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HTML
909 lines
109 KiB
HTML
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<title>Reason has another practical interest, in addition to the individual interest of each subject, because it also has the functio</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">R<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdmE_1" align="right" hspace="5" vspace="10" width="117" height="52" border="0">eason
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has another practical interest, in addition to the individual
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interest of each subject, because it also has the function of guiding
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the behavior of the spiritual animal as a whole. The goals of the
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spiritual animal are good for rational beings in the same way as the
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goals of individual rational subjects, and there is also a difference
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in the goals pursued by spiritual animals between necessary and
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optional goals. But since all these goals, necessary and optional for
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both individual subjects and spiritual animals, are goals pursued by
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rational subjects according to arguments that evolve by rational
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selection, there must be priorities among them. Those priorities are
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set by rules of morality and rules of justice, and both sets of rules
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are good for reason in the same way, that is, by contributing to the
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natural perfection of reason. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">W<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdmE_2" align="right" hspace="5" vspace="10" width="105" height="43" border="0">hat
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is good for spiritual animals is not necessarily the same as what is
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good for rational subjects, because spiritual animals evolve by
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reproductive causation on the social level of biological organization
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at the same time that rational subjects evolve by reproductive
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causation on the individual (or multicellular) level of biological
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organization. Though they depend on one another for their existence,
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each approaches the natural perfection for organisms of its own kind.
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At the same time that spiritual animal are becoming naturally perfect
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as social level animals made of rational subjects as parts, rational
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subjects become naturally perfect as multicellular level animals that
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live as parts of spiritual animals. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">As
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a higher level of biological organization, spiritual animals depend
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for their existence on the coordination of rational subjects as lower
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level organisms. But the part-whole relation that holds between the
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spiritual animal and its members is, as we have seen, different from
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that between the multicellular animal and the cells that are it
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parts. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In both
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cases, what is good for the whole is usually good for the parts
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(because they are parts of the whole), but it can sometimes be bad
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for the parts as well. For example, the good of the whole sometimes
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requires the sacrifice of some of its parts. In spiritual animals,
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this happens in warfare, when some individuals must die, and in
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multicellular animals, the death of cells is a normal part of the
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process of development, for example, in the nervous system. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">But there
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is a difference in how the good for the parts is related to the good
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of the whole. In both cases, it is generally true that what is good
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for the parts is also good for the whole, because the whole is made
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up of the parts and depends on them for its own existence. Indeed, in
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multicellular animals, what is good for the cell is never bad for the
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whole, because the only way that goals can be naturally selected for
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a cell is by the success of the multicellular whole in reproducing,
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that is, by natural selection at the higher level of biological
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organization. The cells cannot complete reproductive cycles on their
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own, independently of the multicellular reproductive cycle. In
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spiritual animals, however, what is good for the rational subject may
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be bad for the spiritual animal of which it is part, because its
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goals are naturally selected for the rational subject by how they
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contribute to individual reproduction, not just the reproduction of
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the spiritual animal as a whole. That is, individuals do reproduce
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independently of the reproduction of their spiritual animal. Thus,
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for example, some of the goals that rational subjects pursue because
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they contribute to their individual interest may be immoral or
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treacherous and, thus, harmful to the spiritual animal. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Instead
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of subordinating the good of the part to the good of the whole,
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therefore, the good for the individual and the good for spiritual
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animal are on a par. They are good for the same kinds of reasons,
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though on different levels of biological organization. And they are
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both good for the rational subject, for he is the agent of rational
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beings generally (that is, for the individual, the spiritual animal,
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and as we shall see, even for the world as a whole). Thus, individual
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and spiritual goals are both goals of the self, as the
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four-dimensional being that one constructs by his rational actions
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over a lifetime, and conflicts between individual and spiritual self
