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546 lines
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<title>Having now established spatiomaterialism as the foundation for ontological philosophy, it remains to discover the necessary tr</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><font size="4" style="font-size: 16pt"><b>Necessary
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Truths of Ontological Philosophy</b></font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Having
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now established spatiomaterialism as the foundation for ontological
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philosophy, it remains to discover the necessary truths that follow
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from it. The new necessary truths follow mainly from the recognition
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that space is an ontological cause of the natural world, for that
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entails the ontological necessity of several global regularities (at
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least in spatiomaterial worlds where the laws of physics are true),
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including evolutionary change. Those global regularities are one
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manifestation of the wholeness of the world. But we are at a major
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juncture in this philosophical argument, and it may help keep issues
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clear to step back and recall what philosophy is that ontological
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philosophy can claim to be a new way of doing philosophy. And see how
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an <i>empirical </i>foundation can yield truths of any kind,
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necessary or not, that have not already been discovered by modern
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science. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<br><br>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>Nature
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of philosophy.</b></font> Philosophy aspires to a more fundamental
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kind of knowledge about the world than is provided by ordinary ways
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of knowing (such as modern science and everyday practical reasoning).
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Any such superior knowledge would require a special foundation.
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Hence, philosophy is a two-step argument. First, it establishes its
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foundation, and, second, it uses its foundation to demonstrate
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necessary truths. Necessary truths are prior to what is known by
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ordinary means, because what is demonstrated from its foundation
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cannot be denied without giving up the philosophical foundation. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><i>Epistemological
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philosophy.</i></font> That is, at least, the structure of
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traditional philosophy. Though different foundations were used in
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different eras of philosophy, they were always epistemological.
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Traditional philosophy always used reflection on how beings like us
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know in order to establish some theory about the nature of reason
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(such as the intuition of forms, certainty about ideas in the mind,
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and the language-users’ understanding of language). The fruit of
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such theories was borne in the second step, when the foundations were
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used to show that certain propositions about the world hold
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necessarily. Those implications had an authority that was superior to
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ordinary ways of knowing, for they could be denied only by giving up
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the theory about the nature of reason. In other words, the necessity
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of the propositions defended by traditional philosophy was
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epistemological. Insofar as they were successful, what they showed
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was that certain propositions are certain. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It is now
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generally recognized in intellectual circles that traditional
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philosophy failed to make good on those claims. Indeed, its failure
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seems so obvious that philosophy itself now seems to be a bad idea.
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"Foundationalism," as it is called, is not merely eschewed
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by most contemporary philosophers. It is often cited as something so
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misguided that it is supposed to be a wonder anyone ever believed in
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it. The failure of foundationalism is the main support for
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relativism, and since the most common defense against the charge of
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relativism attempts to undercut it by denying that philosophy was
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plausible in the first place, both sides see traditional philosophy
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as childish. But it is not necessary to renounce philosophy entirely
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in order to avoid relativism, because there is another way of doing
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it. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<br><br>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><i>Ontological
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philosophy.</i></font> Another way of doing philosophy is possible,
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because epistemology is not the only foundation from which necessary
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truths can be demonstrated. It is also possible to use ontology as a
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philosophical foundation. Philosophical arguments of all kinds start
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from our ordinary knowledge about the world, in which we recognize
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that we all have bodies alongside one another and other objects in
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space. But instead of establishing a foundation for philosophy by
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using reflection on how we know to justify some theory about the
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nature of reason, it is possible to establish a philosophical
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foundation by using perception to justify some theory about the
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natures of the basic substances and relationships that constitute
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everything in the world. This is to move in the opposite direction
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from epistemological philosophy: deeper into the natural world,
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rather than stepping back and reflecting on how we know about it. But
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the role of perception means that ontological philosophy must rely on
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the empirical method to determine which specific ontological theory
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to accept; it must infer to fewest and simplest basic substances and
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basic relationship that can explain every aspect of the world. Then,
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in the second step, what follows from that ontology are the necessary
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truths of ontological philosophy. What is implied by the ontology has
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a claim on our credence that is superior to ordinary knowledge,
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because it can be denied only by giving up the best ontological
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explanation of the most basic aspects of the natural world. Those
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implications are, therefore, ontologically necessary. They are not,
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however, certain, because their ontological foundation can be
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falsified by experience. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It may be
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surprising that there is a new foundation for philosophy to use,
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especially one established by the empirical method, for that is the
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method of science. But we have seen what makes it possible. It comes
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from recognizing that ontology itself can be explanatory, for that
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makes ontology different from scientific realism. Ontological-cause
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explanations are different from efficient-cause explanations. Indeed,
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they are prior to efficient-cause explanations, because ontological
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explanations can explain why efficient-cause explanations are true,
