planls lale in me cycle lr rs alwavs an advanlage {osmium-[mull banlrs and surmunds ed man a molar or seyrlre can be used until llre selarlcd plan‘s rake me. Trees are a danger rm dam walls, l/rnev lall land inc-y oireu do rn lnose mndruonsl [hey rake parl oi rne wall wnh llrcm, inn bambods, ginger. svvcel prrrale, pepine, and rlrrmp grasses asslsl hank slabllrsarrnn Trees ar the hair dl walls are aduanrageous rn Shading. remuving waler, and redudng weeds The 'nrl and pin” planhng palrer-a cl Figure am rs an enecrrve mnlml rn overgraled, erbded. mined or bulldozed srles U lyres are avarlaole, rne "pans" an be made learn rnese. lrlled wl|h rnralcb, anol llre diversion drarns led rn above rne rrsad level. Fm people wrrn access ro lees. irrese can be slalred ends—slope, an a slrgnl downhill grade so rlral waler is made lo gang aeross lne erosrun rare. and hem absorb imp ilre gmund Even small lags and lvranelres, pegged across eresian enannels, burld up a layer—cake pl silr and leaves, beside wnrelr an be planled willow, Amid, or any orlrer trams—roared and hardy apeeles, whxh men Id as a permanenr srlr lrap Mulcn benrnd logs and barriers qnlckly sraa sea lne seed bed ipr planling, Fallen leaves and scarrered dung xlw aseumulale in illese mirudelras so prerlrlde planl numenrs, Small wire nerrrng lenees. wirlr sranc—weiglned hay uplrill, wlll irap sail and spread warer, as wall eresseswales o! lemangeass or vaer grass on my sleep slepes, there is olien ne mum ollrer man in planl pampas, bamboo, lemongrass, and mok mai proneers and lo mak: upslape planrings ol dusk nur, Amnfl, earob, ollvr or diner large species wnien will easeade seed dawnslope over rrrrle wnere implemenrs suell as enlsel ploughs can be used. rirese are eliecuve rrr erosron eonrrol Planned eruselling and planling makes a permanenr and srable enange an nlllslde nelails on gully eanrml in drvlarrds and in nopreal nurrud areas are gum in subsequenr enaplers. 94 SLOPE MEASURES slopes are measured and expkssed in several ways, mm, are dope can be measured as DEGREE FROM THE HORIIDNTAL, er rlre bag Ins}: al figure 9.2 This expM as “a slope 0115 degrees", and is somelrmes used by geologrsrs to deserrbe lire p (angel of luck srrara Near, rne w between honmnlal and vernal an be divided inrd lilo parls. and expressed as rm CENTACB,A measure used by engineers. finally. slope ean be expressed n meromoNs or alias al base to nergnr, eg. u a slope l uml nlglr, way. a base I unirs lang nus rs rlre nae oi alepe over drsrarree, plren used [or dr ns and pipes, in unirs used by nvdrologrsrs Many irrigarrpn drains use slopes al 230 FIGUIE I z SLOPE Mmunzmim Errflfnwlfiud I:deams,pllwll3fi«. mammal-III (45-. amass (mi . awn 517x} REE-0W