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interest must be resolved, or else reason will not be able to serve
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its function. They are resolved, as we shall see, by a symmetrical
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subordination of the good of each for the good of the other. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Spiritual
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animals pursue goals by way of institutions that generate social
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level behavior. (Institutions are patterns of interaction among
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members guided by low-level practical arguments about social roles
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and their duties, prerogatives and interrelationships, and their
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functions are the social level behavior they generate.) When choices
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must be made among social level goals, it is the function of
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political institutions, or government, to make the choice for the
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spiritual animal. And parallel to rational subjects, there is a
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difference between goals that are necessary and goals that are
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optional. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">S<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdmE_3" align="right" hspace="5" vspace="10" width="89" height="44" border="0">piritual
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animals have necessary goals. Goals that control conditions that
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affect the reproduction of the spiritual animal as a whole are
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necessary goals. Though spiritual animals, unlike multicellular
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animals, can continue to exist indefinitely without reproducing,
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there are nonetheless relevant conditions to be controlled. They must
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be <i>able </i>to reproduce, if the occasion arises, in order to be
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naturally perfect. Though reproduction is not a necessary goal of
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spiritual animals, it is the criterion of which other goals are
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necessary. And among their necessary goals, two kinds can be
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distinguished, because the social level behavior in pursuit of goals
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can be directed either at objects external to the spiritual animal or
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at its own members. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">E<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdmE_4" align="right" hspace="5" vspace="10" width="74" height="34" border="0">xternal
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necessary goals of spiritual animals are analogous to those of
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multicellular animals, except for warfare, the new kind of behavior
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that spiritual animals have toward one another. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Like
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multicellular animals, spiritual animals must acquire from nature the
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free energy and other resources they need to fuel their reproductive
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cycles (This aspect of the economic institution corresponds to
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feeding in other animals.) Spiritual animals must also protect
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themselves from natural hazards such as predators, storms and other
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disasters. And just as multicellular animals must mate, nomadic
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spiritual animals, at least, must maintain relations to other
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spiritual animals (such as membership in tribes) by which its members
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can mate outside their own spiritual animal. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
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non-analogous goals arise from group-level natural selection of
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spiritual animals by war. The overriding goal of a spiritual animal
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in dealing with other spiritual animals is to wining at war with
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them, which involves making the best choice about whether (and how)
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to live peacefully or to engage in war relative to other spiritual
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animals with which it interacts. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">I<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdmE_5" align="right" hspace="5" vspace="10" width="76" height="36" border="0">nternal
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goals of animal behavior are unique to spiritual animals, because in
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spiritual animals, the animal behavior guidance system also serves as
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the biological behavior guidance system, that is, as the mechanism
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that coordinates the behavior of the lower level organisms of which
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it is composed. Thus, social level animal behavior must serve many of
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the same functions as the biological behavior guidance system in
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multicellular animals. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
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economic institution also includes internal functions, such as
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coordinating the productive behavior of members and distributing the
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products, just as acquiring energy requires digestion and circulation
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in multicellular animals. Likewise, the government includes executive
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institutions that administer regulations, just as the brain has
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nervous connections to the rest of the body. But it also includes an
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institution for enforcing laws by punishment, which is analogous to
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the immune system in multicellular animals. The kinship system gives
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individuals locations in the spiritual body, corresponding to a
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process of embryological development for determining cells to certain
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parts of the body. Educational and religious institutions acculturate
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the members to the arguments that will guide their behavior, just as
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the endocrine system and parasympathetic nervous system guide the
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behavior of individual cells. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Some goals
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of internal behavior have no analogue in multicellular animals. For
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example, spiritual animals may have institutions that mediate the
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exchange of arguments and promote cultural evolution, such as
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academic, scholarly, and research institutions. Nothing like cultural
