137 lines
5.6 KiB
Plaintext
137 lines
5.6 KiB
Plaintext
aeralors, sprlnkler syrrums, and llle deyelupmenr or
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reaellrng rnsrlrules. wumals, relarl oullels, and yery
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large firms loseryreerlre rurland lawn lndusrry
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ll rs now probable llllal llre lawn eulrares of allluenl
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nihuns use more waxes, renilrser, lossrl lrrels, broerdes,
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and person-hours rlran erlber gardens or llle ldrmal
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broadreale agneulmre ol rlrar eounlry, ur lndesd any
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agr-ierrlrural remorse oi llre lllrld world. ol llle lawns
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developed loday, perlrapr ml lraye any use ln
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reaealron,spon. or as lesr areas Most lawns are purely
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eosmmrr irr mnerion Thus, ainuenr sofiem’s llaye, all
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unnooeed, deyelrrped an agrreulnrre whldl produees a
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polluled wasle plodurl, rn rlle plesense al lamrne and
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erosion elseulrere. and rlre llrraar ul waler sbrrrrages al
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borne Sornr acrual ease llrsrrrnss
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e an rile dry rslarrd ol Molaka'l (Hawall), gull
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rourses are being developed near resan lords, and an
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zngmeer rlllere esrrmares an annual eosi oi some
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$400,000 as mainlonarrea, rnleresl on eapllal, and leparrs
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lo pumps, waler syslrnls, and lurl areas. nus rs more
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man is spenl annually rn loud ganlensan "m island
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. ln Massaerruseus, Conneerlrul, and Ktnlucky,
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many small (anns are belng eonverled nl lawn sysrems
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by elly owners. eyorr rn lawns. are ayerage suburban
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lawn area rs abour 550.900 square rnelns (mm
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square led), and me yearly marnlenaneo coal is aboul
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ml per square rnelre, wrlll up lo nx lleayy broeldal
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sprays per year lor pears lrllrrrerl bug) and weeds lrlal
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weedsl.
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. ln l-erlrr lWesr Auslrallal lawns use :54 em um
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rnsnesl ol waler per year, in a wakr searee area wllsm
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salled land ls exurndlng annually, and (he groundualer
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lable rs lalllng [mm aboul 90 rn lo all rn.
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« On lllle Canary lslands, resorr lrorels wrrll lawns,
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swlmlrrrng pools, flush rollers, and rrngaled aeslllelre
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gardens nave ellectlvely dared up a produerrye small
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larrn eeonorny, now aralnle pawey rs berng
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eonlemplaled as a rrlerruad oi erearlng llesn warer lrrrrn
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seawaroe.
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- ln one agrreolrural eollege lorange, Nsw,
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Aushalu). llre energy niflter ealeulales rlrar lne lossrl
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luel and personlllours spenl on nrarnrarmng me In lra
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lzl al ol lawns meeded roars 1m lllle nun-d lmn ol so
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lra llzo al He recommended sbrubberres lor all bur llle
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rs lla or lawn used by sludenls
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The lawn lras beeorrle mo enrse rrl modern lown
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landseapes as sugar eane rs llle eurse ol lire lowland
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roaslal lropres, and earlle ibecurse ai rbe semrand and
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and rangelands.
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ll rs pasl lrme la la. lawns lor any waslelul
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eonsrrrrlplronl, and re devote rlllal lax la rnrrd world
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relrel l wauld suggesl a tax ol :5 per square merre lrlr
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boll. publk and pnval! lawns, updared annually, unrll
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all bur usezul lawns are ellmrnaled
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Elsemplrons would be lar m-muwn awards grazed
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by produelrye anrmals, shorl nalural lurl suell as rs
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produced by Phylu llrppral lrodosrl, ar elramomrle, and
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nandmown areas ol lawn illal use no waler ar bln.
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erdes. nae resl rsa sllarrrelul wasle ol global resources.
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1a relorrn llle lawn, new pennaeullule busrnesser are
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eyolrrlru, unng narural (nonvlvrigitedl ground Cnvm.
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berry and rrnalllrurl snrubberles lsalal, blueberry
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cranberry», llower-lng meadows ol nalrye bulbs and
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perennrals, rupses dl small lres, ponds, marslr or kn
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areas, and roels gardens or spulllly gardens ul
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pelennrals Even yegelable plols are slowly beedmrng
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respoeeable as values ellange lrorn rlre produellun ol
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wasle lo lire ploduer-lon ol load ior rrre lrorrre A new
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elllre is arrrrng mar wlll reverse lire slllus or warle
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plodorers, and new elllreal lnveslmenl porrlolros are
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elrmlrraung supporl year many suen desrruerrye
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rnduslnes.
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lawn lelor-rn, or. me basrs ol lrealrn, eosls, and erllrss
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alone, rs a null lreld lor rnnoyarlye desrgm and needs
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dlsadyanlageous taxing lo bring rl under ronlrrll, or we
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nsbeanyenmg all land not ln lrousirrg loslerile lawns.
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12.13
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GKASSLANDS
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l-erennral grasslands (veldl, gran-re, meadow, sreppe.
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llerbal ley, paslure, and lleamlandsl are a learure dl
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mesolbermal elirrlalas Many, in iaer. ale rrrreless areas
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eslablrslrad during periods al reeeap leoeal, and have
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neyer oslabllsrred as loresu, alrbougb bollr rolls and
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dlmallc laelors will perrrul loresr eslablrslrmenl, omer
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grasslands are marnrarned by lire lnalural, lrrlm
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lrglrlnrng slrrlses, or managed, lrorn llurrran
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rnlerleleruel agalnsl loresr rnyasron
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Many abongrnal peoples so managed rllerr envrrorr-
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meals as ro marnrarn lleld speeres, berry (mp, nellle
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(mp, or some aspeer ol llle lrre-suseaessrrrn emlogy ol
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bens l| lo lllelr lood supply or lesoume base The
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managemenl oi nalural grasslands by lrre rs a slolled
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lask. loo iruquenl rrr loo irol rrns noa only desooy soll
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slruelure our lrp llle balarree lrorn perennml bunelr
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grim and llerbaeeous speeres w lrreloyurg annuals
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lwrld oall ouaw normal value and poor yreldsirr lbe
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winler or lale summer mason.
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Mosr nalural grasslands lre rn rlle Eurasnn land
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mass, wrllr Airrea and Norlll and Soulb Amerrea
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pmxding vzldl and pampas respeearuely Areas surll as
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«be poa iusaoex plains al New Zealand and sournaasl
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Ausu'a ra were flrestreaxed and marrrealned by
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abarlgrnal peuples. Excepl rrr nalure reserves or
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sparsely seilled regroru, eyen (he great pearnes ol Norm
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Amerua and lllr pampas oi Argentina and But“ have
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been convtned la paslules or cropping, as have llle
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Russran sleeps and llne Aim-an ysldls ln every ease.
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nor prolern produelron lras been redueed and soils
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eroded
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berennral grasslands llrar erops ol annual grass
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speaesl are very slable sysrerrrs, and wnrle a laresl may
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have a yrsrble "slandrng mp" ol 2m mm, and 511555
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only 7 r. below llle ground lmzsls produee nu l/lra ol
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organre maner ro llle ass k/hi nf luhua| prarrre in
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equwzlem roll/rlrlnale regimes (th, 1984, based on
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olber sludresl. Foresls have morl ol rnerr blomass
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435
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