be dnsxsnrd or occupy ID‘X per annurn ul lire arca, unirl

year 4, when “1‘! ol lhe rural area would be broad,
cornpler, conlrrured hedgerow oi deeperoored woody
plums and lorbs. wrln evulvmg rallelree browse and
msl<mp specrcs, some 0! longelcrrn yalua .rs umber
Allzr years 4- , limed and observed access in such
browse could be pennilled lor sheep, young stuck, and
caulruus hancslrng by calrle me years sell, longer
Draws: irmrs can be per-rnrrled, and ln emergencies
species such as wrllnw and poplar cm and led m
dreughl ralrons

ln larrnrnp. we disunguoh berwcen lcmporary glass
lands sown lo n-sl ihc sail and prm'lde hay nr green
meadows lleys or shonennarren pasrures ()4 yearsil,
and the permanem pasrures sown lor censranr grasrng
lloo or morc yearsl Soil crumb slruoure, humus, and
sell nlirogen all show a slow improvemenl under
permanenr grasses, so lhai 75 years rs needed la nnlrce
a pronounced ellecl an llresc laclurs For cropped soils
lnirrugen balm, a climb lo um. ralus 5 years and
ollen loll years; om nirrogcn is measurable under
perrnancni grassland. ln erery case, legumes sown wi|h
grasses are essenllal la sorl lmproyeroenl, and arable
crops soon aller leys show increased yields ror 34
years in a rradirronal cool rernperare larrn landscape
where soil healrh ls yalrred, some an al land wrll be r
\4 veer lees lred rlover as a legurnel and 154%
permanenr paslure lwhrle clcn-ersr The resl téll‘i)
wmlld be rn grams, green crop and mm cmp ln such a
landscape, soil cendrlron rs usually good bur modern
larrnrng rarely lrrlla och cunsmarrye rnelhlrds

As lrceslarlr rnusl be housed in colder snorrl-
clrmalcs lar up lo 2m days a year, wry large quanolrcs
ul rnanures and unne are auarlabll- lrorn barns in Rap
sword and crop in lerblrscr Manure-s are more evenly
spread as a llqlud slurry. or more recenrly are led rn
below rhe award us g a soil condrrloner lrigure ms
shows an rlluslralion oi such lechnelogy Imm Nu-lu
Srlcnrlsl Aug up 3a) The larrermellrod prevenisloss
oi rugen ro lhe almospheru, hence dclers pollurlon,
and enables maximum use nl rhe slurry lay paslure
rwards lnerdenlal aerarion also resulls lrorn lhrs
nrelhod. slurry is so inyccred al lulcubic rrreires/ha, IJ
crn down Aulumn ls rhc bcsi lime lar leasl dlsrurbance
w lhe sward n+4 weeks rcsll,

Leys are also bernp used lsrnce ihc w5n-si rn rhe-
sublroprcs, ayarn will. graAfi-‘egumr mores lor 2—4
years, lollowed by -op, urasseleeume rnrxes are
rrnparlanl sorl slabrlisers down lo 45 cm ul rarn,
especially ll sown in we! seuons lcrrrllsed, and planled
wuh scailered or hedgerowedrllled Amrm or
legurornous irces below rlus rainlall leyel,
uppomulistk barley er ears in wirrler hold rolls whrlc
legurninous um and woody shrub seed csrabl hes
Grasses wrrheul legumes do ncrl nolrceably rrnproue
soil rcseryes Leys unbalanced rewards legumn may
produce an acidic soil condllran and nulrlrrooal
problems in lryesiock. Pasmres are kepl rn balance by
slralegrr browsing or mowing,

 

 

 

65

  

MANAGE ENT OF lemocx on clusbmblus
on ”ch
nesplle ihe lacr man phnl breeders have "concenirared
on producrne grasses lhn would respond in hrgll
nrirugen rnpurs ,ux larnrcrs nllw apply nrrrogen
lemllsers al 20 runes lherr prewar rare. bur Ill 40 years
lbe number 0! came and sheep carried by each heclare
ol grass has scarcely doubled , nos rncrease, as well,
can bealrrrbulccl more in rrnpreryed grain leeds rrrd rhe
use oi lrmc on pasrurcs ralrrer ihan lrorn «he applrcarlon
nl nrirogen lllaruey. (‘- "Crassland I’mdumun and
\Inmgcn, Nl'w Scrclrrlsl I5 Feb 7?)

rhe groal drn-c lo nrlrogen lerrlliser larded and
abclied by agrrcrrliural rdyrsorsi was as a rcsull ol
oycrpnrducuon rn exploslyes laclanes. or in lacl war
surplus dumped on larrns rarlllrser became 30% ol
energy use on larrn bu! breughl no such increase in
reiurn Niiroeen was once supplred lree by clover,
thh has now been drscouraged by repea red
ploughing llcrssll lucl cnergyl so lhal grass would grow
Today, scalrcreel legumrnare lrces on range are known
lo supply suilrcrenl nirrogen. and lnrllvins rorl
bacleria and algae also are cullured and inoculared rn
soils lo asslsl rnrs ellrnr

Nu observer ul lleld eondr rons can lail lo see lhc
hunger crl calllc on hrghniirogen award (or lhe leaves
and bark ol or so lhal rrees whrch have slood lor
years In unlerlrlrsed paslures are “suddenly” alloclced
and lolled bycalllc where mlnoeen is used clover can,
or laci, supply growlh equwalenr lo 2m kg ol nrlrogen
/ha and o lar heller unused by came rhan rs rhe lhe
gm“ sword recommended by adhisurs. This energy
roirace rs lyplcal ol pasiure developed wuhour any
\mmd nulrirnrnnl abserealyons or alrc ‘ lo Ix\'e<(0<k

relerences
P ll rs eerdenr on any heurrrly browsed areas um only
poisonous. spiny, or very mugh planls evenmally come
In occupy a range, r lhal nuxlnus weeds are anarlher
rndlcalor nl lwerusu ol range. although we bllndly
blame llle weeds lhar prelecr lhe soil, nor ihe manage
mm or callle

Scum changes rm: more subile, llalweeds lplamarn,
dandelioni may male in occupy rnurc oi grasslands in
ma] cllrnales or areas ol poor drainage. I’znnallem
bunch grasses, succuleni rn dry periods, may be
replaced wuh ephemeral annuals wnrrh dmughlecll m
summer and low lrec lorowse rnay beellmlnaied, as has
happened m Calrlorora and many dry areas

There are several marragcmcnl slralegles which can
rererse lhese crends. For rnsrance, rn lhe abeye eraroplc
llalw-eeds unpalable re sheep are prelecred by wallaby
bunch grasses will remain ll heavrly sloclred, seeded
agam, and rhcn complclcly reeled llhrs rs a quesuon ol
lenclng slralegyi The bear slralegy rs lo balance
browsing species wirh planl specres, lo allow resl
pcrrods on range, And hr amid lixcd shocking ol
animals on anyone parl ol lhc range, Good managers
allow a 2A; year roralron ol herds, using 15!! neldsor
runs, and pay close aireabon ho observed wee-wraiion
a! browse The longer (9 year) period is used on