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evolution takes place in multicellular animals. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Some
|
||
internal goals of social level behavior are especially relevant to
|
||
practical reason because they have to do with controlling the pursuit
|
||
of individual goals. The health of the spiritual animal requires that
|
||
its members observe moral rules that limit the pursuit of the
|
||
individual interests, for unless they are observed, members will not
|
||
be willing and able to cooperate in generating social level behavior.
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The content
|
||
of moral rules is determined as the conclusions of practical
|
||
arguments about how individuals should behave in situations that
|
||
affect others or the spiritual animal as a whole. As we have seen,
|
||
they include rules that require everyone to cooperate in generating
|
||
social level behavior (including prohibition of treason and other
|
||
crimes against the spiritual animal).They also include rules that
|
||
prevent members from harming one another, rules that enable members
|
||
to cooperate with one another (such as the duty of fidelity in
|
||
promises and contracts) and facilitate cooperative attitudes (such as
|
||
the duty of reciprocity in gift giving and civility. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Because
|
||
practical arguments evolve when they are rationally selected by
|
||
everyone, as we have seen, the rules tend to be the rules that
|
||
maximize the good of the whole (as the utilitarians hold), that
|
||
maximize the freedom of everyone (that is, minimize the limits they
|
||
impose on the pursuit of individual goals, as the contractarians
|
||
hold), and treat members equally (as Kantians insist). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
spiritual animal must act as a whole on its members to ensure that
|
||
moral rules are followed. Violations of moral rules arouse anger in
|
||
those who are hurt, and the motives selected for fighting wars tend
|
||
to take the form of revenge and vendettas within spiritual animals,
|
||
unless measures are taken to restore the moral equilibrium. The
|
||
institutions that have traditionally served this function are the
|
||
religious institutions, which publicly affirm and defend the
|
||
principles on which other practical arguments are based, and the
|
||
justice system (including the police and judicial system), which
|
||
punish wrongdoing. (The former is part of the educational systems,
|
||
analogous to the endocrine and parasympathetic nervous system in
|
||
multicellular animals, whereas the justice system corresponds to the
|
||
immune system, which kills mis-functioning cells in the body as well
|
||
as invaders.) </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Though many
|
||
violations of moral rules are naturally sanctioned by the disapproval
|
||
of other members, some violations of moral rules are so harmful and
|
||
cause so much warlike antagonism that they are prohibited by laws,
|
||
and retributive justice is reserved for them. Punishment of crime is
|
||
a necessary goal of spiritual animals, if only because taking revenge
|
||
on the individual level leads to civil war. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
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" name="FunctAnalogy" align="bottom" width="460" height="330" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Rational
|
||
subjects, therefore, insofar as they are responsible for selecting
|
||
and generating social level behavior, ought to choose to pursue these
|
||
goals. The attainment of these goals contributes to the natural
|
||
perfection of the spiritual animal, because it controls the
|
||
conditions that affect its reproduction as a whole. These goals are,
|
||
therefore, good for reason in its function of guiding the behavior of
|
||
the spiritual animal. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In response
|
||
to Moore’s open question argument, therefore, it will not make
|
||
sense for rational beings who understand the nature of reason and its
|
||
place in the natural world to ask, But is what contributes to the
|
||
natural perfection of spiritual animals good? </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The pursuit
|
||
of these necessary goals is also part of the wisdom that Socrates was
|
||
seeking, because this ontological explanation of the nature of
|
||
goodness explains why necessary goals are good for the spiritual
|
||
animal. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdmE_6" align="right" hspace="5" vspace="10" width="89" height="44" border="0">here
|
||
are optional goals of spiritual interest. Just as individuals can
|
||
pursue goals because they are good even when they do not control
|
||
conditions that affect individual reproduction, so spiritual animals
|
||
can pursue goals that are good when they do not control conditions
|
||
that affect its social level reproduction. Though in both cases the
|
||
goal must already be good in some way (by contributing to the natural
|
||
perfection of something, including artifacts), the goal becomes good
|
||
for reason because it is chosen.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">For
|
||
the spiritual animal to pursue optional goals, a general consensus
|
||
about them is normally required, because they are not necessary and
|
||
pursuing them will involve the cost of generating social level
|
||
behavior. But since there are goals that it would be good for
|
||
spiritual animals to pursue, it is possible to make them good for
|
||
spiritual animals by choosing them.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Though it
|
||
is a necessary goal of spiritual animals to protect the environment
|
||
from the damage of its own economic activity enough to survive
|
||
indefinitely into the future, an optional goal might be to preserve
|
||
as many species and ancient ecologies as possible in order to insure
|
||
the diversity of life on earth.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It is a
|
||
necessary goal of spiritual animals to make sure that they will win
|
||
any wars they may fight, since that is a condition that affects their
|
||
reproduction as a whole. But an optional goal would be to work
|
||
together with other spiritual animals to end group level natural
|
||
selection by war. That would require the control of population growth
|
||
everywhere on the planet, including perhaps even decreasing it, since
|
||
that is the basic cause of war and would eventually lead to war,
|
||
unless it is controlled. Under such conditions it might be possible
|
||
for spiritual animals to end war by cooperating in an international
|
||
military force to protect national boundaries and prevent spiritual
|
||
animals from harming one another. (Insofar as there are traits that
|
||
spiritual animals would otherwise evolve by such group level natural
|
||
selection which make them more perfect, it might also be necessary
|
||
for spiritual animals to assume responsibility for giving spiritual
|
||
animals those powers by other means.) </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Natural
|
||
selection at the individual level continues after a fashion within
|
||
spiritual animals by success in individual reproduction, but it is
|
||
significantly curtailed by modern medicine and where it is still at
|
||
work, it involves much suffering. Thus, an optional goal for
|
||
spiritual animals would be to replace natural selection with germ
|
||
line intervention in order to eliminate genetic diseases and to
|
||
enhance the powers that enable rational subjects to attain the goals
|
||
they ought to pursue. For example, each couple could be given the
|
||
option of adding or deleting certain genes from their offspring, and
|
||
since they would choose what is best for their children, it would be
|
||
decentralized process much like natural selection in which rational
|
||
subjects could be expected to evolve further in the direction of
|
||
natural perfection for organisms of their kind. It would be to
|
||
replace natural selection at the individual level with rational
|
||
selection. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Traditional
|
||
optional goals have included building monuments. But a more up to
|
||
date goal that may be optional for spiritual animals is space
|
||
exploration and colonizing the rest of the planetary system. But
|
||
there are other possible goals. In each case, it is not clear at this
|
||
point in evolution whether these goals are optional or necessary.
