aeralors, sprlnkler syrrums, and llle deyelupmenr or reaellrng rnsrlrules. wumals, relarl oullels, and yery large firms loseryreerlre rurland lawn lndusrry ll rs now probable llllal llre lawn eulrares of allluenl nihuns use more waxes, renilrser, lossrl lrrels, broerdes, and person-hours rlran erlber gardens or llle ldrmal broadreale agneulmre ol rlrar eounlry, ur lndesd any agr-ierrlrural remorse oi llre lllrld world. ol llle lawns developed loday, perlrapr ml lraye any use ln reaealron,spon. or as lesr areas Most lawns are purely eosmmrr irr mnerion Thus, ainuenr sofiem’s llaye, all unnooeed, deyelrrped an agrreulnrre whldl produees a polluled wasle plodurl, rn rlle plesense al lamrne and erosion elseulrere. and rlre llrraar ul waler sbrrrrages al borne Sornr acrual ease llrsrrrnss e an rile dry rslarrd ol Molaka'l (Hawall), gull rourses are being developed near resan lords, and an zngmeer rlllere esrrmares an annual eosi oi some $400,000 as mainlonarrea, rnleresl on eapllal, and leparrs lo pumps, waler syslrnls, and lurl areas. nus rs more man is spenl annually rn loud ganlensan "m island . ln Massaerruseus, Conneerlrul, and Ktnlucky, many small (anns are belng eonverled nl lawn sysrems by elly owners. eyorr rn lawns. are ayerage suburban lawn area rs abour 550.900 square rnelns (mm square led), and me yearly marnlenaneo coal is aboul ml per square rnelre, wrlll up lo nx lleayy broeldal sprays per year lor pears lrllrrrerl bug) and weeds lrlal weedsl. . ln l-erlrr lWesr Auslrallal lawns use :54 em um rnsnesl ol waler per year, in a wakr searee area wllsm salled land ls exurndlng annually, and (he groundualer lable rs lalllng [mm aboul 90 rn lo all rn. « On lllle Canary lslands, resorr lrorels wrrll lawns, swlmlrrrng pools, flush rollers, and rrngaled aeslllelre gardens nave ellectlvely dared up a produerrye small larrn eeonorny, now aralnle pawey rs berng eonlemplaled as a rrlerruad oi erearlng llesn warer lrrrrn seawaroe. - ln one agrreolrural eollege lorange, Nsw, Aushalu). llre energy niflter ealeulales rlrar lne lossrl luel and personlllours spenl on nrarnrarmng me In lra lzl al ol lawns meeded roars 1m lllle nun-d lmn ol so lra llzo al He recommended sbrubberres lor all bur llle rs lla or lawn used by sludenls The lawn lras beeorrle mo enrse rrl modern lown landseapes as sugar eane rs llle eurse ol lire lowland roaslal lropres, and earlle ibecurse ai rbe semrand and and rangelands. ll rs pasl lrme la la. lawns lor any waslelul eonsrrrrlplronl, and re devote rlllal lax la rnrrd world relrel l wauld suggesl a tax ol :5 per square merre lrlr boll. publk and pnval! lawns, updared annually, unrll all bur usezul lawns are ellmrnaled Elsemplrons would be lar m-muwn awards grazed by produelrye anrmals, shorl nalural lurl suell as rs produced by Phylu llrppral lrodosrl, ar elramomrle, and nandmown areas ol lawn illal use no waler ar bln. erdes. nae resl rsa sllarrrelul wasle ol global resources. 1a relorrn llle lawn, new pennaeullule busrnesser are eyolrrlru, unng narural (nonvlvrigitedl ground Cnvm. berry and rrnalllrurl snrubberles lsalal, blueberry cranberry», llower-lng meadows ol nalrye bulbs and perennrals, rupses dl small lres, ponds, marslr or kn areas, and roels gardens or spulllly gardens ul pelennrals Even yegelable plols are slowly beedmrng respoeeable as values ellange lrorn rlre produellun ol wasle lo lire ploduer-lon ol load ior rrre lrorrre A new elllre is arrrrng mar wlll reverse lire slllus or warle plodorers, and new elllreal lnveslmenl porrlolros are elrmlrraung supporl year many suen desrruerrye rnduslnes. lawn lelor-rn, or. me basrs ol lrealrn, eosls, and erllrss alone, rs a null lreld lor rnnoyarlye desrgm and needs dlsadyanlageous taxing lo bring rl under ronlrrll, or we nsbeanyenmg all land not ln lrousirrg loslerile lawns. 12.13 GKASSLANDS l-erennral grasslands (veldl, gran-re, meadow, sreppe. llerbal ley, paslure, and lleamlandsl are a learure dl mesolbermal elirrlalas Many, in iaer. ale rrrreless areas eslablrslrad during periods al reeeap leoeal, and have neyer oslabllsrred as loresu, alrbougb bollr rolls and dlmallc laelors will perrrul loresr eslablrslrmenl, omer grasslands are marnrarned by lire lnalural, lrrlm lrglrlnrng slrrlses, or managed, lrorn llurrran rnlerleleruel agalnsl loresr rnyasron Many abongrnal peoples so managed rllerr envrrorr- meals as ro marnrarn lleld speeres, berry (mp, nellle (mp, or some aspeer ol llle lrre-suseaessrrrn emlogy ol bens l| lo lllelr lood supply or lesoume base The managemenl oi nalural grasslands by lrre rs a slolled lask. loo iruquenl rrr loo irol rrns noa only desooy soll slruelure our lrp llle balarree lrorn perennml bunelr grim and llerbaeeous speeres w lrreloyurg annuals lwrld oall ouaw normal value and poor yreldsirr lbe winler or lale summer mason. Mosr nalural grasslands lre rn rlle Eurasnn land mass, wrllr Airrea and Norlll and Soulb Amerrea pmxding vzldl and pampas respeearuely Areas surll as «be poa iusaoex plains al New Zealand and sournaasl Ausu'a ra were flrestreaxed and marrrealned by abarlgrnal peuples. Excepl rrr nalure reserves or sparsely seilled regroru, eyen (he great pearnes ol Norm Amerua and lllr pampas oi Argentina and But“ have been convtned la paslules or cropping, as have llle Russran sleeps and llne Aim-an ysldls ln every ease. nor prolern produelron lras been redueed and soils eroded berennral grasslands llrar erops ol annual grass speaesl are very slable sysrerrrs, and wnrle a laresl may have a yrsrble "slandrng mp" ol 2m mm, and 511555 only 7 r. below llle ground lmzsls produee nu l/lra ol organre maner ro llle ass k/hi nf luhua| prarrre in equwzlem roll/rlrlnale regimes (th, 1984, based on olber sludresl. Foresls have morl ol rnerr blomass 435