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but not vise versa. Thus, it is possible to use the empirical method
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and infer to the best ontological explanation of what exists in the
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world before we infer to the best efficient-cause explanation of what
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happens there. That makes it possible to have a foundation for
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ontological philosophy that is different from scientific realism, or
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what scientists must believe about substances in order to accept the
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truth of their theories about efficient causes. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<br><br>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>How
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an empirical philosophical foundation is possible.</b></font> Even
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those who recognize that it is possible, in principle, to found a new
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way of doing philosophy on empirical ontology may find it surprising
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that any empirically justified foundation could support <i>new </i>truths
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about the world. If they depend ultimately on perception of the
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natural world, they must surely have already been discovered by
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empirical science. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">But
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we have already seen how empirical ontology can provide a
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philosophical foundation that is different from empirical science. It
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comes from the difference between the best ontological explanation of
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the natural world and the ontological beliefs to which empirical
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scientists (and philosophers of science) are actually committed by
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the efficient-cause explanations they accept, that is, as scientific
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realists. In particular, physics does not recognize that space is a
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substance. Physics infers only to the best efficient-cause
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explanation of what is observed in nature, and since the relevant
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observations involve precise measurements, it tries to find the
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mathematically simplest laws of nature that can predict the entire
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range of relevant measurements. Those laws do not mention space or
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time except to describe the spatial and temporal relations among
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particular events that are observed, and so when scientific realists
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use physics to determine what exists in the world, they fail to
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recognize that space is a substance. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">There are,
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as we have seen, two popular ontologies defended through realism
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about contemporary physics: materialism and substantivalism about
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spacetime (or what I called spatial relationism and
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spatiotemporalism). Neither recognizes that space is a substance.
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Materialism reduces space to spatial relationism, and while
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spatiotemporalism recognizes that spatial relations are constituted
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by something that exists independently of matter, it denies the
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reality of absolute space in favor of spacetime. Thus, it is not so
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surprising, after all, that an empirical naturalistic ontology can
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demonstrate necessary truths that are not currently recognized. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><span lang="en-US">By
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the same token, however, this difference between ontological
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philosophy and contemporary physics can be seen as a reason for
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doubting that spatiomaterialism is true. That is what forced us to
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take out a mortgage on spatiomaterialism in order to use it as the
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ontological foundation of our philosophical argument. We had to
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promise to show how it is possible for spatiomaterialism to explain
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the truth of Einsteinian physics, acknowledging that we will forfeit
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our foundation if we fail to do so. Such an explanation is given
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below (</span></font></font></font><font color="#000000"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><span lang="en-US">Contemporary
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Physics</span></font></font></font><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><span lang="en-US">
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under </span></font></font></font><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/LoOtkCaL.htm"><font color="#000000"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><span lang="en-US"><u>Change</u></span></font></font></font></a><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><span lang="en-US">).
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</span></font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
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possibility of spatiomaterialism despite Einsteinian physics will be
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shown by making further assumptions about the essential natures of
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space and matter and showing how substances of those more specific
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kinds would constitute a world in which Einstein’s special and
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general theories of relativity make true predictions of what happens.
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This is not to give up the assumption that space, like matter,
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endures through time, even though that implies that space and time
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are absolute. On the contrary, it is by retaining our basic
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assumptions about space and matter that we show that it is possible
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for spatiomaterialism to be true of a world in which Einstein’s
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theories have been confirmed. But this demonstration of the
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possibility of spatiomaterialism will leave us with a more detailed
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conception of the nature of space and matter.</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In a
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similar way, the truth of the other basic theories of physics,
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including quantum mechanics and what I currently holds about the
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basic particles, will be explained ontologically. That will require
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the assumption of still more detailed essential natures for both
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space and matter. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
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order to be clear about the nature of the second step of ontological
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philosophy, however, we should recognize that this ontological
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explanation of the truth of contemporary physics is not a
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demonstration of ontologically necessary truths. It is, rather, part
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of the project of empirical ontology itself, that is, the attempt to
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infer to the best ontological explanation of the world. And since it
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goes beyond the general kind of spatiomaterialism that was
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established as the foundation of ontological philosophy, it is the
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job of empirical ontology as a more basic branch of science than
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physics. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The kind of
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spatiomaterialism that has been established as the foundation for
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ontological philosophy is quite abstract and general in its
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requirements. Space and matter are assumed to have opposite kinds of
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essential natures as substances in the sense that bits of matter can
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exist independently of one another whereas parts of space have
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spatial relations to one another as part of their essential nature.