|
||
That is why the future course of evolution is not just a conclusion
|
||
of theoretical reason, but with the evolution of reason’s
|
||
ontological self-understanding, depends on where practical reasoning
|
||
leads reason in the situations that arise.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdmE_7" align="right" hspace="5" width="153" height="66" border="0">he
|
||
pursuit of goals of the spiritual animal may conflict with the
|
||
rational subject’s pursuit of individual goals, and since they are
|
||
both goals of rational beings, there is a conflict among goals that
|
||
needs to be resolved. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
individual interest and the spiritual interest are equal, because
|
||
they are good in parallel ways, that is, each by contributing to the
|
||
natural perfection of the organism (or primary structure) on its own
|
||
level of biological organization, and ontological philosophy provides
|
||
no grounds for preferring one over the other. Both are equally the
|
||
responsibility of reason, or goals pursued by reflective subjects as
|
||
the agents of reason, and thus, it is a conflict between one's
|
||
individual self interest and one's spiritual self interest. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">When
|
||
individual and spiritual goals conflict, what ought to exist for
|
||
reason is what contributes to the natural perfection of reason as the
|
||
behavior guidance system for both biological levels, that is, for the
|
||
rational subject as a rational being. But what are those priorities. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">M<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdmE_8" align="right" hspace="5" width="133" height="83" border="0">oral
|
||
rules are generally assumed to take priority over the pursuit of
|
||
individual goals. Indeed, that is their function: moral rules are
|
||
meant to limit the pursuit of individual self interest. The general
|
||
observance of moral rules is, as we have seen, a necessary goal of
|
||
spiritual animals, for spiritual animals cannot pursue social level
|
||
goals except by coordinating the behavior of its members and their
|
||
ability to cooperate in pursuit of such goals depends on the members
|
||
being moral in their relations to one another. But when moral rules
|
||
do conflict with the pursuit of individual self interest, why should
|
||
the rational subject be moral? </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Let
|
||
us recall the answers to this question at earlier points in
|
||
evolution. Answers at the stage of rational spiritual animals are
|
||
based on religion, but the answers given by epistemological
|
||
philosophy are no more adequate. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Rational
|
||
culture evolves arguments to justify the principles on which its
|
||
practical arguments are based, and they generally have to do with
|
||
explanations of the origin of the world, the place of rational beings
|
||
in it, and the purpose in their existence. These arguments serve the
|
||
function of mutually acknowledging the validity of the culture of
|
||
one’s spiritual animal, but they are not rationally compelling.
|
||
Religious beliefs are typically about gods or superior beings of some
|
||
kind, which may be interpreted as representations of the spiritual
|
||
animal and its interest. But in order to justify being moral, rather
|
||
than pursuing their individual interest (or acting on emotion), they
|
||
merely assert the priority of spiritual interest over individual
|
||
interest. Though it may be obvious that being moral is in the
|
||
spiritual interest, that is, good for the group as a whole, religion
|
||
does not explain why the spiritual interest is prior to the
|
||
individual interest. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Philosophical
|
||
culture has attempted to give a deeper justification of moral rules.
|
||
In the ancient and medieval period and continuing long into the
|
||
modern period, the belief was that the reason for being moral, as
|
||
well as the content of moral rules, has to do with something about
|
||
the nature of goodness and, thus, is objective. Plato thought that
|
||
the nature of goodness is explained by the existence of The Good
|
||
Itself as the source of the other Forms — and, thus, of the
|
||
goodness of visible objects that participate in the Forms as well.
|
||
That was meant to explain why rational subjects ought to be moral in
|
||
a way that would satisfy Socrates, that is, by making rational
|
||
subjects virtuous. But Plato could never explain the nature of The
|
||
Good Itself in a way that showed how it made other Forms good, much
|
||
less why rational subjects should be moral.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It was
|
||
possible to preserve Plato’s belief in the objective nature of
|
||
goodness in the medieval period (and the early modern period) despite
|
||
the inability to give an adequate explanation of the nature of
|
||
goodness. The Christian view, in its most mature form, holds that it
|
||
is God who understands the nature of goodness, whereas finite
|
||
rational beings like us cannot. That is, God's ultimate purposes are
|
||
said to be inscrutable. Insofar as we do not understand why we ought
|
||
to be moral, therefore, we must so as a matter of faith. Though it is
|
||
a faith that there is something about the nature of goodness from a
|
||
God’s Eye point of view that makes morality prior to individual
|
||
interest, it is still not reason that explains why we ought to be
|
||
moral. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In the
|
||
modern period, attempts to give a naturalistic explanation of the
|
||
goodness of morality that would explain why we ought to be moral were
|
||
ultimately failures. Hobbes, as a social contractarian, attempted to
|
||
explain the content of moral rules as the result of a contract in
|
||
which every rational subject gives up only as much freedom as is
|
||
required to protect individuals generally from harming one another
|
||
and enabling them to cooperate. But since that did not explain why
|
||
the individual should not be immoral in pursuing his individual
|
||
interest after the social contrast was signed and he could avoid
|
||
being punished, it did not explain adequately why the morally good is
