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54 KiB
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434 lines
54 KiB
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<title>Global regularities about change</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#ff0000"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>G<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdkC18" align="right" hspace="5" width="90" height="32" border="0">lobal
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regularities about change.</b></font></font><font color="#ff0000"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">
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</font></font>Global regularities are regularities about change in a
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spatiomaterial world that hold of whole regions of space. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Change,
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as an aspect of the substances constituting the world, involves
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something more than just properties and relations. It also depends on
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the temporal aspect of (the existential aspect of) the nature of
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substance as substance. Having explained (in the first two chapters
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of the <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><i>Necessary Truths </i></font>of
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ontological philosophy about <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><i>What
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is</i></font>) how properties and relations are aspects of a world
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constituted by space and matter (given how they exist together), we
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have already found in <font face="Arial, sans-serif"><i>Change </i></font>how
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the endurance of space and matter through time as substances explains
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<i>local regularities </i>about change. In the remainder of this
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ontological explanation of change, we shall see how the same
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ontological causes also explain <i>global regularities </i>about
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change. There are four kinds of global regularities, explaining,
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respectively, the truth of the first law of thermodynamics, the
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second law of thermodynamics, the principles of mechanics, and two
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unrecognized laws about evolutionary change. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
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is, besides local regularities, another kind of effect that space has
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as an ontological cause. The two principles about local regularities
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describe limits that the structure of space imposes on how bits of
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matter change locations relative to one another and act on one
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another because they coincide with parts of space. The reason that
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there are also necessary principles about <i>global regularities </i>is
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that the parts of space all fit together as a whole. Bits of matter
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must move and interact (if they can move and interact act all) in
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some part of the same space that contains all the bits of matter in
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the world, and that means that the changes they undergo are all
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interconnected in a regular way. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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changes that occur in one place must affect bits of matter that are
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located nearby before they affect what happens farther away. That is
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a consequence of the principles of local motion and local action. But
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such effects do spread out in space as time passes, affecting more
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and more of the world. And it is a reciprocal relationship, because
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what happens elsewhere in space also has effects that spread back in
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space towards it. The structure of space with which they coincide
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helps determine how each event affects what happens elsewhere. But
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since that structure entails a wholeness about space, the motion and
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interaction of the bits of matter in any region of space must all <i>add
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up in space as time passes</i>. And insofar as the bits of matter are
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located in a region of space that is closed or isolated from the rest
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of the world, the way that all their local changes add up over time
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in the whole region may be regular. Since such regularities would
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hold of whole regions of space, I will call them “global
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regularities.” </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Space
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is an ontological cause of regularities about change, because space
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and matter together constitute the world, and change is just an
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aspect that those substances have because they endure through time.
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We have seen how space is an ontological cause of local regularities.
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It causes global regularities in the same way. But global
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regularities are different, because they depend on a further aspect
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of the nature of space, the wholeness that is entailed by the
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geometrical structure of space. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Local
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regularities about change in bits of matter are caused ontologically
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by space, because the bits of matter all coincide with parts of space
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and change is just an aspect of substances enduring though time. It
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follows from this explanation of change, as we have seen, that two
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principles hold necessarily about how bits of matter change, namely,
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the principles of local motion and local action. They hold in every
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possible spatiomaterial world. But space also helps cause
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ontologically contingent laws about how bits of matter change, as we
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have seen by showing that space and matter can explain ontologically
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the truth of the basic laws of physics (classical and contemporary).</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Global
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regularities about change are caused ontologically by space (and
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matter) in the same way, by constituting the world in which the
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regularities are aspects of substances enduring through time. They
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must be caused the same way, because space and matter constitute
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everything in the world and everything about the world. But global
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regularities are a different aspect of the change that takes place,
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because they depend specifically on the wholeness of space.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Local
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regularities are aspects of change that are picked out by referring
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to particular bits of matter and describing how they move relative to
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one another and how they interact with one another. But global
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regularities are aspects of change that are picked out by referring
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to space itself and describing how all the bits of matter in some
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region of space move and interact relative to it. Because of the
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wholeness of space, the local changes must all “add up” in the
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region of space as time passes, and what they add up to are global
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regularities about change over time. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It may not
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seem possible to describe motion and interaction relative to space
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itself, because velocity relative to space (absolute velocity) is not
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measurable. But that aspect of the relationship of bits of matter to
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space is not relevant in causing global regularities. What is
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relevant is that space connects what happens to all the bits of
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matter so that what happens to each must affect all the others. This
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comes from a property of space, namely, its wholeness, and it is not
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affected by absolute motion. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Physics
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does not necessarily ignore regularities as a result of failing to
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recognize that space is a substance. It can studies global
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regularities in practice by taking some more stable material object
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(such as the box containing a gas of molecules) as its frame of
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reference (and arguing from what happens in such closed regions to
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what would happen everywhere or anywhere in the world).</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Wholeness
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is an aspect of the structure of space, because it is a consequence
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of the essential natures of the parts of space, that is, how they are
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related to one another geometrically in three dimensions. The
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wholeness is the fact that all the parts of space fit together in a
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uniquely simple way. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The aspect
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of the nature of space that is relevant in causing local
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regularities, both necessary and contingent, is the geometrical
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structure itself, that is, the relations among parts that are
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described by the various theorems of geometry (and trigonometry).