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Their opposite natures explain how these two kinds of basic
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substances can exist together as a single world. Each bit of matter
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coincides with some part of space or other at each moment as both
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matter and space endure through time. These are the assumptions from
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which the ontologically necessary truths follow. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">But that is
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not all there is to the essential natures of mater and space, for
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bits of matter also exhibit various more specific regularities about
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how they move and interact. Such regularities are described by the
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basic laws of physics, and if those more specific aspects of the
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behavior of bits of matter in space are to be explained
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ontologically, it will be necessary to make more specific assumptions
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about the nature of matter. That is how we will show the
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compatibility of spatiomaterialism with Einstein’s relativity
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theories: there are certain further assumptions about the natures of
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space and matter that would account for all the observation on which
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Einstein’s theories are based empirically. Likewise for all the
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other theories of contemporary physics. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Empirical
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ontology infers to the best ontological explanation of what is found
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in the natural world, and since what is found in nature include the
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regularities described by the basic laws of physics, it includes
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discovering the natures of the two basic substances that explains
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them best. But that is the project of empirical ontology as the most
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basic branch of science, prior to physics, and it is not quite what
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is offered in the following sections. The argument about physics in
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the following sections is only an initial contribution to that
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project. Since what is relevant for ontological philosophy is showing
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the possibility of spatiomaterialism, it is not necessary to identify
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the <i>best </i>spatiomaterialist explanation of why the basic laws
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of physics are true. It is only necessary to show that there is <i>some
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</i>more specific spatiomaterialist ontology that can explain their
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truth. Thus, what is offered below is not necessarily the simplest or
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most complete explanation of physical laws. The formulation of that
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ontological theory is left to be completed as part of ontological
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science. The ontological explanation offered here is meant only to
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show how such an explanation is possible within the constraint of
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spatiomaterialism. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<br><br>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>Nature
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of Ontologically Necessary Truth.</b></font> What follows from the
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ontology established as a philosophical foundation is necessarily
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true. In order to be clear about what that means, let me say
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something more about the nature of truth and necessity. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><i>The
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Nature of Truth.</i></font> We assume that propositions are true when
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they correspond to what exists. That is to accept the correspondence
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theory of truth, and that should not be problematic, because it is
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what is ordinarily assumed about truth. It is part of the natural
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attitude from which philosophical arguments of all kinds begin. Both
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the ontological theory itself and the necessary truths that follow
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from it are true in the sense of corresponding to the world, if they
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are true at all. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Even though
|
||
we used the empirical method to choose which ontological theory to
|
||
believe, to believe the theory is to believe that it is true, and
|
||
thus, since we accept the correspondence theory of truth, we take
|
||
that to mean that spatiomaterialism corresponds to what exists. The
|
||
world is actually constituted by space and matter as substances
|
||
enduring through time. As a theory in ontology, however, it
|
||
corresponds to the most basic aspects of the world, which include not
|
||
only the essential natures of the basic substances and their basic
|
||
