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How to Dredge Out the= Netherlands without Fossil Fuels

How to Dredge Out the Netherlands without Fossil F= uels

Posted: 16 May 2018 04:25 PM PDT

3D"6a00e0099229e888330224e03945d7200d-500wi"

The dredging industry has been the back= bone of the Dutch economy for centuries. If canals, harbours and rivers wer= en't dredged out for a few years, the whole country would literally grind t= o a halt.

Today, dredging happens with oil powere= d ships. However, the Dutch waterwa= ys were dredged mostly by hand for centuries, using simple but ingenious to= ols. Could it be done again?

Siltation is a serious problem in the L= ow Countries, because of the low flow rate of the water. The Netherlands is= located in the delta area of various rivers, which supply an estimated 10 = million of m3 of silt and clay particles per year. The country also has man= y waterways and is home to the largest port in Europe, Rotterdam. 

Each year, some 30 to 35 million m3 of = mud are dredged out in the maintenance of the Dutch waterways. Approximatel= y 75% comes from salty waters. In the port of Rotterdam alone, 20 million m= 3 of mud is collected each year. 

The demand for dredging keeps increasin= g. Ships keep getting bigger -- both inland and seagoing vessels -- requiri= ng ever deeper and wider waterways. A "modal shift", in which cargo transpo= rt moves from the road to the water, means more larger ships and therefore = wider and deeper canals -- and thus more dredging. 

3D"Scheepsmakerij

Dredging by hand in Delft, the Netherlands. Source:= Maritiem Digitaal.

Although most of the mud is dumped into= the sea, each year 3.5 to 5 million m3 of contaminated sediments must be l= andfilled. Then there is the dependency on fossil fuels. A typical suction hopper dredger has a pumping p= ower of 2,500 kW and removes 1= 00 m3 of sediments per minute. The largest dredgers have 30,000 kW engines = and 6,000 kW of pumping power. At full power, these ships consume 3,000 lit= res of oil per hour. 

D= redging a Country by Hand

Silting is a very old problem in the Ne= therlands, so how did this job happen before the arrival of fossil fuel pow= ered dredging machines and boats?

For centuries, the Netherlands were mai= nly dredged out by hand. Dredgers stood on a small boat and scraped mud fro= m the bottom with their "dredge bag" ("baggerbeugel"). In an alternative configuration, the dredger stood= on a wooden board that was supported by the river bank on one side, and by= a floating container on the other side. 

3D"Bagge=

A dredgin= g bag: Maritiem Digitaal

3D"De

Dredging = by hand, standing on a boat. Source.

3D"Giete=

The dredge bag, a tool that was also us= ed for peat cutting, was a long stick (up to 6 metres long) with an annular= metal scraper and a net at the end. There were different types of nets and= bags, depending on the composition of the sediment. Working with the dredg= e bag, the handle was rested against the shoulder, so that the net could be= dragged over the bottom with two hands. 

The mud was pulled ashore or deposited = in a flat barge. For large dredging= works, such as the construction of the Northern Holland Canal in 1822-1825= , thousands of workers with dredging bags were deployed. Until about 1960, = contractors of dredging works employed men with dredging bags for the maint= enance of shallow ditches and canals. The tool is still for sale. 

D= redge Mills

Manual dredging is heavy and time-consu= ming work, so people designed technology that could ease and speed up the t= ask. Furthermore, ships became ever larger. In the last quarter of the sixteenth century, the "dredge mil= l" was introduced. It was still based on human power, but now people were o= nly the source of energy for a machine. 

Several people worked large treadmills = or capstans driving a paddle wheel that scooped the mud from the bottom and= threw it into a barge that was moored across. The dredge mill was usually = made up of two flat barges with the rotating wheel in between. It worked up= to a depth of two metres. These machines were often operated by priso= ners. 

3D"Baggermolen"

Dredge mi= ll. Source: Beeldarchief Rijkswaterstaat= .  

The depth of a merchant ship in the sev= enteenth century, depending on the cargo, was between 3.5 and 5 metres -- t= oo deep for the dredge mill. In 1622, the first horse-powered dredge mill w= as built. Three to six horses ran a pivot which set in motion a bucket chai= n. Because of the heavy work the ho= rses had to be changed every hour.