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That aspect of the space that contains the bits of matter determines,
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for example, where the inertial motion of a material object takes it,
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how fast, and which other bits of matter it will interact with as a
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result. It might be called the “local aspect of space.” </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The global
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aspect of space is its wholeness, or the fact that all the parts of
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space fit together in the uniform, simple way they do. It means that
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parts of space in different regions fit together as parts of their
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more limited wholes in the same way. And the property of wholeness is
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a cause of global regularities, because it implies that the changes
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that occur to the bits of matter that coincide with different parts
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of space must all add up as time passes. <i>How </i>they add up in
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space also depends on the local regularities and basic laws of
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physics (which are explained ontologically by the nature of matter
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and the local aspect of space). But <i>that </i>they all add up as
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time passes depends on its wholeness. And we shall see how local
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changes add up in space over time to global regularities. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Space
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is, therefore, together with matter, the ontological cause of another
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kind of regularity about change, besides local regularities. That
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means that there is an ontological necessity about global
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regularities, because ontological philosophy takes every proposition
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that follows from its ontological foundation to be a necessary truth.
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But unlike the two principles about local regularities, the following
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global regularities (except for the simplest) have only a conditional
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ontological necessity, because they also depend on matter and space
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having the specific natures they have in our spatiomaterial world,
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that is, on the basic laws discovered by physics. Hence, global
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regularities are only <i>conditionally necessary truths</i>. Their
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truth is ontologically necessary only in a spatiomaterial world like
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our own. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In a
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spatiomaterial world with different physical laws, there might not be
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any interesting global regularities, because bits of matter do not
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move and interact at all or they move and interact in different ways.
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However, as we shall see, the physical laws in the actual world seem
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to be of just the right kinds to make the most of the wholeness of
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space in generating global regularities. Many regularities that are
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not even currently recognized to hold turn of our world out to be
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ontologically necessary in spatiomaterial worlds like our own. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">To
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be sure, in order to use spatiomaterialism as an ontological
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foundation for proving necessary truths about the world we had to
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take out several mortgages. But they are being paid off, and in any
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case, global regularities do not involve any of the extreme phenomena
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on which Einsteinian relativity is based. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Two of
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these mortgages have been paid off. We kept our promise to explain
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the nature of consciousness in <font face="Arial, sans-serif">Properties.