relationship, but also the nature of substance as substance (both
|
||
existential and essential aspects) -- and even the fact that the
|
||
world is constituted by basic substances that exist together as a
|
||
world in a basic way. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">What
|
||
follows logically from the ontological theory that best explains the
|
||
world ontologically is also true in the sense of corresponding to
|
||
what exists. But our reason for believing they are true is different,
|
||
because they must be true, if the ontological theory form which they
|
||
follow is true, and we have other reasons for believing that the
|
||
ontological theory is true. Given the truth of the ontological
|
||
theory, what follows from it must be true, and that logical
|
||
entailment is one sense in which they are necessary truth. But it is
|
||
not all that is meant by saying that they are ontologically
|
||
necessary. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><i>The
|
||
Nature of Ontological Necessity</i></font>. In order for propositions
|
||
to be ontologically necessary, they must follow logically from the
|
||
ontological theory established in the foundation. But ontological
|
||
necessity is more than mere logical necessity. What makes them
|
||
<i>ontologically </i>necessary is that the premises from which they
|
||
follow logically is the ontological theory that offers the best
|
||
ontological explanation of what is found in the world. That is, what
|
||
follows from the ontology inherits its authority, and that gives
|
||
those implications a special claim to credence when it comes to
|
||
settling issues that arise from our ordinary ways of knowing. It is a
|
||
more fundamental truth about the world and deserves special respect
|
||
relative to what is known by ordinary means. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Though
|
||
ontologically necessary truths cannot directly contradict what is
|
||
observed (since that would falsify the ontological theory from which
|
||
they follow), they can settle issues that arise in ordinary ways of
|
||
knowing. For example, when there is a dispute about what caused some
|
||
particular event in the world and one of the alternative explanations
|
||
is contrary to what is necessarily true, there is good reason to
|
||
dismiss it in favor of the other alternatives. To insist that that
|
||
alternative is possible would be to give up the best ontological
|
||
explanation of the world. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
difference between ontological and mere logical necessity can,
|
||
perhaps, be elucidated by suggesting that ontological philosophy is
|
||
an <i>explanation </i>of <i>why </i>its implications are true. The
|
||
premise from which ontologically necessary truths follow is an
|
||
ontological theory, which describes the most basic aspects of the
|
||
world, and thus, formal derivations from it involve the construction
|
||
of further aspects of the world, showing either that they are
|
||
possible or impossible. That is the content or meaning of the
|
||
derivation, and since these aspects are fundamental, they can be seen
|
||
as permitting some beliefs about the world because they could
|
||
correspond to what exists in the world or as prohibiting them because
|
||
they would not.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">For
|
||
example, since each bit of matter is assumed to coincide with some
|
||
part of space or another, spatiomaterialism implies that bits of
|
||
matter have spatial relations to one another that all fit together as
|
||
a three-dimensional geometrical whole. Thus, observations of spatial
|
||
relations that seem to contradict geometry should be doubted, because
|
||
they cannot correspond to anything in a spatiomaterial world. And
|
||
since space and time are both continuous, change is possible, for
|
||
bits of matter can move from one part of space to another without
|
||
changing their natures or basic relationship. Thus, we should expect
|
||
reports of objects moving, because there can be aspects of a
|
||
spatiomaterial world to which they correspond. But that explanation
|
||
of the possibility of motion also implies that it is not possible for
|
||
bits of matter to change their location in space without moving
|
||
across space between their origin and destination. Thus, one should
|
||
doubt reports of objects flitting about in space discontinuously
|
||
because there is no aspect to which they can correspond in a
|
||
spatiomaterial world. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">We can
|
||
understand formal derivations from spatiomaterialism as the
|
||
construction of aspects of the world from ontological causes because
|
||
we have, in addition to the use of language, a faculty of spatial
|
||
imagination. Both these cognitive powers will be explained later as
|
||
essential traits of rational beings (when we see why rational beings
|
||
are necessary beings in a spatiomaterial world like ours). We do not,
|
||
of course, need to understand how we are able to understand this
|
||
argument in order to understand it. But it may help clarify how this
|
||
argument for necessary truths is intended, if I make clear that I am
|
||
assuming that we are able to <i>think about the spatial aspects of
|
||
the world in a non-linguistic way</i>. This is what is involved in
|
||
<i>understanding </i>ontological explanations as something more than
|
||
the formal relationship that holds between the ontological theory
|
||
itself and the propositions it implies. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
correspondence that makes the ontological theory and its implications
|
||
true is, therefore, one that involves spatial imagination as well as
|
||
the formal linguistic structure of the propositions: the images in
|
||
spatial imagination must correspond to aspects of the world in order
|
||
for the sentences whose meanings they are to correspond to them. That
|
||
warning may help avoid confusion about the way in which the
|
||
correspondence of sentences to the world will be explained, when we
|
||
finally get around to explaining the nature of reason ontologically.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Ontologically
|
||
necessary truths can be interpreted, therefore, as truths that hold
|
||
in every possible world. In this case, the ontologically necessary
|
||
truths are truths that hold in any possible spatiomaterial world.
