281 lines
39 KiB
HTML
281 lines
39 KiB
HTML
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<title>Ontological effect: Stages of evolution</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#993366"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>O<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdkCR_14" align="right" hspace="5" width="127" height="37" border="0">ntological
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effect: Stages of evolution. </b></font></font>Levels of part-whole
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complexity in evolving organisms, described in the previous section
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are the ontological cause of another reproductive global regularity,
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namely, stages of evolution. It is a regularity that shows up over
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longer periods of time than the first, because it is a series of
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stages, each of which is the gradual change of organisms of some kind
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in the direction of their natural perfection (and the natural
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perfection of the ecology they help make up). </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">At
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each stage, some kind of organism starts off simple, uniform and weak
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and gradually becomes increasingly complex, diverse, and powerful.
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But evolution does not stop when they attain the natural perfection
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for organisms of their kind, if it is possible for those organisms
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(or important structures within them) to become, in turn, multiple
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structural causes bundled together in an organism with a higher level
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of organization that goes through reproductive cycles as a whole. If
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such a radical random variation is possible, it will eventually be
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tried out, and such higher-level organisms will also impose natural
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selection on themselves by their own reproduction. That will start
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another long stage of gradual evolution, because the part-whole
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complexity in their structures would make it possible to try out and
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accumulate a very wide range of traits. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Since
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one stage leads to another, the overall course of evolution is a
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ratchet-like series of stages of gradual change, each punctuated by a
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more radical, revolutionary change that begins a new stage of gradual
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change by trying out organisms with a higher level of part-whole
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complexity. The way that higher levels depend on the prior evolution
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of lower levels means that such evolutionary stages can occur only in
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a certain order, from simpler to more complex, working its way up the
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levels of organization. That gives evolution an overall direction
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that could well lead up to beings like us and, perhaps, beyond. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Reproductive
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causation can explain, therefore, punctuated equilibria and the
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enormous variety of organisms. Though reproductive causation implies
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that the gradual evolution at each stage leads to an evolutionary
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equilibrium, it also explains why such equilibria are punctuated. The
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punctuations occur when the natural perfection of organisms on one
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level of part-whole complexity makes it possible for random
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variations to try out organisms with a higher level of part-whole
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complexity (either higher levels of primary structures or higher
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levels of important structures set up by them, such as in the nervous
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system). And since their higher level of organization enables them to
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try out a wide range of new traits as random variations that can be
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accumulated and fit together harmoniously for controlling the
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conditions that affect their reproduction, a new stage of gradual
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evolution would begin, leading to another evolutionary equilibrium. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Moreover,
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if new stages of evolution can be explained by the higher levels of
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part-whole complexity in evolving organisms mentioned above,
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reproductive causation can also explain the variety and complexity of
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existing organisms. In addition to the many varieties of organisms
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that come to exist at each stage as they divide up the various
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sources of free energy and become more diverse, it implies that there
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are differences among organisms that come from their level of
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part-whole complexity, with each level initiating a radiation of
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kinds filling all the available ecological niches.</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Since
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this explanation of evolution follows from our ontological
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foundation, however, its implications about evolution are
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ontologically necessary truths. They hold in any spatiomaterial world
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like ours (that is, where matter has a nature that explains
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ontologically the basic laws of physics and the universe has a large
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scale structure with planetary systems). Reproductive global
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regularities are among those necessary truths, including
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revolutionary episodes in evolution and the evolutionary stages they
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involve. The ontological cause of revolutionary evolution has been
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described: each new stage is the evolution of organisms with a higher
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level of part-whole complexity. But in order to prove that this more
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complex aspect of the basic reproductive global regularity is a
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necessary truth, the ontological cause must be shown to entail the
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effect. That is, it must be shown that each new stage is inevitable,
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given the previous stage. That is what is done in each of the ten
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following sections. But the arguments will all be of the same kind.
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In each case, the inevitability of the next stage of evolution is
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proved by showing that the relevant higher level of part-whole
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complexity is both <i>possible </i>and <i>functional</i>.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">Possibility
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of higher level of part-whole complexity.</font> In order to show
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that a stage of evolution is inevitable, it must be shown that it is
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possible for organisms with a higher level of part-whole complexity
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to go through reproductive cycles as a <i>random variation </i>on the
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organisms that have already evolved. What is possible depends on what
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already exists, which, except for the first stage of evolution,
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includes whatever is provided by the natural perfection of organisms
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and ecology at the previous stage. Thus, the first task at each stage
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is to show how the outcome of the previous stage of gradual evolution
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makes possible the radical variation that bundles the lower level
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organisms together as a higher level organism. It must do so in a way
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that explains how the higher level structure can coordinate the
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behavior of the lower level organisms to generate both essential
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kinds of structural effects, reproduction and non-reproductive work,
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in one cycle after another. It is not always obvious how that is
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possible, especially at the first two three stages of evolution and
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in the case of the evolution of spiritual animals. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">Function
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of higher level of part-whole complexity.</font> Another stage of
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evolution would not follow, however, even if organisms with the
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higher level of part-whole complexity can be "tried out" in
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this sense, unless the higher level enables the organisms to control
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new conditions that affect reproduction. In order to evolve by
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reproductive causation, they must be able to control conditions that
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are beyond the reach of organisms at the lower level of part-whole
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complexity, or else they will not be able to compete with existing
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organisms. Indeed, there must be an entire range of powers that they
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alone can evolve in order for them to go through a stage of gradual
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evolution and become naturally perfect of their kind. The source of
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the increased power may be obvious in the earliest and latest stages,
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but it is less obvious in the case of the levels of neurological
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organization which fall in the middle.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In order to
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show that <i>all </i>the stages are inevitable, however, it will not
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be enough to show that each stage is inevitable, given the natural
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perfection of organisms during the previous stage. It will also be
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necessary to identify certain <i>major accomplishments </i>of gradual
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change at each stage of evolution, because certain powers included in
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their natural perfection are what make it possible to try out the
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radical random variation that makes possible the next stage. That is
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how each stage contributes to overall course of evolution. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
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the following sections, we shall derive the ten stages of evolution
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that lead up to rational beings like us. We shall see, in other
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words, how one stage of gradual evolution makes the next stage
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inevitable, staring with the beginning of evolution and tracing a
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series of stages that leads up to beings like us. The relevant levels
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of part-whole complexity in the structures of organisms have already
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been identified, and since each new stage is the evolution of the
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next higher level, we already know that they occur in a certain
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necessary sequence, if they occur at all. Thus, it remains to be
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shown that they do inevitably occur, and that will accomplished by
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showing that each is both possible and functional, given what is
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accomplished at the previous stage. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Though
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it is possible, in principle, for such a derivation to be formally
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compelling, what follows is only the outline of such an argument.
