wood, rosemary, Rosa maili/irra, hawiiiorri, and gorse iulerl around iields and gardens, Some ol ihe ialler grassis ipampas grass) or "ledges" oi sueculenis and hardy vines greaily assisi garden proiseinrn. wind is a mayor doberminam oi yield over all roasral and upland regions oi ihese ehmares in acidic perry areas and hiris, lences ol livmg pear or iuri species can proleci gardens on cold exposed plareaus M coasis, drysiorie walla, soil basis, or dilehe zndvbank are primary proiecaion imariy oi ihese can laier be planaed ro hardy shrubs or bamboo) Law, llai valley sires, and especially ihose valleys ai ihe looi oi cscarpmenis capped lay high plaieaus, rriay be subieca ioseveie winier irrisis ln mouniain looihills, irosr can lie all day in winier on ihe shaded side oi valley slopes. l=iosis aileci pasiure and herbaceous plans by sioppirig growih or causing irosi dearh by planr roll rupiure A greai many species oi planis hom braeken lern io romaioes are lmsl- illed, and many cool area iarmers choose crop planis on rile basis oi irorreiree days in rho growing season or lwhere irosis can oceur in any monmlbyercludmg horn held culriue any planl which is lrosrauseepiible over iis growing season. Marginal or seoilehardy planls such as bamboo may survive irosi ii given an auiurnn dressing oi ierirlrser salrs, high sali values in plani cells prereni cell ruprure Cold humid air is viscous in now, and sialaslises m yalleys as a dense aie mass wirh a near-icvel upper sursaee. As mosi irosrs iorm m calm clear wnamci, ihe upper cold air surlaee is rarely subyeer rcr sarong winds, and iliis creairs a marked lrosiline on hill slopes, oiieri revealed by rheeonrours lilmlng im.suseeprrble pines, jumipeis r evnegreen irees Dowrislope cold air flow may line a disimei pulsing behaviour oi aboui one minuie where air ilaws irorn highlands. and ihis pulsing ean ereare a series oi suriace waves in ihe cold arr "uses Such waves are iyprcal oi large areasoiihe air above liosied ground Speeial hashing sires, usually high on sun4acmg valky slopes, in clearings on ridge ioresrs, or in smaller clearings (leis ihan an m acroaal in iall loresr are rherelorechoseri growing siiesiri hoary areas. 125 SOILS The smkmg cliaracierisiic oi cool lemperabe soils is iheir abiliry ro aecumolaie humus under naiural regimes ol ionsi and prairie or meadow ln ihis respeei rhey diiier horn boxh lmpiul and arid-area soils, 7" values in areas oi poor drainage can be 3,54,51humlt acids), and only over limesiorie, dolomiie, and chalk deposirs do scril pH values normally ereeed 7 Tradiuonally, rnosi soils have been limed iri modiiy ilus aodiiy iaeior Another unique ieaiure over vasl areas oi lhe norihern hemisphere, and lo a lesser cxlem m rhe souihern hemisphere. aresheeLr oi periglacial ourwash, eompacied illl, moraine, and glacio—rluvial (ice and waierl ourwash, wuh dawnwuld deposus oi Mk flour and iine parirrles lhnown as loessl. Such areas are normally mineral-rich and ieiaile due io ilre mu oi rock iypes m glacial debris braided wide sirenms and :nmplex benehes oi glacial sedimenr along valleys iypiiy rhe riyers wnh glacial headwaiers, and low melrwarer iemperaiures lianc or sol may be mairirained ior mosr oi ihe year And waiers eon-ain- mg hurnre acids, lanmns, and saponins may issue lrrrm bogs and marshes :oea ai pH 35, such sircams iii uns polluredl can susiam good iish populaoirns, allhough iew rriolluses oecin due iri low calcium availabiliiy. li was in ihese regions ihai plough agriculiure developed, wirli rhe old rradiiions oi ~high iarrrurig", whieli included ihe eoneepis oi crop ioraiion (over is yearsl and a resl period, ley oi green crop, or pasrure Because hvesroclc had lo be shedded rn rhe colder areas, manure spreading on iielda and hay leed siores in barns were also developed. hence ley crop, silage, peroianerii pasiure management, lriierisive esioclr husbandry, and mm crop ior winicr srorage irurriip. beer, poraio, earroi, parsnrpl tradrrronal grains were barley, oars, wheai, and rye, and iiadirional loods were rru-ars. vegerablesarid breads. Many rneiliodsol wmier srorage or ioods were developed, ranging horn burial oi buirers and acorns in bogs ro ice siomges, pirs, cellars, and silage sysrenis lor lodder Saii, ior irie mosr pari lercepimg some sandy coasrsl have good slriiclure and clay lraciions, high narural humus, and good (a: eapariiy Adios-red irrr pH, mieroriuirienis, arid irace elernenrs ihey are ideal crop so , unless derived irom acidic rocks lgraniir, quarre- iie. grieissl, where pears are developed 114 LANDFORM AND WATER CONSERVATION (7pm warer sioragas are peculiarly appropiraie io ihr mesorlieroial landscape. Soils generally possess suiii enl clay iraclions (over was) ro ensure secure dam walls, eraporahon does not ucuds pndpiliuun in normal years, and ihere is a wide range oi planl and animal species dependeni on waier ior iherr pro ducoon ii is in rhe classic '5” pmlile oi the hurrnd landscape ihai Yeomansiivderclriped his Keyline approach ro iai-rri warer rrunagemem, whim inregiares open waier slorage wiih soil record nmg, soil waier srorage, Imus, and firm roreiry m a whole sysiem dsign. The classre l