. chisel plow and sod—seeding leehniouas.

- Grouser reliance on m»vl|lige nee (10p near wells
and ponds

- Reclanialion oleroded lands Ilslng pioneer species.

- Kcylnie lechniqutsof llood connol,

. Scalage pns and impurindrncnr ol runaall oy low
ounds or swals across slopes

- 1ree lorage and rail grass hand—led lo domeslie
sroclr

- The use at manuresm gardens

. rlio developmcnl ol domesllc luelwood syslems
near villages.

MONSOON 11101-le
Those are really a sulerype ol weladry liopics. hm ine
llueneed by nearlry eunllnenral land masses and
oceanic winds onshore. They are conhriod lo lne lndl»
Thailand ' m norrhern Ausoalia, asl lava, l'irnor,
sonuiern New Guinea. and mend Larrlude w lo 35'
nonh in lndia Dcspihe only about Him ol lhe world's
land surlace. monsoon areas conlam large human
popularioris

Lale summer lioaling ol llie conlinerils causes
onshoresea winds and lwilh luck) heavy rains. The dry
lwrnlerl season reverses wmds lrorn cool inreriors lo
caasrs, gring a cool period nor experienced in lhe war
dry lropies lrernperalures- ISJI‘C—SS‘JO“?! Tem~
peralures rise, and dry hol winds develop lro over
ave—Imam in spring, wilh hcar increasing undl lhc
onsol ol rhe monsoon . Abmu an. ol llie rain lalls in
summer. hnl rain is erraria and vanes lrooi memo ciri
(«Hm inches», depending on ropography and drsrance
Irorn rho eoasl. Floods and droughls are equally
unpredicraole. hill common Mosl aeririlies are
delerrnined by lhe monsoon rain lrransporl, lishing.
larrningl.

liopieal loresls once elorhed hie hill slopes and river
plains, and grasslands erlended lowards deserls as
savannah. Populallun pressure. deloreslaliori, and
marginal agriculrrrrc has deyaslaled lhis ecology in
lndia, nryaicciduous lsroadleayes are common. leak
and bamboo once errlensire lice canopy is lass drm
lhan in wer rropics, so lhar dense nnderslory is also
developed. Mangmvzs occupy river moulhs and low
eoasls large nahve animals are now rare in lh. lndian
snlo-«rnlinenl, our repllle lrle is abnmhnl, as are leral
or mhve deer. lnrnalo, and primares. Monsoon Ausraha
is herler vzslliled, wlfll searlered eucalypl and Arrrra
lines, nreriric loresrs, and very low human popnllllmls
lo dale Large marsuprals, leral hullalo, and marsh
walerlowl are aoundanl

Soils are lalenlic. oheri very hard in lhe dry season.
and 01km nulrionr slams some are cradling clays
Housing IS ollen mud-pole slruerures, lharched,
sheep-rooled, wirh wide eaves and good drainage [or
wel per-rod

Design essenoais are similar lo lhoce ol use WMry
lropiss

 

10.1
TROPICAL SOILS

Special problems arise willi llvplcil soils, in rhal ereepl
in am: ol reeeril vuloamsm such as lndonesio. soils are
old lnol renewed by glam-hon) and deeply leached
Mosr olllie silica and calcium rs in low supply ln elays,
aluminium ions suosnrule lor some silica ions, i ing
soil parricles a nel negaliye charge fipvclally in lhe
oridie lrairlinioc sorls lcommon in wearhered voles )
only kaolin elays and uxldrs ollmnralumlmum rernarn
ln lhese soils, lrie charge or «non erchange canaeiry
lcm oi rhe soils is aflrnzd lry pH 0m? ciearod, llie
hurriic parrieles leach oul lo ahoul 30% ol’ prror levels,
and inlernliry oppears in such crops as banana and
sugar cane. There are a (ew ways ro reslo lhe soil-s
alnlily ro hold nulrienls (Wayne Ralph, anaging
some Tropieal Solls‘ in Run] Research N0 M7, pp.
lslol-

. lieslore humus wirh green crop. and especially
perenmals such as Lemma and one legumes generally
Any nllhvzhon loses humus as carbon dioxide, so rry
ro grow planls wrllirnlererop

- Now, add snail quinmles rrl superphosphalc al
lreousnl rnlervals so lhar plarns ean rake rl up oelore
leaching. ll posslbk, add linc erushed basall, a scarrer
u! cemenl powder, and use shredded hamooo or eane
mulehes lor s as and caloum. increase pH wrlh lime
aller uses and green crop are growing well

e Whaleyer is added or :vnihbk as lerliliser, give as
a lighl spread all ymrul s—wrek lrllflwlr, unnl planls are
well grown ll al all possible. suoslirule perennial lcrr
annual crop, and 1mm pracoee lreouenr mhlvalwn

sasau, cemenr powder, eoral, and bamboo mulch
supply essennai numeiils and Inmasc soil pH, heme
increase lhe neganire rharge on soil parricles and lheir
aoilily lo hold Calcmm, sodium, phosphales againsr
leaching.

 

 

 

 

 

 

->
ALKALNE

Flllllnf 10,2
moml cws
Dlhlzll Ixcmnul mum loan and one bands on soil nannies

 

 

chino! mm on as doomed

 

253