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Though the possibility and function of the level of organization that
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evolves at each stage will be shown, we shall not show what the
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natural perfection of organisms of each kind is by tracing the long
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course of gradual evolution. Instead, we shall use what has evolved
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on earth to tell what is naturally perfect (since it is ontologically
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necessary that gradual change in the direction of natural perfection
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occurs). And in some cases, the possibility of trying out the higher
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level of part-whole complexity will be only be shown to be probable.
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That is to leave the project of formulating this argument as a
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logical deduction until later, but it will identify the conclusions
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of those yet-to-be-constructed ontological arguments.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Though
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we shall follow out a series of stages that begin with biological
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evolution itself and lead up to beings like us, that is not to deny
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that there are other stages involved in the evolution of life on
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earth. Not much attention will be paid, for example, to the evolution
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of plants. And there may by other series of stages that branch off in
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other directions. But the one we shall trace is the most important
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one, because it leads to the organisms with the greatest power. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="center" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: -0.64cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><img 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" name="Stages" align="bottom" width="600" height="350" border="0"></font></p>
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|
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">Natural
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|
perfection of life.</font> The proof that evolution goes through a
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|
series of inevitable stages is proof that evolution by reproductive
|
|
causation is change in the direction of natural perfection in a far
|
|
grander sense that the natural perfection of organisms and ecology,
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|
which are the direction of gradual evolution at each stage. It is an
|
|
additional form of natural perfection, which implies that each new
|
|
stage has a function and is good in virtue of contributing the
|
|
natural perfection of the whole of which it is part. I will call the
|
|
increase in such levels the “natural perfection of life,” because
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|
each higher level of part-whole complexity in the natural perfection
|
|
of organisms enables life generally to control a wider range of
|
|
relevant conditions </font></font></font>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Furthermore,
|
|
if we recognize that evolution by reproductive causation is itself a
|
|
kind of natural perfection because of how it makes the most of
|
|
substances by using their endurance through time to bring about the
|
|
natural perfection of organisms, the ecology and life itself, then
|
|
each stage of gradual evolution (like each phase within each stage)
|
|
also has a function and is good in virtue of making an essential
|
|
contribution to the natural perfection of the whole of which it is
|
|
part.</font></font></p>
|
|
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
|
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
|
natural perfection of life is a form of natural perfection of by our
|
|
definition of doing the most with the least. In this case it does the
|
|
most because it brings more and more conditions in the world under
|
|
the control of living organisms (as structural causes), and it does
|
|
it with the least, because the organisms with which it does so have
|
|
the natural perfection of organisms and they are parts of an ecology
|
|
that has the natural perfection of ecologies. This is not to say that
|
|
life becomes absolutely perfect in this sense, but only that it is
|
|
change in the direction it would have to go in order for life to be
|
|
absolutely perfect in the sense of doing the most with the least. We
|
|
will see in the chapters on <font face="Arial, sans-serif">What ought
|
|
to exist </font>what kind of perfection it leads to in the end<font face="Arial, sans-serif">.
|
|
</font></font></font></font>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
|
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">It
|
|
should be emphasized, however, that although higher level organisms
|
|
would evolve only if they were more powerful in some way, that does
|
|
not mean that organisms from lower levels must stop going through
|
|
reproductive cycles on their own alongside the new organisms. The
|
|
natural perfection of the ecology at later stages includes organisms
|
|
from all previous stages, completing reproductive cycles side by
|
|
side. </font></font></font>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
|
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">As we have
|
|
seen, the varieties of organisms that come to exist during each stage
|
|
tend to mirror the physical sources of free energy available in the
|
|
region, and some sources are so limited that lower level organisms
|
|
are more efficient in tapping them than higher level structures. They
|
|
cannot easily be displaced by higher level organisms. </font></font>
|
|
</p>
|
|
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
|
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Moreover,
|
|
though the advent of higher level organisms may displace lower level
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organisms from niches with larger sources of usable energy, they also
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provide new sources of usable energy for lower level structures to
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invade, for example, in their wastes, decaying bodies, or as diseases
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(such as viruses, bacterial infections, and eukaryotic parasites in
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multicellular organisms). </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Thus, as
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higher level organisms of some kind are evolving toward natural
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perfection for organisms of their kind, there is also gradual
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evolution of organisms with all levels of part-whole complexity in
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the direction of the natural perfection of the ecology at that stage.
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Each species imposes natural selection on itself, and since organisms
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with different levels of part-whole complexity go though reproductive
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cycles side by side, they all become increasingly diverse and
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powerful, dividing up the free energy available among themselves to
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fuel their reproductive cycles. (As we shall see, the natural
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perfection of both the organisms and the ecology are usually involved
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in making the next stage possible.)</font></font></p>
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</body>
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</html>
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