days lin oeeaiui, and can boadded loqulel marine laays
as well as in ponds, Mussels in parlieular (curry
phosphales In lne inud vii ineir anal siphons, and aie
rhe niayoi phosphaie mvuxr ol ponds or rivers As
eyeii inodesily ienilised ponds ean alier lhe yield by
(aelors ol lroiri 2 lo m limes, ahenhon lo nuri-ienr
supply is a mliczl sri—ilegy

A; leriihser upralre is no rapid, we need In suxk
lemle ponds wnh shrimp or large numbers 0! small
Image ion while our finglrflng pan fish ire gmwulg. or
we lose yields rooehigh nilrnle srarus ean be lilreied
via a lorage iood pond o4 crusiaeeans, or ehiough reed
beds We rely on land rrop downsneam lo rrmnve
exeess nulnenr iron. pond oyerllow in now—on o!
ponds, we mu usually aehieyo a dnubllng in yield ui
species soeh as melons, ioniaioes, or iuel loieao, so ihal
liah ponds aie a key lealure in raising land—based
yields Swinglz (x966) ieeaids a dineienee in yield far
mussels lin uie seine wild) of [mm 52,» k5 unlernlised
lo ml: kg leiolised (whole washr, mus aie m of
lolall so that she lenlliser laelor, well-mnnlszdi is a
eriiieal yield slnlngy

SHELTER AND REFUGE
Sucks oi pols, papa, lyies, aiul bundles oi rope, reeds,
or brush ean have a deelsiye yield elleer ori predabun
losses 0! young fish, erayirsh, and species subiesl In
yndahon by lheir lelluws, Crab and erayrish eulhiie, in
parlieular, beneals horn sueh ielupes. similarly. loose
speries in ponds need buzdlng reiuges in persisi
Figluei are hard ro eoine by, bur yield increases or
mm are rewrded [or mislaeeans, and minim loi
louse llsh proleeled by shallows or wrcdy areas
Monaliry oi yuan; and lry am always greaier in ponds
ol simple design and wuhoul essapenienls, Cage
mltul'e is no. only in ilsell a highe eld syslern, uul
enables rhe so—ilepe separalion oi pied-mi and piey lur
aduhs and iuyenilesl.

TEMPERATURES
mhin waier, surlaees and gmdlmh’ dtvelop iruin m1:
enecb o1 heal, soluies, parneies. or sneairi now These
are uiilised diaeaenlly oy dllfen‘m species, so ihal a
nvrr or Iigncn opening by a shallow bar lo rhe sea rriay
hnye sallwaier llsh al depnh and lieshwaler spedes on
lhe upper session, and eiiher coldrr lornis al deplh or
(In iey winlersl, war-n reluges al deplh for iish io kenle
ierowd in unlal warmer rundinons dzvdnp)

m Inberlare belween sold and non waler rs leaned a
THERMLXLINE and lseiween sall and lroshwaler a
HALOCLINE, sueh boundaries can be abrupl
lransihons it no |urbu1enl llow lesls Where no
pionouneed surlars separanon mls berween ha: and
sold or sah and iresh, gradienls develop, cspecully
wheie wind ovenurn or euiaeril how a laelor rish,
molluses, and planrs have speeiiie uirhos in sueh
endienis, and may inaue wilh lide or eunenl m adlusl
l0 lhelr speeilie nzuis

Al or ahoul 2I'C (70"Fl we nialru a calegorieal
dilieronee belween raluu-iilri lish, lo whieh sueh
leinpeearures are lerhal or dehilalory. and lmylml nah,
whieh suiler cold sness or will nor breed below this
poinr, A lew eoinnion lish lcanibusm, (he
mosquiln-ealing iishl aie leinperale lolerani or
EURVTHERMAL llewcl, bul oprlniuin lending and
spawning eondirions lur eoldwoler iish are around
li-lfl‘C, and lor impieals music Rainbow houi will
die il kepi lor long periods above wc, while Tlluyul ie
below at

Hishzl lernperahues renaiiily siiiriulare plani pow-h
and algze piodurlion, or general turnover, and H is
aduaniapeous (a be able in keep winler iernperaruies
ai opiiinuin [or lbe species MIX seleeied We may
aehieie rhis in any ola numberol ways

- By lntludmg a solar pond lheaml in any olher
pond irilu-e mm, or as an dmegary lo a pond

- Using wasiehealed waier hoin indusiries such as
power sulions, salrworlss, or lood proeessing planls

 

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DEVICES Y0 BRING MAMURE m FUNDS

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mm M in Asia, land imlnmi is mum lo nanur. Inn will! m lolamrrau,nsbpanulrhiscydaymayiam

 

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