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A</font>nd the debt that arose from the apparent incompatibility of
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spatiomaterialism with Einsteinian relativity was paid off by
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explaining ontologically why Einstein’s theories are true. Indeed,
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we have seen that all of the basic laws of classical and contemporary
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physics can be explained as regularities that hold of substances that
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endure through time as a spatiomaterial world. (See <font face="Arial, sans-serif">Contingent
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laws</font><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">). </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Having just
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completed those explanations, it is relevant to mention, furthermore,
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that far from casting doubt on spatiomaterialism, contemporary
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physics provides additional empirical evidence that spatiomaterialism
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is true. The recognition of space as a substance would solve several
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mysteries that currently puzzle physics, such as the nature of
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spacetime, curved spacetime, the relationship between gravitation and
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quantum mechanics, and even the Bell Inequality entailed by quantum
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mechanics. And science has further reason to accept this ontological
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explanation of physics, because it offers a new approach to cosmology
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which may help solve the prevailing mysteries about the origin of the
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large scale structure of the universe.</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In fact,
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given our interpretation of contemporary physics, the existence of
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space as a substance can even be shown by an inference to the best
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efficient-cause explanation, because substantival space is the
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efficient cause of the Lorentz distortions (which explain the
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phenomena of special relativity) and its interaction with centers of
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mass is the efficient cause of the acceleration of the ether (which
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explains gravitation). That is, scientific realists about
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contemporary physics would have to admit that space is a substance,
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if they believed that nothing exists but the present moment, for the
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existence of space would be known by its effects on the behavior of
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matter. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Global
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regularities are not very sensitive to the extreme phenomena that
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divide contemporary from classical physics. They are basically
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unaffected by Einsteinian relativity, as long was we can take
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gravitation for granted and can assume that the universe has a large
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scale structure that includes planetary systems like ours. Most
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global regularities do depend on matter being of the kind found in
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our spatiomaterial world and, thus, on quantum mechanics. But none of
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the puzzling phenomena of quantum mechanics are particularly
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relevant. Global regularities depend mainly on the wholeness of
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space, that is, how, by containing all the bits of matter, space
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gives the world itself (as well is regions within it) a determinate
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wholeness. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
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are four kinds of global regularities. Each is recognized in a way by
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empirical science, as a principle, law or “mechanism” of some
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kind. But since empirical science does not recognize the validity of
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ontological explanations, it does not recognize space as an
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ontological cause of them, and thus, it does not have an explanation
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of why these regularities hold. Nor does it always fully recognize
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what the regularities involve. Furthermore, although global
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regularities depend on the basic laws of physics, they do not follow
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from those laws alone, and thus, empirical science does not recognize
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that they are necessary, even when the basic laws of physics are
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assumed. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The crucial
|
||
role in explaining each of the kinds of global regularities
|
||
ontologically is played by space, and more specifically, by the
|
||
wholeness of space (or, if you will, the “global aspect” of
|
||
space). Though the wholeness of space makes the world itself whole,
|
||
it also makes every region of space whole. Thus, global regularities
|
||
can be seen in regions of space that are somehow closed or isolated
|
||
from the effects of what happens outside. Since the global
|
||
regularities are ontological effects of the wholeness of space (and
|
||
what coincides with it), they arise from inside the region. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The reason
|
||
there are four different kinds of global regularities is that
|
||
different aspects of what exists according to spatiomaterialism can
|
||
be combined with the wholeness of space to generate regularities
|
||
about the change that occurs in whole regions of space as time
|
||
passes. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><b>Spatial
|
||
global regularities. </b>The first kind of global regularity has a
|
||
single instance, namely, the conservation of matter. It will be
|
||
called the “spatial global regularity,” because it makes no
|
||
assumptions at all about the nature of matter except that it is many
