludmg lo rolesrs, As solls can ronlaln rnany nmes lhe waler ol open smxages or slreams, rhen bolh lhe thmughlloM baselluw, and waler avallable lur plans also luneases. ll lollows lhar lhe CYCL|NG ol waler vii evapolransplrslion and ralnlall also increases, Sol| lrealrnenls nuw need lo precede rree planlmg over almosl erery area rhar has been used by ronrernporary Igncullure lu parlleular rhe barren areas used lor eons-am rmppmg ln drylarvd areas need soil llearrneul ro rnrlrare wa|er absorplrou Trees are essen in lo Prevenl waitrelcggmg ol sulls and soil sallan m m: long renn, INHLTRA‘HON vm mmlwoxxs cheap bmadsule eunhwork syslelns, and many minor lonns or eannwurks can ald lhe rnlslllaoon ol overland waler flaw. l-m'lNG, SWALES and WATER SPREADING are rhe mam aids lo genius lresh walorro deeper srorages lur longerenn use, and also lo incense base (low Diversion ol rurlaee flaw lo sand basins, dune llelds, swlmps, and Suakage beds m eanh—berrned fields all ensure residenl waler “serves lor my and oees, and longudeml slough-s lor use in dry seasons Diversion dlalna and lheir assoeiarad valvra, slldus, moss-walls, lnlakes, and unsihan 5ys|ems enarlle elleenve waler harvzshng, dependable srorage, and lasr emugrncy use in normal mllxug lowlands, hlll eounrry, and drylands they can also recharge sand basins and hwales lrom orherwrse wasled overland lluw, and damp our wMfin-s POND AND FARM DAM smmczs Wherever preelplrallon exceeds rne demands of lransplraliou and evaporalinn, small dams, wellaudr, and swamps ran prolllerare, All ol lhese rel as long- renn warer and wfldlile reserves ln lhe roral landseape, and lrlany Auslfllian larms are now ‘dmughk—pmf‘ due no sens. e mvesurwm m Keylure or similar warer eonservallon sysrerns by rhe owners [reellenr leehnlcal manuals elm lsee relnersees al rho end ol rhls ehaorerr Duns and ponds are polenlial aduaeulrure sues, and me pmducuon ol a dlverse plaul and llsh or warerlowl prolem prodnu should also be eonsldered during rhelr consrruellun, lu humid areas, lherelore, rhese waler slorages can orrupy up ln 20% ol lne Iandzscape wnn gm! bonelrr rn vaxdlng llsh and a grear vanery ol nquaIK product, w al rhe same nme moderaong lhe elleers oldrouglu and llood. BIOLDGICAL smmcss rho gm! loresrs and me biological warer slnxages in lhe lonn ol lrulrs and nuls lsueh as lhe eoeonurr are lhe buns lor rne prolrlerarion ol llle lonrrs where no ‘hee' Wale! orherwne ealsls ln pamcular, browsers, seds and lung. draw on rhese hlologlcll rree reserves yelr-Ivund, and oerlonn a hosl ol oselul hmrxions in any eeusysrem, 0n alolls and arid islands 01 lm» dralnmg sands, ule hiologlnl reserves are lhe mam warer reserves This is ulren overloohed, ereeol by muse lnrlaolranrs dependenr on lhe warns uonlalued ln lruna or uurs Many plane. such as anus, palms, and agaves have speo‘rle ossuas or organs be alone waler ln rhe local mleroellmare, lhe waler ln Vtgelahun smally moderares heal and eold excesses, and bolh releases #0, and absorbs warer lrom oasslng all roearns Easenoal orops such as cassava wxll oroduee eroro as a resull o! lne humldrly provlded by surmundlng vegeranou, so rhal even lhls side elled ol veseradon ls ol productive use lNero Severus: 29 May be) nNK muons Warer an be raplured oil roor areas, roads, and orher paved areas, and used lor borh drinkmg waler and shower or [garden waler, pmvldlng ir can be slored. wool wurer ls leasr pollured, m mosl easily irealed lor dunking and eoolrlng in houses, wrule ahsmpmm beds are sullloenr lor lhe muddy or pollured run-on rrorn roads and parking alas 7.3 EARTHWORKS FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND STORAGE ror lhe serious small dam and eanh Llnk bullder, lhese is no subslllule lor such eompreheusloe rears as lhar .eoenlly mmplled by Kannern 0. Nelson was; This small classle deals wllh ralrhnsenl ourrnenrs, Nn‘ufl ealeulaliuns, sons, eonslruelluu, uullers, vulume and rosl esurnares, and mrludes derailed drawings lor usosl adlunol srruelures However, lller mosl enguleen, Nelson eoueerurares mosuy on valley darns lbarrler or Imbankmmu dam), and lesson «he plaserrsenl ol dams ln rhe loral deslgned 155