|
||
good. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Kant
|
||
attempted to explain the content of moral rules as what is required
|
||
by universalizability, that is, his categorical imperative (that we
|
||
should act only on those maxims that we can will to be a universal
|
||
law of nature). But that left Kant with no way to show that
|
||
individuals ought to be moral, because it did not give the individual
|
||
any reason for choosing not to be rational in that sense, and being
|
||
rational only in the sense of pursuing is rational individual
|
||
interest. Kant suggested that the reason stems from something
|
||
uniquely valuable about rational subjects, that is, as ends in
|
||
themselves, but he was never able to explain what that was, except to
|
||
suggest that is has something to do with the unknown (noumenal)
|
||
nature of rational subjects and to suggest that freedom from pursuing
|
||
goals set by one’s desires, or what he called “autonomy,” is
|
||
somehow better. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Utilitarians,
|
||
such as Bentham and Mill, explained the content of moral rules as
|
||
what promotes the general happiness, but they too failed to explain
|
||
why the rational subject should be moral. They assumed that the
|
||
individual subject cannot help but pursue his individual happiness,
|
||
but they were never able to explain why the individual should prefer
|
||
the general happiness to his own happiness when they came into
|
||
conflict. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Ontological
|
||
philosophy does, however, explain why we should be moral. Its
|
||
explanation of the nature of rational beings and the nature of
|
||
goodness explains not only the content of moral rules, as we have
|
||
seen, but also why the individual rational subject should take moral
|
||
rules as prior to individual interest. The foundation of the priority
|
||
of moral rules is that the spiritual interest is one of the basic
|
||
interests of the rational subject. Because of the nature of reason
|
||
and the way in which it works, the individual has, as a rational
|
||
being, responsibility for guiding the behavior of the spiritual
|
||
animal as well as his own individual behavior. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Reason
|
||
evolved originally, as we have seen, with the function of guiding the
|
||
behavior of spiritual animals to make reliable choices about war and
|
||
peace. But since it works by the exchange of practical arguments
|
||
among members and their rational selection by individual rational
|
||
subjects (that is, the selection of arguments from among the
|
||
alternatives that make their world views maximally coherent), it
|
||
could also be used to guide individual behavior. In the case of
|
||
guiding the behavior of the spiritual animal, however, not only the
|
||
discovery of what is good, but also the selection and generation of
|
||
social level behavior depends on the members coming to agree about
|
||
what the spiritual animal ought to do (though, in practice, social
|
||
level behavior may be guided by political institutions that are
|
||
maintained by mutual agreement about the practical arguments that
|
||
generate them). Given the way that reason functions as a behavior
|
||
guidance system for the spiritual animal, therefore, the rational
|
||
subject has, as a rational being, an interest in pursuing the goals
|
||
of the spiritual animal. The rational subject is responsible for
|
||
social level behavior and they contribute to the natural perfection
|
||
of the whole of which he is part. And being moral is the most basic
|
||
way that the individual contributes to the natural perfection of his
|
||
spiritual animal.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It should
|
||
be emphasized that the spiritual interest of the rational subject is
|
||
different from his individual self interest in the spiritual animal
|
||
because of how he depends on it as the means to pursuing his
|
||
individual goals. First of all, the spiritual animal is the whole of
|
||
which he is part, the context of all his activity, and thus, his
|
||
welfare depends on its welfare. But furthermore, most of the goals he
|
||
pursues depend on having the use of a spiritual body, as well as a
|
||
physical body (in the sense that the means involve the cooperation of
|
||
other members of his spiritual animal). Since his spiritual body is a
|
||
most powerful means to attaining goals that are good for him as an
|
||
individual, the individual has another interest in the good of the
|
||
spiritual animal. But this is not his spiritual self interest. It is
|
||
his individual self interest in his spiritual animal as the whole of
|
||
which he is part and his individual self interest in having the use
|
||
of a spiritual body.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Thus, the
|
||
subject has necessarily, as a rational being, a spiritual self
|
||
interest distinct from his individual self interest. And being moral
|
||
is in his spiritual interest. But it may seem that it is not possible
|
||
for ontological philosophy to explain why the rational subject ought
|
||
to be moral, because when moral rules require limiting the pursuit of
|
||
individual goals, there is a conflict between his two basic
|
||
interests. They are equal interests, according to ontological
|
||
philosophy, because they both arise in the same way (by contributing
|
||
to the natural perfection of the organism on its level of biological
|
||
organization) and the rational subject is responsible for both. They
|
||
do come into conflict, because moral rules are meant to limit the
|
||
pursuit of individual goals. It may seem, therefore, that ontological
|
||
philosophy is inherently unable to explain why he ought prefer on to
|
||
the other. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
|
||
is, however, a sufficient reason for being moral, because there is a
|
||
simple and straightforward optimal resolution of this conflict which
|
||
comes from recognizing the difference between necessary and optional
|
||
goals of individual self interest. That is, submitting to moral rules
|
||
is good for the rational subject because it contributes to the
|
||
natural perfection of the whole of which the rational subject. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It is a