In 1829, this technology could be used = to dredge up to a depth of 5-7 metres. Working at a depth of 3.2 metres, wi= th three to six horses, approximately 20 m3 of mud could be collected each = hour. By comparison, the average modern suction dredger -- which removes 10= 0 m3 of mud per minute -- is as powerful as 300 horse powered dredge mills.=

3D"Ponton

Mechanica= l dredge bags on a pontoon. Bron.

The original dredging techniques were a= lso improved in later centuries. Mechanical dredge bags emerged in the sixt= eenth century, when someone got the idea to pull the dredging bag with a ro= pe over a winch. Mechanical dredge bags could be mounted on ships, but seve= ral dredge bags and winches could also work side by side on a pontoon.

During the first half of the nineteenth= century the valve barge was invented. The bottom of this small boat could = be opened without causing it to sink. In this way, time could be saved with= the removal of the mud. 

3D"Model

Valve barge with dredge bag. Maritiem Digitaal.

S= cratchers

Dutch dredgers also took advantage of r= enewable energy sources to lighten the work. In particular wind and tide en= ergy were used. From the fifteenth century onwards, the "scratcher" ("krabb= elaar") was used, a scraper that could dredge out gullies if there was enou= gh current.

With a strong current, dredging becomes= easier, because the mud only needs to be loosened. The tide ensures the di= scharge of the material to the sea.

3D"6a00e0099229e888330223c84aaa=Hand powered scratcher. Source: Maritiem Digitaal.

Simple scratchers were a kind of large rakes tha= t were dragged across the bed of the water body. They were pulled by horses= or people -- some were pulled by a rowing boat. 

In harbours with strong winds and tides= , scratchers were rigged with sails. These triangular sailing ships had a b= road back and a flat bottom. Attached to the bottom was a harrow with iron = spikes. At mid tide, the scratcher was placed just before the lock gates of= a scouring basin, which was filled during high tide.

3D"KRABBELAAR"

1699 model of a scratcher rigged with sail= s. Credit: Maritiem Digita= al

At low tide, the sluice gates of the ba= sin were opened and the scratcher was pushed through the harbour with great= force as the iron teeth scraped across the bottom. The ship gathered extra= speed through the wide back and, if the wind was good, the use of sails. H= orses could also be used, pulling the ship in the absence of good winds.&nb= sp;

Wind powered scratchers were in use at least since 1435 in the southe= astern part of the Netherlands.  3D"6a00e0099229e888330224df325a=Nevertheless, manpower was still needed= . Five to six men kept the monster in the right lane, while two to three me= n kept the harrow at the desired depth through pulleys and hoist blocks.&nb= sp;

A= lternatives to Dredging

Dredging was not the only answer to the= siltification of large rivers. Until the nineteenth century, the choice wa= s also made to make the banks or dikes even higher, so that the water level= was allowed to rise.

In a report from 1825, the dredging of = large rivers is not considered because they were too deep and too wide for = the technology of those days. It was only with steam power that dredging wa= s also done on major rivers. 

3D"Skutsje"

Een Fries= e Sk=C3=BBtsje. Foto: Sk=C3=BBtsje Langwar. 

The province of Friesland, in the north= of the country, reveals yet another alternative to dredging. The Frisians = never used dredge mills, horse mills or other tools than dredge bags. They = continued to dredge by hand until the arrival of the steam engine. <= /p>

However, they innovated in a different = way: from 1889 to 1933, they built 1200 large cargo ships with a very limit= ed draft -- the so-called "sk=C3=BBtjes". Boats with a smaller draft meant less dredging.

H= ow many people do we need? 

In conclusion, dredging was mainly a hu= man powered activity until the arrival of fossil fuels. As part of the Human Power Plant project, we are = investigating how many people would be needed if were to dredge in the Neth= erlands by hand again. To answ= er this question, we will be dredging a piece of Frisian waterway on 24= May to find out how long it takes to collect 1 m3 of mud.<= /p>

Based on preliminary data, it's already= clear that many people will be needed. The aforementioned pump capacity of= a suction hopper dredger -- 2500 kW -- corresponds to the capacity of appr= oximately 25,000 human dredgers. The largest dredgers have a pump capacity = that is equal to 60,000 human dredgers.

3D"Baggerkolonie

 
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