swallows lo inrrmns rreale homes lrorn slabllrsed sorls Seeds and spores aro barred, ekeayaied. hrdden, ashyaled, and iorgoiien by borrowers, and reeyeled m lile or hurrrus as sham. and namre draare noon die seasonally, rnyade and relreai. and leave rnrnule or rnassrye runnels lni animals, hrngr, and new rools lo iollow. I anee erred to dlg a parsnrp oul oi newly drarned swamp gaaund, ioilowrng u along an old rool lraee. but gave up alier z rn l dld perslsi in iollowlng a 4 ml long engaeld ~land erab~ or eanh lobsler lo 2 m down and 2 rnalong and have oilerl dug oui rabbil and mouse burrows lo had their neris, rnairng sinuses, arr yenls, nursing sharnbers, dlsposai ehules, and escape harehes, Many old gopher bunows are lilled wrih plam remarns and iaeeal wasbes A iew dedrealed soub rn lhe hrslory ol serense, llolrl 5n Albert Howard lo modern eeologisis, lry lo errearare and discovu somelhlng oi rools, but as a simple bluegurn isrrralyplas globulin} can easily embraee an underground l 5 ha, a loresi rs so eomplex and even lmergralled below ground shai lhe canopy seems srrrlple. Many deseri planls lead a long and slordy underground liie whrle lhrn, slraggly, and ephemeral rn arr. some rnsecrs, like swrlr moihs ildepralrdael spend Ha years underground as large bardi grubs ia soseulani near ior Auslr diggers), wilh only a iew days oi noclurnal ioodiess llle in arr, manng and laying eggs beiore drsappeanrrg again In lhe mm sheaihs and soil, as lherr near eousrns lhe ghosr molhs and wilcllzny gnrbs do rn aerial slems The oardr gmbs, loo, (\an lhousands oi shaiis lo lire arr, and eyele boils oi nulrleni undelgmnnd, as do ihelr relallves in air and sunhghi, Thelr predarors ioliow inese hoaruers and burrowers below lhe soil, and hunl (hem rndarkrlessand sechy iho .mpheaiions lor designers are lhai rnany ol rhese elieels may be pm louse, or rherr uses approeraledr rl rs as rahrl lo planr an Anna lor lhe canndenbk byrpmducl oi swih molh or ghosi rnolh larvae as n is plani a mulberry (oi slikworrns, and lo use rnoles rnsread oi mole pluughs, or gophers as dailodrl gardeners iunpaldi Even on shores and lhe boiiorn ol lakes and seas, lhe burrowers work lo (any humerus below re roars and lo brlng up lresh minerals ior deeornposiilon, wlule assusflng lhe flux oi liquids and gases aeeoss lhe suriaees ol rnud medla liools have inerr own PENETRATIONS idepihl, PATTERNS or spread, SCHEDULES, seasonal MlcxmoNs in or lram ihe suriaee and equivalents ol deerduous drop or bark deeorlloaiion, dyirlg on and sloughrng oll rooi brsnehes and bark is iollnws lhar lhere rs a iopography oi planls underground rhar parallels lhai oi piams in an. nrere are also basre dinerenees. rn lhal speeral slorages or llre-resrslanl organs lound underground as lrgno—luhers, iubers. bulbs, and rhlaornes are very mmmml Some speeres seerere phcnnls or oreosoles i0 rnhrbli olher planis ibraeken. ramaosk, llrglrrnnrrrenr. brassrrasl, nlhurs ensapsulale or surround hapless Cnmpemun (zlrralypius, wrllows. ianlanskr). borne irap neoralodes and olher wou|drbe predarors, or poison lhern oul imarigolds, lungr, Crohrlanel. whrie agnruliural flops uplml irorn a“ rn (242 real) below lhe earlh, some hoes may perreirale lo so m "M 1:91)“! deep deseri sands Amnnd lhe rools oi dune irees, calcium and aiher rnrnerals are depouled as smirke reoreiiona by mob-nundaied lungs and buleria. Fm spaee sharing ls also scheduled, so lhal sprrng bulbs have led, flowered, and beiore the iree rools begin lhelr upward rhrusi lor nurnenir and wares. iap-rooled lare sianerssuoh as ihrsrles and romlrey reaeh deep lur lale surnnrer moisiure, while a very iew planes and hang rake aduanrage oi the rumour rams ior liowering and dlsporsal Where lhere is no season ol cold dearh as m lhe low lalrludes, aeraal rools may develop, or strangler lags sorrd down roois irorn high rn lhe rroichns oi orher noes ro sneearuu lhere lo build greal bunressas as ills-y roangle sherr hosi lree in a m well For designers, lhe divusity ol roois ln sorl ran be used as eliesiiyely as rhe dlversriy ol erowns and ranoples. Urrsrable slopes are pegged wilh lhe grear rool "nee nails~ ol shesorul and pine, oak and walnui Evui shes a hundred years. lhe sleep slopes oi ihls rsland iTasrrlanral are only iusi slarnng In eollapse as lhe roois oi lhe cleared ioresls roi, and eould sail be saved by prnes, Aromas, or ehesmuis Bamboo noi only holds landshdes, bur ior lighl slrueiures proyrdes an earrhouakeprooi raaliress ol roois, The rool mair ol swamp vegerauon saye bulldozers irorn walery graves, and lhe fibmus web of lhe prarl-le deleals lhe wind. GEOLOGY AND L|FE poms Many roeks and siraia on earrh arise horn lhe aeoons oi |' ing organisms Wherher rl rs the nodules oi manganese rn oeeame depihs, deposrls ol dlalom~ aeeous eanh, eoal. or lrmeslone, or opair and amber, all were one lhe produors oi hyrng organisms Mueh ol in: sirala we see, ekeepi much