|
||
necessary goal of the spiritual animal that its members observe moral
|
||
rules, because that is a condition that affects its reproduction as a
|
||
whole. The spiritual animal cannot act at all unless morality
|
||
prevails, because that relationship among its parts is essential to
|
||
its health. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">On the
|
||
other side, it is not a necessary goal for the individual to act
|
||
contrary to moral rules. Moral rules limit the <i>means </i>the
|
||
individual uses to attain individual goals, but they do not prevent
|
||
him from attaining his necessary goals, at least, not in a healthy
|
||
spiritual animal. In healthy spiritual animals, individuals are able
|
||
to attain their necessary goals by moral means, if they make a
|
||
reasonable effort. Thus, <i>necessary </i>individual goals never
|
||
conflict with the necessary spiritual goal of being moral. Though
|
||
moral rules may limit <i>how </i>the individual pursues necessary
|
||
individual goals, that is merely to constrain his pursuit of his
|
||
optional individual goals, for there are other ways to attain them
|
||
and one way is good for the individual only because he chooses it. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">To be sure,
|
||
moral rules may make it impossible to pursue some optional goals at
|
||
all. But since optional goals are good for the individual only
|
||
because he chooses them, the individual can contribute to the natural
|
||
perfection of the whole of which he is part by constraining his
|
||
choices of optional goals in such a way that his pursuit of them does
|
||
not involve the violation of moral rules. That is not a severe
|
||
limitation on individual interest, because there are so many good
|
||
goals to choose from in making goals good for himself. Thus, there is
|
||
obviously a best way to maximize the attainment of the goals that are
|
||
good for rational subjects, including both his individual and his
|
||
spiritual self interest, and it involves being moral. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This
|
||
implies, however, that in situations where following moral rules
|
||
would make it impossible to attain the necessary goals of individual
|
||
interest with a reasonable effort, it is not wrong to violate moral
|
||
rules. But that is not surprising, because when the spiritual animal
|
||
is not healthy enough to continue to exist, it does not contribute to
|
||
the natural perfection of the whole of which the individual is part
|
||
to pursue the goals that are necessary for the spiritual animal. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Rational
|
||
subjects ought, therefore, to observe moral limits on their pursuit
|
||
of individual goals, because it contributes to the natural perfection
|
||
of the whole of which the rational subject is part. In this case,
|
||
however, the whole is a unique combination of animals (or primary
|
||
structures) at two different levels of biological organization,
|
||
because the rational subject, as the agent of reason, is responsible
|
||
for both. The priority of morality is a necessary goal of the
|
||
spiritual animal (in virtue of controlling a condition that affects
|
||
its reproduction as a whole), and since it does not conflict with any
|
||
necessary goal of individual interest, being moral is what
|
||
contributes to the natural perfection of their combination. Thus, it
|
||
is good for rational subjects to take morality as prior to their
|
||
individual interest. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In response
|
||
to Moore’s open question argument, once again, it will not make
|
||
sense for rational beings who understand the nature of reason and its
|
||
place in the natural world to ask, But is what contributes to the
|
||
natural perfection of both spiritual animals and their members good? </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This reason
|
||
for being moral is also part of the wisdom that Socrates was seeking,
|
||
because this ontological explanation of the nature of goodness
|
||
explains why the priority of moral rules is good for the rational
|
||
subject. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">W<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdmE_9" align="right" hspace="5" vspace="10" width="133" height="83" border="0">hat
|
||
makes this an adequate explanation of why it is good for the rational
|
||
subject to be moral is the assumption that moral rules do not
|
||
conflict with the attainment of necessary goals of his individual
|
||
self interest. But morality is not the only way that his spiritual
|
||
interest can conflict with his individual interest. The pursuit of
|
||
optional goals of the spiritual animal may conflict with the rational
|
||
subject’s pursuit of necessary goals of individual interest, and
|
||
thus, there is another conflict among goals that needs to be
|
||
resolved. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Conflicts
|
||
clearly do occur between goals of the spiritual animal and the
|
||
necessary goals of the individual. Spiritual animals often find it
|
||
useful to sacrifice some of its members in pursuing its social level
|
||
goals, especially in civilized societies, where a class structure
|
||
gives some members enormous power over other members, and in mass
|
||
societies, where subgroups are historically antagonistic with one
|
||
another. The history of oppression shows that this possibility has
|
||
been actualized far too often. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">One kind of
|
||
conflict between spiritual and individual goals is so basic to the
|
||
existence of both, however, that its burden on individuals cannot be
|
||
counted as contrary to the necessary goals of individual self
|
||
interest. That is the need of individual members to risk their lives
|
||
in war. War is the inevitable form of group level natural selection
|
||
that is responsible for the evolution of rational spiritual animals,
|
||
and thus, neither spiritual animals nor rational beings can exist
|
||
without accepting the burdens of fighting. The sacrifice of
|
||
individuals in war does not, therefore, conflict with the attainment
|
||
of necessary goals of individual self interest in the relevant sense.
