pioneering rhe weeds, and yegeiabies and papaya sueeeedrng lhem in abo'ul is monrhs lo 2 years, a more perennial sysiem sureeeds rhe weed layer, Eggs, chiekens, vegerabies. and papaya are al modesr eommererai level, and borh milk goals and ehiekens are let our ohlo she paihs io eai greens when rhe pens are bare I have now seen numerous ehieken horrors, all dillerenl, some wirh passionlruir lenee/rrellis crop, some iusr as vegeiabie 33mm, and some lor small lrar or herbareous ureliard, All are remarkable lor laek ol weeds and high produra‘ in she more marure eycirs, buekwheal, errmlrey, miller, sunnawer, and sorghum ean be sown in rhe pens n lew weeks belore ilie chickens are renimedi providing greero and grains Even rocky or rough eounrry is so prepared lor crop by ohiekeru, lhe main eesr being seeirre pen lensing srrong lenees also suppon vine mp, and a lew larger legume rrees provide high shade mpvana Hyu. larger Album) lor pens and rrops. Where chickens are io be rhe m a crop, ehirken lorage planls replaee vagrhhks and some lrnaii (mp, arid ihe sysiem rhea provides all lood. Near ihe house, a lew small roPnelied and seeure rearing pens allow broody hens lo replaee ihe ehiekens culled, Normal weeds sueh as asalrs, eioivers, dandelion, umnn weed, llmk, and rim grass are eicelloni ehicken lodders, as are any ol lhe slalohvrrr la y lliuekleberry, blaek nighrshade, peprno, kangaroo apple, romalo, haskberry, Sodom apple, eicl PIG rum-oil The pig maul leiiows lhe same reebmdae bur is more sulred lo 1—40 ha propemes Larger shrub—weeds (Lonlrrro, gorse, blackberryi or dl-ep-muted weeds lCenuolrrvlrrs, rhreomaieus grasses, comlreyl call lar a pig uaeior. the derisiiy pl pigs perpen should bear ihe prepornon ol Sfl/ha lor lull eiearanee ol weeds in pramrie, 0.5—2 ha plots are lenred, mosi ecummicllly using permanenr eleerrie leneing, which is much cheaper ihaa ehreken mesh leasing cmee earh pm is bare (em weeksl and mughvplowed by rooang pigs, ii is easy lo plani lueerne, eouiliey sels, suarool (Jerusas lem arllehokei, sweer paialo, lrrgr lrees, papaya, banana, and similar crops lor pig lorages, and so keep up ihis iorarion unrii rhe pigs renirn iorlie pen. Dria large scale (20-40 ha), (he pig aaelor sysiem ean pioneer highflualily milk-cow pasrure ol chicory, dandelion rornlrey, dock, grasses, and clover, and vas lrrilow along 273 menihs behind rhe pig lrsclor A coalinous rorarion is ser up, and exeess rnlik produei lwhey, sknn miikl led irr lhe pigs as aeeessory lood. l-iglers ranging over such pasrure rarely show iron anaemia dericreney, parasile eyeles are broken, and rhe sml mnshufly improves in humus Such large animals as pigs and eowr need leaeed nee scrips, bee guards, and border hedgerow in supply uee lorage pop obviously, lhese mrensrve anunai baelor sysrernsean be a phase (allowed by bee eropi an accessory to rree 3C0 erop, or a perenaiienl learuie ol she mixed lerrn, orused unsanilly lo remrrye orop wasles and lailen lruils chickens, l leel, should be a permanear loiage sysiern in all mired orehards, 10,13 GRASSLANDS AND RANGE MANAGEMENT in view oi rhe preysienre M livalock enierprires in ihe eropics, some guides lo managerneni are required lor iruik and beer or sheep produeiion. nie loliowing mansgemeni soaregies an be implemenled: - THE ADDI'IUN or roman mas lo grass. lands. These can be grass legumes or neei, rhe inner prov-ding loliage, lood sugars, seed carbohydraies, ur lruirs . ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES, pariieuiariy in ierms ol waier siorage and soil slruclure, irrigaiion windbreak and shelrer, l