was as a resull a! divine lovgnlulnessvl rl acls as lhe agent ol lhe Mk wnen lhc squlml or wallaoy digs up lhe crrlumella ol lhe lungal rree rool assocrales, guided lo rhese by .r garl he smcll, lncy swallow lhe spores, arlrlale lhem emymdllcally, and deposll lhem agam in lniresl llre mo|s cl anolher lreo or sapllng wrlh rls energy lranslarnr The rural lung. rnlerrede wuh wnrer, soil. and almospherc In manuiaclure cell immune lor lhe hul while myriad insecls carry our summer pruning. decnmpose lhe surplus leaves, and aeriyale essenlral soil baneria lor lhe lree lra use lor nulrienl claw The rain of insec- laeces may he crucral in lnresl and prairie hcallh Whar pan al rhis assembly is lhe Tree” Which is lhe body or enhly al lhe sysrem, and which lhe parll An Ausrralian Aborigine mlghl glve rhem all lhe same "5km name', so lhal a cerlain shrub, lhe lire lhal germrnales lhe shrub, and lhe wallaby rhal leeds all ir are all called mm, ahhuugh each pan also has us name, The Hawaiians name each parl a! lhe laro planr erenlly, lrom lls child or shoor, lo lls nodes and 'lllllbilxnls“ || Is a clever person lndeed who can sepai—ale lhe renal body ol rhe nee inlo mineral, planr, animal. delnlus. and liiel This separalren rs lor srrnple minds? me use can be underslood only as irs lalal enrrry which, like ours. reaches our inlo all lhings Animals are lhe messengers of lhe rree, and lrees lhe gardens ul animals l_rle depends upon lile All lorees, all elernerils, all lile lorrnsare lhe biomass ollne rree A large lree has lrom 10,000 la 100,000 growing poinls or MEKISTEMS, and each is capable nl individual mularron Unlike mammals, liees produce lheir seed lrom mullrludinaus llowers. Evidence is arcumulahng rhal any one mam branch can lherelore be an ~ind idual“ generically Some deciduous papla may produce a single eiergreen branch ‘Seedlessnrss in hurl, or a specin ripznlng lime, may belong only lo one branch cralls and cullings perperuare lhese isolaled characlerrsncs, so we musl look upon lhe lree ilsell as a colledran ul eampalible generic individuals, each wilh a sel ol persislenl characrerislirs which may diller lram place lo place cm lhe nee, and each alwhlch rriay respond dillerenlly lo energy and orher srimiill Like ourselves, lrees are a canperauve amalgam ol many individuals, some ol lhue are pl lhe nee body, bul mosl are llw-hvmg agenrs. As lrllle as we now lcnow abuul lrces, lhey sland as a wilnass lo lhe complex (Malily or all llle lurms 6.3 WIND EFFECTS Vogel ll9all males rhar as wind speed increases, lhe lree-s leaves and branches delorm so lhal the rree sleadily reduces us exposed leal area. Ar limes ol very high winds (“I excess cal 32 m/secl lhe inleieepnon ul lighl, c rcienr waler use, and cnnreclrre heal dissipalion by lhe lree becomes secondary |u ils survival Vogcl also norcs lhal very heavy and rigid lrers spread wide mu| mars, and may rely more lu|iflly on lheir weiehr, wl|h§linding cunsrderable wlnd larce will. no more anachrnenl rhan lhal necessary lo pmvrnl slide, while ulher lrees inserl gnarlid rmus deep in rock (mum, and are lilerally anchored lo lhc ground. The loresl bends and sways, each species wilh ils own amplilude Special wood cells are mars-d rrr bar lhe rensran and compression, and lhe lrecs nn lhe edge ol a copsc or lonsl are lhrch anal slurdy ll we lclher a lree hallway up, il ships lhlckuung beluw lhe ielher, and grows in diamelec unly abavc rhe lured noml Some leaves lwisr and m1me,shuwmg a while underside lu lhe wind, lhus rellecling lighl energy and replacrnp, I| wirn kinelrc or wind energy ln mosl cases, lhesc skrikmgly lighiwluurd leayrs are lound only in loresr edre species, and are absenr or uncommon wilhrn lhe loresr As sueamhnes (unvzrge over nees ar hills, arr speed increases Demrly and heal may also increase, resnlling rn lasl low»pwssme air. To leeward ol lhe obsirucrion, surh sneamlmes diverge, and an area or slower llow, gher pressure, and cooler air may resull ll rain has lallen due lo lhe compression 0! sheamlrnes, however rhe larcnl hear ol evaporalion is released in lhe arr, and has drier air can be warmer lhan lhe air mass rising over lhe obsrrumon The pressure dillere by uplllr and deaccnl may «Heck eeapora as wind drying or heal. hparl lram maislure, rhe wind may carry heavy loads 011:9,dusl, or sand errand Km lpalrns, pines, and Casnnrrrrasl have mugh slems or lhlclr bark m wllhsland wind panicle blasl Eycn lussoci grasses slow lhe wind and cause dusl loads ro serrle our in rhe edges al laresrs and behind lseachrs, lrer lrnes may accumularc a mound ol driven parlrcles lusl wllhm lheir canopy The foresl removes very line dusrs and induslrial aerosols rrom lhe airslream wuhrn a lew hundred miles Turesls pmvbde a nulrlenl nel lor malerials blown by wind, or garnered by birds lhar larage hum rrs edges Migraling salmon in nvus die in lhe headwalers aller spawning, and many rhousands 0! hole ul lish remains are deposiled by birds and olher predalors in lhe loresrs surrounding lhese errors, in addilion lo lhese nulrienl sources, lrees achvelv mine lhe base nxk and soils lornuneials. The enecr ol lrie wind on rrees is assessed as lhe Grrggs and Purnam index (Tabk 5.", and lhe accompanying delormadons rn bolh crown shapes and grewln las reyaaled in slemsl is given a yalue which is rnabched m wind speeds wnh an average in accuracy Such scales and held lndlcalors are or greal use in design when we 50 lo any sne, we can kick al rhe candrrron cal elder tires, which are lhe besl guide lo gauge wind ellecl. Trees indicale lhe lucal wrnd dwediorn and rnlcnslly, and lrarn lhese indicalors we 139