|
||
</font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The same
|
||
may be said about dealing with natural disasters, insofar as group
|
||
level action that sacrifices individual members is required to
|
||
control conditions that affect the reproduction of the spiritual
|
||
animal as a whole. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
rules of justice are meant to limit spiritual animals in the pursuit
|
||
of its social goals in order to protect the rights of individuals.
|
||
They are generally formulated in terms of inviolable individual
|
||
rights because they are meant to protect individual rational subjects
|
||
from being sacrificed unnecessarily in the pursuit of spiritual
|
||
goals. Such rights include the most basic means by which rational
|
||
subjects pursue goals of individual interest, both necessary and
|
||
optional. Such rights include all the means the rational subject must
|
||
have in order to attain necessary goals of their individual interest,
|
||
and there are two general classes of them: basic liberties and
|
||
distributive justice. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><i>Basic
|
||
liberties. </i>Rational subjects must have the basic means required
|
||
to attain necessary goals and lead a normal life, including the right
|
||
to lead one’s life free from unreasonable arrest or other
|
||
unnecessary restrictions, the right to speak, associate and contract
|
||
with other people in public, the right to hold the beliefs that one
|
||
takes to be true, the right to an equal opportunity to pursue
|
||
optional goals and the like. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><i>Distributive
|
||
justice</i>. Rational subjects must have enough economic power to be
|
||
able, with a reasonable effort, to provide the material conditions of
|
||
life, including the means for attaining necessary goals, such as
|
||
food, shelter, medicine, and the capacity to have a normal social
|
||
life. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">But
|
||
when spiritual goals do conflict with necessary goals of individual
|
||
self interest, why should the spiritual animal observe rules of
|
||
justice? This is the mirror image of the issue about the priority of
|
||
moral rules over the pursuit of goals of individual interest. We are
|
||
asking why the rules of justice are prior to the pursuit of goals of
|
||
spiritual self interest? </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">All the
|
||
goals are goals for reason, that is, for rational subjects acting in
|
||
their capacity as the behavior guidance system for both the
|
||
individual and spiritual animal, and what ought to exist depends on
|
||
what contributes to the natural perfection of the whole, including
|
||
both the spiritual animal and its members. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
individual self interest and the spiritual self interest are equal,
|
||
because they are good in parallel ways, that is, each by contributing
|
||
to the natural perfection of the organism (or primary structure) on
|
||
its level of biological organization, and ontological philosophy
|
||
provides no grounds for preferring one over the other. Both are
|
||
equally the responsibility of reason. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">When
|
||
individual and spiritual goals conflict, what ought to exist for
|
||
reason is what contributes to the natural perfection of reason as the
|
||
behavior guidance system for both biological levels, that is, for the
|
||
rational subject as a rational being. But what are the priorities? </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">What
|
||
makes an optimal balance of individual and spiritual interests
|
||
possible is that the necessary goals of individual and spiritual self
|
||
interest can both normally be attained without conflict. After all,
|
||
spiritual animals are viable organisms. They could not have evolved
|
||
in the first place unless groups of multicellular animals with
|
||
coordinated behavior were better able to control the conditions
|
||
affecting both reproduction on both the individual and social level. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
compatibility of their necessary goals means that only optional goals
|
||
need to be restricted for the good of necessary goals. We have
|
||
assumed all along that necessary goals at each biological level take
|
||
priority over the optional goals at that level. And we have just seen
|
||
that the necessary goals of spiritual interest take precedence over
|
||
the optional goals of individual interest. Thus, to see the optimal
|
||
resolution in this case, we need only consider how necessary goals of
|
||
individual interest take precedence, in the same way, over optional
|
||
goals of spiritual interest. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
resolution of this conflict between individual and spiritual interest
|
||
is the mirror image of the resolution that explained why <i>moral
|
||
rules </i>takes priority over the pursuit of goals in one’s
|
||
individual interest. In this case, it explain why <i>rules of justice
|
||
</i>take priority over the pursuit of goals in one’s spiritual
|
||
interest. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
both cases, the necessary goals of one biological level take
|
||
precedence over the optional goals of the other level. That is a
|
||
symmetrical relationship. And in both cases, that priority determines
|
||
what is good for reason because it is what contributes to the natural
|
||
perfection of the whole of which rational subjects are part, that is,
|
||
the unique combination of reproducing organisms (or primary
|
||
structures) that have evolved by reproductive causation at two levels
|
||
of biological at once. (The priorities are depicted in the diagram of
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the symmetry of individual and spiritual interests).</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="center" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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" name="SymSiS" align="bottom" width="513" height="271" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Rules
|
||
of justice limit the pursuit of goals of spiritual interest in the
|
||
same way that rules of morality limits the pursuit of goals of
|
||
individual interest. In both cases, the necessary goals of one
|
||
interest are the foundation for limits on the pursuit of goals of the
|
||
other interest. But they limit the pursuit of necessary goals in a
|
||
different way from how they limit the pursuit of optional goals. They
|
||
limit only the <i>means </i>to the attainment of necessary goals, but
|
||
they can limit the pursuit of certain <i>kinds </i>of optional goals.
