end poleniially shoneierin shoiehne. Old deseris, iiire ehai ol Ceniral Ausll‘alla, inay enhioil some 3000 speeies oi woody planis, while reeenily danifitd mas, iilre ihose iii wumwzsk Aim. inny have as lew as lso pianin sumving ihe ieeeill ehange. iioin iiiiesi We ran in lhese (-55, m a ihe agenisoliernsouenye ehange, bnllglllg species ioassirl ioeai ie-ooiorusaoon liuin ihe world‘; arid lands Sueh speeies will Insist in pioneering nerllrai ieaiioiesianon. This has noi generally been our alin, and we annually desiloy such Inva|uabk speeies eonl- plus hi grow a suigle oop such as wheel, ihus laying wasie lo ihe hiiuie. The nuiriiaer oi ekmzlm in an aggregnle or syseein ccminly aired. us potential eonipielriiy, ll eonlpleiury is ialren lo he ihe nuniiaer oi hineiionai eonneeilons between eleirienis in iaei, as Waddiiiglon um poinis olii ln lhe ease oi n single inieieeiion la mnveisai-ionl peeween elernerils, eoinpleaoiy goes up ioughly as ille squaie oi lhe number oi dummy ‘Twa's eoinpany, liliee-s a crowd" ,and [we or SIX is gelling to be a rheuiislesl This is bad enough, lilii ii we eonsider ihe number ai posslbk eoniieelions iii and iroin in eielnenl sneh an a ehlellen irlguie 3.1», we ran see ihai iheee poienlial Mans depend on lhe inionnallon we have noolli lhe ehielren, so ihai ihe coinpleniiy oi a system depends on ihe iniorinanon we have dbolll iis eoinponenis, always piovi gthal such iniol-rilaooil ls uud in design As we eannoi know everylhing, or even know more ihan ihe apprennlaie eaiegoi-iis and quanklly oi things whlch aie iioi enampiel eaien by ehiellens, ihus in perinaeulnire we always suppose ihai lhe ehirken ls busy inrlriiix l-oririreiiwls iisei/, dbonl whlch we rould noi know and, oi (muse, ior which we eould hm design We lillisi siinpiy inisi lheeluelren Thus, in eonliiionsense, we an design ior whai we believe lo be esseniials, and in ihernielreri aiieild loali the deiaiis, eheelong ai laier siages lo see ihai yields (our uliiinale pioduelsi aie sallsladory, ihe ehlellens henllny and happy, and me syslein holdlllg up lamy well ii is iniporieni lo eoneenirsie on lhe nnruie or value oironnreiilinl whim :Imnlls, in nahiie, we ran raieiy eonneei eoinponenis u ensily as a wlie or pieee oi pipe eanhe rixed inio piale Weds not ‘mlllled ihe legume lei ihe orange iree, ihe rhiellen to lie seed, or lhe hedgerow ip lhe wind; we have lo undersinnd how ihey hrneuan and ihen pinie ihern wheie we erusi ihey will Wk. They lhen pioeeea to my addieionai iashs end lo pio e oiher oonneeniins iheinaelves. They do um mnfine iheir iuneiions lo our design Bowls! Evolving eornpiex species .sseinhlles in isoinied shes, e lhe Galapagos islands, may depend nioie on . speeieHwam arising lroiri pioneer or survivor species Illall ml invaders .dnpiing ironi boiderlandl Only when inany nielles aie einpiy is a species able to dihereilnaie and survive wiihoui mumtimr, so (I: doda .ild Ddrwlll‘s iinehrs arose, Having nrisen, ihey inay ihen well prove io be very useiul ID och: SysV seine Unique hlalld speeisa plum have himiiirin nor easily iound in eonlineninl and eiowded eoologiee; luquemly, hardy lravelers liire repriies and crue- iaeeaha ialre lip ihoee niches lhal, on ouminenis, aie ooeupled by species o1 mammals and birds ii is um enough lo mmly speciiy lhe nirniber oi eonneeeiona, and niii node heir yaluein lhe nymn asa whole; ii may he pussible lhai eoinpleir loci-l sine aliens and euliivsled or ehanee oompielriiy inay ooeur in mud sysienls by innoduciioni on rnigraiiona These new evenis, dkhollgh inereaiing eornplelrily, inay iedliee siaiailiry wnh iespeel lo a dainhk local yield. Thusv where ihe henipii eoinplexiiy oi eoopei-a- dve oiganirins is uselld, (unpdidve or minus wmpkxily is pmenliflly deeirucuve. Again, ii in n quesiioil oi lnaiehing heals wlih produce, and oi due will: given In oonneelionn 2.9 ORDER 0R CHAOS li ionows ihai order .nd disoider arise in: insin some .enloie and abscraci energy rheory laui iioin aeiunl ground mndlfions or eonienis, hohh in naiural and designed syslerns. Ennvpy is ihe reeuli oi lhe indie worlr, nor lhe(ull\plllul’y» A inmbleofdlvuse eleinenix is disordered An eleineni running wud or in an :clwe desknlclive rnode (ban in a ehina shopi is disordered, and loo lew or loo rnany ioieed mnllu‘tmns lead io disoider order is iound in ihinga liming beneficially iogeizler It is nor (he ioieed rondinan o4 when, iadiness, and siralghiness all oi which are, ill dengn or energy leniu, disordered True onier may lie in appsreni millsmll; ii is lhe aeid k-st oi ennopie order io In: lhe sysrenl ior yield ii ii consumes erieigy beyond piodllel, ii is in disorder ii ii produces energy lo or beyond eonsuinpnon ii is oideied Thus ihe semunglyewild and ”many—mm garden o{ a New Guim Villager ls heauiihiliy mud and in harmony, while lhe clipped lawns and pruned roies oi lhe pieudmnslornl aie naeure in wild disarray W cider and harmony malic- away In! dim um Diwmi comm-s einargyiio no uuiiii end, morass, mess. unnonnhy. end sheohineea willy an enamyeinnlnldriod mom in iinuial sysiaine. 2 10 YERMm'ED AND FORCED FUNCTIONS All key living eiernellis may supply inany nuelions in a syslein, bill ii we iry lo ioiee loo iii...y walk 31