|
||
Spatial imagination enables us to survey the range of possible
|
||
spatiomaterial worlds. That range is still rather broad, since
|
||
spatiomaterialism is still a rather general and abstract about the
|
||
nature of the world. Accordingly, the necessary truths that follow
|
||
from it without further assumptions are not very exacting. They
|
||
include the fact that bits of matter all have geometrically coherent
|
||
spatial relations, that their spatial relations can change, that they
|
||
can change only by motion, and a similar set of principles about
|
||
interactions. But otherwise they are not very specific about how and
|
||
why spatial relations change. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><i>Conditional
|
||
ontologically necessary truths.</i></font> There is, however, an
|
||
important distinction among ontologically necessary truth which
|
||
arises from the ontological explanation of the truth of the laws of
|
||
physics. Such an explanation of Einstein’s two theories of
|
||
relativity is required in order to show that spatiomaterialism is
|
||
possible and thereby repay one of the mortgages we took out in order
|
||
to use spatiomaterialism as a foundation for doing philosophy. But
|
||
the assumption that space and matter have essential natures of a kind
|
||
that makes the basic laws of physics true will play an additional
|
||
role in this philosophical argument. Together with the recognition
|
||
that space is a substance, these more specific assumptions about the
|
||
natures of matter and space give us such a complete representation of
|
||
the essential nature of the world that we will be able to derive many
|
||
additional profound and far reaching conclusions about the world. As
|
||
we shall see, the assumption that space is a substance combines with
|
||
the laws of physics to show that various regularities hold of whole,
|
||
relatively isolated regions of space, and it is only because those
|
||
“global regularities” include evolutionary change that
|
||
spatiomaterialism is able to explain the phenomena that have raised
|
||
doubts about materialism and seemed to lie beyond the limits of
|
||
science. The nature of evolutionary change entails that certain kinds
|
||
of organisms have essential natures, including rational beings like
|
||
us, and if rational beings were not necessary beings, it would not be
|
||
possible to explain <i>consciousness</i>, <i>goodness</i>, and how
|
||
there can be something worthy of worship, or <i>holiness,</i> in a
|
||
strictly natural world. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<br><br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In other
|
||
words, we shall need to assume that the laws of physics are true in
|
||
order to pay off the other three mortgages that we have taken out in
|
||
order to use spatiomaterialism as the foundation for our
|
||
philosophical argument. Though the basic nature of consciousness
|
||
depends only on the most basic ontological assumptions, both
|
||
substantivalism about space and the truth of the laws of physics are
|
||
required in order to show the ontological necessity of the rational
|
||
beings who are conscious. And it is that evolutionary explanation of
|
||
such rational beings that entails that there is a real difference
|
||
between good and bad for them and that there is something in the
|
||
world that is worthy of their worship. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">These
|
||
implications are also ontologically necessary, because they cannot be
|
||
denied without giving up the best ontological explanation of the
|
||
natural world. But since the ontology from which they follow is
|
||
spatiomaterialism of a kind that can explain the truth of physics,
|
||
they will be said to be “conditionally ontologically necessary
|
||
truths.” The condition on which their ontologically necessary truth
|
||
depends is that the basic laws of physics are true. If those laws
|
||
should turn out to be mistaken, then the necessary truths
|
||
demonstrated from our ontology may not be true either. In other
|
||
words, most of the propositions derived in the second step of
|
||
ontological philosophy are ontologically necessary only in
|
||
spatiomaterial worlds <i>like ours</i>, where the laws of physics are
|
||
true. Or in terms of possible worlds, most of the necessary truths
|
||
demonstrated by ontological philosophy hold, not of every possible
|
||
spatiomaterial world, but only of every possible spatiomaterial world
|
||
<i>like ours.</i></font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<br><br>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>S<a href="../Lo/LoOdaW.htm" target="Lo"><img 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" name="NtOdaW" align="right" width="331" height="293" border="0"></a>urvey
|
||
of necessary truths.</b></font> The necessary truths that hold in a
|
||
spatiomaterial world like ours are represented in the Whole Diagram
|
||
as following from the foundation. Some of the necessary truths are
|
||
new in the sense that they were not previously recognized as true at
|
||
all, and others are new merely in the sense that they have not
|
||
previously been demonstrated to be necessary (though some have long
|
||
been assumed to be certain or necessary in some sense). </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
|
||
are two kinds of necessary truths, truths about <font face="Arial, sans-serif">What
|
||
Is</font>, and truths about <font face="Arial, sans-serif">What Ought
|
||
To Be</font>, or succinctly, about the true and the good. Moreover,
|
||
these implications for science and ethics fall out in a certain
|
||
order. What is good depends on what is true (as indicated by the
|
||
horizontal arrow in the diagram of the whole argument between "<font face="Arial, sans-serif">What
|
||
Is</font>" and "<font face="Arial, sans-serif">What Ought
|
||
To Be</font>"). Likewise, within the true, what is necessary
|
||
about science depends on what is necessary about relations, just as
|
||
what is necessary about relations depends on what is necessary about
|
||
properties. And within the good, what is morally good depends on what
|
||
is naturally good, and what is absolutely good depends on what is
|
||
morally good. (These dependencies are also represented by horizontal
|
||
arrows.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Since
|
||
the ontologically necessary truths about what is entail both the
|
||
nature and existence of rational beings like us in a spatiomaterial
|
||
world like ours, and since it turns out that rational beings
|
||
inevitably come to understand their world ontologically, there is a
|
||
green oval toward the bottom of the Whole Diagram which represents
|
||
reason's coming to know what can be known by reason in a
|
||
spatiomaterial world like ours. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html> |