e. eliisel plough or soil condiaioner is a mngulu sieel lraane liool barl lowed by mom or drangha animals, ao which a niirnber ol shanks are anached lhese are narrow-edge (axesedgedl lorwndflrved remeal llaa bars ro lhe poinr ol whieh a slip—on sreel shoe is araashed, The shaniss clainp m ahe tool-bar rrarne. and ahe poinas ao rhe shank Eyen one iinpleniena ol 5 shanlss lzseso b.h,p armor) covers a loa ol eonniry. there are now aa leasi SIX or seven makers ol soilduosenlng inachines, in rhe USAi Europeandluisar a. Geo" Wellaee has produced a soil (ondlunner oi grear elleeoveness. A eiaeiilar eoiiher sliis rhe gmund, whioh rnnsa be neiaher loo dry nor loo wea, and ahe slil is lollowed by a saeel shoe whieh opens lhe ground up ao lorin an air poelrea wiahoiia inrnlng ahe soil aver, Seed ran be dropped in ahin lnrrows, and beans or men seeded in this way grow (hmugh ahe exashng grass No lereiliser or lopeaiessing is needed, only lire benelirial ellea ol enarapped air beneaih rhe carali, arid ahe iolloereiip work bl soll lile and planr mots on (he re—opened soil. this new growth as men haid—grared, oeoar and lela aolie,1'he planrs, shocked. lose rnosi ol ilieir rooi rnass and seal aheir wounds The dead more add eoniposl ha ihe soil, as does rhe (m lolrage or aninral droppings, giving lood ao ahe soil baerena and earahwornis, and solluullg ihe snraare. As soon as alie grazing or ciiaaing as lirnshrd, ehisel again al 11—30 can (9—! * hesl, on lhe sanie paherri as beloie, (in): or on ag ernsel again aa Lug ein. Graze or all Dining rhis proeess, olaen a mailer oi a oneyear cyele, rhe pashiie ahiekens, weeds are swamped wilh grasses and leg-ones, myriad rooas have died and added hirnnis, and rhonsands ol snbsnrlaee aunnels lead horn valley ao ridge, so rhar all waacr flows down inlu ahe soil and oiii ao lire ridges Eanhwnrms breed in lhe green manure, baeaeria nnilriply, and borh add manure and innnels m ilie wil A 23 eni (9 inehl bhnku ol aeraied and living soil rovers ihe earah Dnsr, deep rooas, rain, and lhe bodies ol soil orgarnsrns all add essenaial niirrienrs The eornposred soil is, in essenee, an enormous sponge whldl rerrins air and waier, and ii only needs a wauhiiil eye and an oeeasional chiselling in pasinre (or a loresa ao be planeedi ao rnainiain ahis eondrrion. ll bee seed, soybeans, airllel or oiher eiop is iii be planied, lhe sequenee is as lollows, alrer a lew hard grarings or niowrngs, a seed box is rnoiinied on ahe ehisel plongli lrairie, and ahe aeed plaeed in lhe chisel narrow, lhe yazlng or mowing iollows geraninaiion ol ahe seed nose new planislsiinlloweis, irnller, anelorisl grow lasaer lhan lhe shocked pasaiiie, and can be lei go, headed, or cornbineliarvesced beloie lhe grasses reeover There is ncver any bare culhvallon, and grain growers an more lo a niinirranni lillage rneahod ol cropping wuh lallowsol pas-nae beeween eiops. Sm} aeinpeeaenie is gieaily modified, as as soil waler reaenhon Geoll Wallace (perseornrru recorded as iniich as we (25¢) inerease on rreaaed versus unmamd soils in anaiirnn. This lneeeased aernperaaiire is generaled boah by die biologiaal aebvaiy ol sin soil and ahe air poelreas lelr by lhe ehiselepoanls aa variaus depahs, and enables earlier and inore irosaesensiaive eiops lo be gmwn Nodiilarion (a! niarogeneliirrng baraerial is giearly inereased, as is ahe brelkdnwll ol snbsiiil and rock paeocles by earbonie aeid arid rhe hnrnic aeids ol iooa decay Merhane generared lrorn deeay aids seed gerrninaaion, and waaer leyen in downponrsi lreely passes inni, noa oil, lheso Alaer a year or so, vehicles can be arlreri on ahe previonsly boggy cnunlry wiahoiil smkmg in, Drougha elleeas are greally reduoed by soil waaer smeage. Waaer, liliered rhroiigh soil and lining rooas, rains clear rnao dams and overs, and arees inalse greaaly increased growdl diie ro ahe eoinbined lacaors oi increased war-mm waaer, ioor rain. and deep numerals raileiiolsauv lin Japan) rises ra ' la and Arms; Abroans iise Arm olbida or clyrieidia. New ennieans nae Casnarina; and Mediaeri-inean laoreis iise lamarrr lor biological ”diiszl plough" where land rs mo sleep and saony lor irnpleinenis. Othuwue lhe "gun or em and let e" method is soil hallowed. 0n sneh drifieiila rerrsin as bonlder lields, dnnes, sleep slopes, and laieribes, loresas bl mixed Iegume/non—ksuml erops l riis, oliye, pine, nak) are lhe besa perinanenr solii ion ao soil eoiaservalion No inaner how we aeraae sail liar eondiaion all, wheahee wilh humble irnplernenas Iik: a garden lork leyered slighaly, by planaing a dalkun radish, or by sheer ineehanieal power, we can soon lose lhe advances: oi looseness and penearabiliay by over- sroelring, cropping, heayy aeallie, or helvy-hmved anirrials saoeloed in we. weaaher. All ol ahese png or eonipress ahe soil mm a solid saaie again. rrnal siilniions lie only in lollowing on wrui pernianena and deeperooled planas lioresis or prunes}, and by inainraining good inanagernena lniiniiniiin arllagei eiopprng. Any rediieiion in enlaivaiion saves energy and soils. and wherever "(Manage sysaenas ean be dev'ud, and heayy hooled anioials key! to a ininlinnan, soil srrnehire ran be repaired, inlense hie, inlense slodung, inlense cropping, and inrensive prodiie ii all ahreaaen soils Thns, ineehaniral soil rehabiliaaiion an be a onehnie and benelicral proress, or anoiher way ao wasle energy every year lr is rlie nsages (hat rollow on rlr habrlilaoon ahaa are benelieial or desiraieaive lo rhelong aeeni. Medumcnl loosening ol so appropnaae ion lhe broad sealel lo alrnosi all agi-ioilniral soils ahaa have been eornpaeaed Soils wiah eoarse paeeieles, ol einder, or diaries do noa benelii born or need loosening. and very slony or boiildeeeoil miqun-s are appropriaaely rehabiliaaied nor by rrieehanieal bail by organir lroor peneararionl methods, as are soils on sleep slopes, 50ml soils llilre volunic soils wlah perrnanena pasaiiiesl iriay lam/:1 lose sieneanre, and will inainlain 219