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Biogas Production

Biogas Production

Posted: 13 Jul 2017 05:06 AM PDT

3D"07

The food wa= ste from the kitchen and the excrements of 750 students are used to produce= biogas that supplies the thermal energy for cooking.

W= hy Biogas?

Biogas involves the generation of a com= bustible gas from biomass digestion in the absence of oxygen. The waste is = mixed with water to create the right environment for the bacteria to decomp= ose the biomass.

A biogas installation can convert any b= iodegradable material into biogas, which can be used in similar ways as nat= ural gas for cooking, space heating, or water heating. The residue of the d= igestion can be used as a fertiliser, replacing industrial fertilisers made= from fossil fuels.

Humans are an excellent source of low t= emperature heat, especially when they are exercising. However, they are muc= h less efficient in generating the higher temperatures that are required fo= r cooking.

Producing electricity for an electric c= ookstove involves dozens of students generating power. Converting human waste and food waste into biogas pro= mises to be a more energy efficient way.

H= ow Much Biogas can 750 Students Produce?

It=E2=80=99s surprisingly difficult to = find reliable data about the quantity of feces that humans produce =E2=80= =93 estimates vary by an order of magnitude. Our calculation is based on a = conservative 25 litres of biogas production per person per day. 

Assuming 280 grams of food waste per st= udent per day (which is the figure for the UK according to a recent study),= we obtain another 100 litres of biogas per student.

Combining food waste and excrements, ea= ch student thus provides on average 125 litres of biogas per day, which cor= responds to the thermal energy of 608 grams of firewood.

At first sight, this seems to be hardly= sufficient for cooking. Boiling one litre of water requires 30-40 litres o= f biogas, while cooking half a kilogram of rice requires 120-140 litres of = biogas.

A biogas cookstove consumes 200 to 450 = litres of biogas per hour and the biogas consumption for cooking lies betwe= en 300 and 900 litres per person per day (assuming two warm meals per day).=

F= ireless Cookers

However, energy use for cooking can be = reduced substantially. First of all, communal cooking is more energy effici= ent than individual or family cooking, therefore we assume that we need onl= y 300 litres of biogas per person per day.

Second, the communal kitchens are equip= ped with = fireless cookers, which can halve the energy use of the cooking process= . After food is brought to a boil on a biogas fire, cooking pots are placed= in a heavy insulated container, which keeps the cooking process going with= out the need for additional energy.

3D"FirelessA fireless cooker with associat= ed cooking pots. Image: Wikipedia Commons.

Thanks to the large-scale use of firele= ss cookers, the thermal energy needs in the kitchen can be entirely supplie= d by what the students provide themselves, in terms of both human waste and= food waste.

There are multiple variables that can i= nfluence this calculation, both for better or for worse. Further reductions= in energy use could be obtained by low temperature cooking methods, by eat= ing fewer warm meals and more raw foods, salads and sandwiches (very common= in the Netherlands), or by making cold soups.

On the other hand, the students could r= educe their food waste, which would lower the biogas production. Pets could= also influence the calculation. Their excrements could be used for biogas = production, but if they eat all the food waste, biogas production would dec= rease substantially.

V= acuum Toilets

The use of excrements for biogas produc= tion requires the installation of vacuum toilets. These toilets separate th= e solid waste from the urine and transport it to the biogas installation in= the basement with the use of very little water.

The vacuum toilet was developed in 1866= by Dutch engineer Charles Liernur. In the 1870s, several Dutch cities were= equipped with a city-wide vacuum sewer system. This avoided the= dilution of human waste by the admixture of water, thus preserving its val= ue as a fertiliser. Today, the tech= nology is still used on planes, trains and boats.

The human po= wered student building has shared toilet facilities throughout the buil= ding, all with vacuum toilets. A vacuum toilet requires roughly 2 watt-hour= per flush. The energy use for flushing is generated by the communal po= wer generating floors.

Assuming 5 flushes per day per person, = this comes down to 10 watt-hour per person per day, or 7,500 Wh per day for= 750 students. This means we need only 7.5 people exercising for 10 hours t= o power the toilet flushing system.

T= he Biogas Digester

We also need to take into account the i= nefficiencies of the system. Biogas production is most efficient in the (su= b)tropics, because the ideal process temperature for the fermentation proce= ss is at about 35 degrees Celsius.

In countries like the Netherlands, this= requires additional heating, insulation of the digester, and/or building a= larger digester with a longer digestion (or =E2=80=9Cretention=E2=80=9D) p= eriod.

Obviously, we don=E2=80=99t want to spe= nd more human power for heating the digester so we build a heavily insulate= d digester in the basement of the building, and we make it as large as poss= ible.

3D"Biogas=

There=E2=80=99s ample space for that, b= ecause with a retention time of 60 days, the digester only needs 50 to 110 = m3 =E2=80=93 the volume of a large shipping container. We have a lot more s= pace in the basement so we can make it much larger.

In principle, a larger biogas installat= ion could also provide the energy for space heating and water heating, but = that would require food waste, agricultural waste, green waste or excrement= s from outside the student building. Since we want to be self-sufficient in= terms of energy, this is not an option.

O= perating the Biogas Digester

Biogas is not a =E2=80=9Cset-and-forget= =E2=80=9D technology. Operating a biogas digester is labour-intensive: food= waste needs to be collected, and all biodegradable material needs to be mi= xed with water, fed in the digester, and stirred. The slurry that can be us= ed as a fertiliser must be removed every few days.

Skills, know-how, discipline and routin= e are required both to maintain a high gas production and to ensure a long = lifespan of the biogas unit =E2=80=93 which is essentially a living thing. =

The biogas organisations we consulted a= ll discouraged the use of biogas in the context of a student community, mai= nly because of safety issues. Bioga= s hazards are fire and explosion, asphyxiation, and disease. To address som= e of these issues, we have encapsulated the digester to limit the damage in= the case of an explosion.

A biogas installation can be completely= automated, but in our case humans would need to generate the electricity f= or the machines and computers anyways. This is why we follow the manual app= roach to biogas, which is common in developing countries. This involves the= manual labour of students, who all have to operate the biogas plant during= certain periods of the year.

The biogas installation remains the big= gest technical challenge for the human powered s= tudent community -- all advice is welcome.

Thanks to biogas-e.
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