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
necessary goals of individual interest limit <i>how </i>the spiritual
|
||
animal pursues its necessary social level goals (just as moral rules
|
||
limit how the rational subject pursues its necessary individual
|
||
goals). Though there are certain goals that spiritual animals must
|
||
attain, there are ways of attaining them that do not keep individual
|
||
from pursuing their necessary individual goals. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This is not
|
||
to say that the spiritual animal cannot sacrifice the property and
|
||
even the lives of individual members in pursuit of necessary goals,
|
||
such as victory at war and protecting against natural disasters. But
|
||
those exceptions are already included. Avoiding the risk of war or
|
||
avoiding mutual defense against natural disasters is not a <i>possible
|
||
</i>means of controlling conditions affecting individual reproduction
|
||
for members of spiritual animals, and thus, they are not necessary
|
||
goals of individual self interest in the first place. Mutual
|
||
protection from predators (and other natural disasters) and fighting
|
||
wars have been necessary to the existence of the spiritual animal
|
||
from the beginning. But individual rights protect the means that
|
||
spiritual animals use to attain such necessary individual goals
|
||
within the limits of morality, and no infringement on the rights of
|
||
individual is justified.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Rules
|
||
of justice would limit the optional goals that the spiritual animal
|
||
can choose (just as moral rules limit the optional goals that
|
||
rational subjects can choose). There may be optional spiritual goals
|
||
that the spiritual animal is not permitted to pursue because they
|
||
would conflict with individuals pursuing their necessary individual
|
||
goals. But that is not a severe limitation on spiritual animals since
|
||
optional goals are good for spiritual animals only because they are
|
||
chosen and there are plenty of other optional spiritual goals on
|
||
which spiritual animals may spend their extra power of rational
|
||
coordinated action. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">For
|
||
example, the spiritual animal would not be justified in sacrificing
|
||
the life of one member to use various of his organs to save the lives
|
||
of several other rational subjects, even though that may maximize the
|
||
total happiness, because maximizing happiness is an optional goal and
|
||
it would violate his right to life. (Individuals may, of course,
|
||
contract with others to set up such an arrangement, and the spiritual
|
||
animal might be in the position of having to enforce the contract.
|
||
But what makes the arrangement good is that it serves the individual
|
||
interests of the participants, and what makes it good for the
|
||
spiritual animal to enforce it, if it is, is that it is good to keep
|
||
the contracts one makes.)</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
|
||
may be conflicts between optional spiritual goals and optional
|
||
individual goals. They will be limited if spiritual animals pursue
|
||
optional goals only when there is a consensus about them, because the
|
||
individuals would all contract, in effect, to cooperate in some
|
||
social level goal. But if there are conflicts between optional goals
|
||
on the individual and social biological levels, they do not pose any
|
||
basic problem about what contributes to the natural perfection of the
|
||
whole, that is, both the spiritual animal and its members, because
|
||
optional goals are good <i>for reason </i>only because they are
|
||
chosen and no matter how much extra power rational beings may have,
|
||
there are plenty of optional goals to choose from. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
symmetry between the individual and spiritual interests of rational
|
||
beings makes it clear, therefore, which goals contribute to the
|
||
natural perfection of the whole of which reason is part, including
|
||
both the spiritual animal and its members. Rational subjects acting
|
||
in their individual self interest ought to observe moral rules, and
|
||
rational subjects acting in their spiritual self interest (that is,
|
||
in guiding social level behavior) ought to observe rules of justice,
|
||
including both basic liberties and distributive justice (the economic
|
||
means to attain necessary individual goals). This is the way to
|
||
maximize the attainment of all the goals being pursued by rational
|
||
beings, for by including the attainment of necessary goals on both
|
||
levels, it makes it possible to pursue optional goals on both level
|
||
of biological organization. Thus, it is the set of priorities that
|
||
contributes to the natural perfection of rational beings. Thus, it is
|
||
good to be moral and to be just. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
response to Moore’s open question argument, once again, it will not
|
||
make sense for rational beings who understand the nature of reason
|
||
and its place in the natural world to ask, But is what contributes to
|
||
the natural perfection of both spiritual animals and their members
|
||
good? </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">This
|
||
reason for being moral is also part of the wisdom that Socrates was
|
||
seeking, because this ontological explanation of the nature of
|
||
goodness explains why the priority of moral rules is good for the
|
||
rational subject. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|