|
||
different substances that each coincide with some part of space or
|
||
other. Thus, the spatial global regularity can be said to be
|
||
generated by “spatial causation,” for it is how the wholeness of
|
||
space makes any kind of matter add up over time. When we take into
|
||
account the various forms of matter that we distinguished in order to
|
||
explain the truth of the basic laws of physics ontologically, spatial
|
||
causation will also explain ontologically the truth of the first law
|
||
of thermodynamics, the principle of the conservation of energy. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><b>Material
|
||
global regularities. </b>The second kind of global regularities will
|
||
be called “material global regularities,” because in addition to
|
||
the wholeness of space, these regularities depend on matter obeying
|
||
the basic laws of physics. Alternatively, material global
|
||
regularities will be said to be generated ontologically by “material
|
||
causation,” for they are simply how the wholeness of space requires
|
||
motion and interaction to add up over time <i>when the bits of matter
|
||
obey the basic laws of physics</i>. That will explain ontologically
|
||
why the second law of thermodynamics is true.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><b>Structural
|
||
global regularities.</b> The third kind of global regularities will
|
||
be called “structural global regularities,” because in addition
|
||
to the wholeness of space and material causation, these regularities
|
||
depend on the unchanging geometrical structures of the material
|
||
objects contained in the region of space, or what will be called
|
||
“material structures” or “structural causes.” Structural
|
||
global regularities will be said to be generated ontologically by
|
||
“structural causation,” because these regularities are how the
|
||
wholeness of space requires motion and interaction to add up over
|
||
time <i>when the bits of matter include material structures </i>(or
|
||
particular structural causes). This explains ontologically the truth
|
||
of the principles of mechanics (such as the principle of the lever),
|
||
and when combined with the other ontological effects of material
|
||
causation, it will explain the sense in which machines can “do
|
||
work” and certain dispositional properties. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><b>Reproductive
|
||
global regularities.</b> The fourth kind of global regularities will
|
||
be called “reproductive global regularities,” because in addition
|
||
to the wholeness of space, material causation, and structural
|
||
causation, these regularities depend on how complex material
|
||
structures go through reproductive cycles, that is, how they go
|
||
through cycles of structural global regularities that include the
|
||
reproduction of the structural cause itself as well as
|
||
non-reproductive work. Thus, reproductive global regularities will be
|
||
said to be generated ontologically by “reproductive causation,”
|
||
because these regularities are simply how the wholeness of space
|
||
requires motion and interaction to add up over time <i>when the bits
|
||
of matter include complex material structures going through cycles of
|
||
reproduction</i>. This will explain ontologically the truth of
|
||
Darwin’s mechanism of evolution, or what might be called the
|
||
principles of evolution, which includes much more than is currently
|
||
recognized. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="center" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: -1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
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" name="GlbRRwh" align="bottom" width="710" height="440" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
order of these kinds of global regularities is necessary, because
|
||
each adds a new ontological cause that works together with
|
||
ontological causes of all the previous global regularities. That is,
|
||
we start by assuming that the world is constituted by space and
|
||
matter (with all the bits of matter coinciding with some part of
|
||
space or other), and we consider how the wholeness of space
|
||
constrains what happens to the bits of matter. When no further
|
||
assumptions are made about the nature of matter, these assumption
|
||
entail the simplest global regularity (spatial causation). The second
|
||
global regularity adds that matter with the specific nature described
|
||
by the basic laws of physics, including the forms of matter that were
|
||
distinguished. The third adds material structures to the region. And
|
||
the fourth adds the temporal structure of complex material structures
|
||
going through reproductive cycles. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
first global regularity is entailed by the basic assumptions of
|
||
spatiomaterialism themselves, and each of the other three is the
|
||
result of adding an ontological cause, that is, assuming something
|
||
further about the nature of what coincides with space in the region:
|
||
about the specific nature of matter, about its spatial structure, and
|
||
about its temporal structure. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Thus,
|
||
considering the ontological causes added to the basic assumptions of
|
||
spatiomaterialism, material global regularities may be said to be due
|
||
to “material causation,” structural global regularities may be
|
||
said to be due to “structuro-material causation,” and
|
||
reproductive global regularities may be said to be a result of
|
||
“temporo-structuro-material causation.” Those names bring out the
|
||
necessary order of the global regularities in a spatiomaterial world.
|
||
</font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
the following four sections, these kinds of global regularities will
|
||
be shown to follow from spatiomaterialism and the kind of matter that
|
||
explains the truth of classical and contemporary physics
|
||
ontologically. If nature had a different essential nature, some of
|
||
the global regularities might not hold. (For example, there would be
|
||
no structural causes unless matter could make up material objects
|
||
with geometrical structures that do not change as they move and
|
||
interact.) But given that matter takes the various forms we used to
|
||
explain the basic laws of physics, the global regularities are simply
|
||
how the wholeness of space makes the change in what coincides with
|
||
space add up as time passes. The ontological effect of spatial
|
||
causation includes the first law of thermodynamics, or the principle
|
||
of the conservation of energy. When material causation is added to
|
||
spatial causation, the ontological effect is the second law of
|
||
thermodynamics, or the law of entropy. When structural causation is
|
||
combined with spatial and material causation, we have an explanation
|
||
of how machines do work. Finally, when reproductive causation is
|
||
added to spatial, material and structural causation, the ontological
|
||
effect is evolutionary change. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
ontological explanation of evolution as a global regularity has, as
|
||
we shall see, implications about what is to be found in nature that
|
||
goes far beyond what is recognized by evolutionary biology and
|
||
contemporary Darwinists. But it depends on all the other global
|
||
regularities, and so we will begin with the simplest and work our way
|
||
up.</font></font></p>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|