143 lines
5.3 KiB
Plaintext
143 lines
5.3 KiB
Plaintext
wlnd, whlle per-rnanenl erop, lerlaelng lorurry, and (m
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lhe ease ol gulllesl diversion and spreader drum plus
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gablons help reduee or heal seoured areas Tunnel
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eroslon may eall lor de—sroelrlng, eonlour dralnage,
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and lhe eelabllshmenl ol deep—loosed planls, wlnle lhe
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problems ol desalling need lhe eomblned raelors cf
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runonslahen llo lower groundwaler lablesl lollowlng
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deep lnlereeplor dralns lo rlll on sall seepages m
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surlaee sorls (see chapler m
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Emsmn lollows deloreslarlon, soll eompaelron,
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dramrbed sollewaler balanee llnereased overland new
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and nslng waler lables or sall seepagesl, overgraalug
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plough agoellllllle on lhe broad seale, episodes ol lugh
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wlnds or ralns in droughl perrods, or severe
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dlseurbanee eaused by anlmal hacks. roaalng, and
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lll—advlsed earlhworle.
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Insofar as landicip: design ‘ls roneemed, soll eroslon
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reparr ls lhe pnoruy wherever sueh eroslon oeeurs
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Apln lrorn lhe physleal laelorr, no desrgrler, or llallon,
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ean rgnole lhe eeonomle or polr leal pressures rhal
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rnevrlably ereale erosion by requlrlng or permrlnng
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rnapproprlare land use and lorelng produelron or
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overeploduellon on In lhe fragxle slrusrure ol soils
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Thnd world debl and weslern world overeproduelron
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are boln primary laelors in sorl eollapse ln a
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eonservalrve soelely, lhe very basls el land use
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plannlng would enmmpnss lhe soneepr ol permrlled or
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reslrleled use 0) solls, rarelully plolled rn reglons
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lollowing analyses ol slope, soll slabrluy, rn nlmal
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loresl elearlng lor reallureslallonl, and permllled
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maarmum levels ol slop produellon, or Ilvesmck
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denslly, lollonlng lhe procedures or good sorl
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husbandry
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lh assesslng erosron rn lhe u.l< Charles
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Alden£larkl and Davrd Hodges (Nrw Srmmsl 12 Feb
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‘87) polnl onl lhal ~many ol lhe leeenl oulhnaks ol
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severe erosion are elearly lmlred lo lalllng levels ol
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organle maller rn lhe so lhe more organre maller
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lherers ln lhe soll, lhe more slable ll rs ., rhls slablllly ls
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Minx m gm soll slnlelule and fillnmm ol waler,
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whereas an rnarganre sell may break down under raln.
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w h lhe lollowlng rnerease in overland llow, musk
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soils wrll lhen erode as nlls or gullres, or lhe deslreyed
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surlaee ran powder and blow away wuhoul orgame
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mallsr lo bond ll
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On many delreale sorls lover ehallrsl lhe only answer
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rs lo replaee erops wrlh pasmre or laresls. lnlenslve
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arable use and wmler erupplng bolh ereale more
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eroslon The very radreal mndusmn ls lhal mulching
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green manure. grass leys on rolnlran, hedgerows, and
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m1nim|mluvinnn are nor only urgenr bul lrnperallve
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Thus, "the lime lo eaamlne lhe organis llarmrngl
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appluarh has passed, lhe lune lo adopl ll has arnved ~
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llbrd l Al long lasl. some sslenlrsls are saylng lhal
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enough evrdenee ls enough, we need lo mm lo known
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elleellve land managernenl based on pennanerwe and
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organle melhods Thls wlll rake rhe romblned good
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wlll ollanners, selenrlsls, hummus, and rereumers
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9.19
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SOIL REHABILITATION
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Careiul gardeners lalre rare nol lo break up, olerulrn,
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or eompael lhelr valunbk' rolls, u g mslead ralsed
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beds and reeessed palhs lo avord a deslrnellon ol
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enllnb srrnerure lzesponsrble larrners lry lo govern lhe
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speed and duct or lhelr lrnplemenls m order lo pre.
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serve lhe soll slnlelllre. and ran gel ouue enlhuslasllr
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about a dark. humus—neh, erumbly soll We seldom
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grye rarmers llrne or money lo ereale or preserve soll.
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bul exped lhenr to llve on |ow rneomes lo serve a
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eommodlly markel, whose commflus eare llllle lor
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sorl, numllon, er nanoual well-being
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Ne rnalleren whn| subslrale we sun, we can ereale
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rleh and welleslruelured soil in gardens, ollen wrlh
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some lnpul of labour, and always as a resulr ul addmg
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ergame marerlal or green mauures renl rropl No
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mm" haw neh a soil rs, ll (an be rulned by bad
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ruluyauon plaellees and by expusum lo lhe elemems,
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wind, sun and manual raln.
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Worms, lerrnrres, gmbs, and burrowels more sorl
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erumbs I: ma. bulus or manure piles, and lhey wlll
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evenlually recreate loose suds it we leave lhem lo ll ln
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paslure am we also have olher ml; lo help relleve
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eornpaelron, lhey ran be erploslves, speelal
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lmplemenls, or met;
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We use lhe expalelve and explouve rnelhod rarely,
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perhaps lo planr a lew valuable lrees ln non—hard
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ground by snarrerrng People llke Masanohu
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Fukuoharw are more pa l and elleenye, rasllng oul
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slrongerooled radlsh seed ldarlron varlellesl, nee
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legume seed, and deep—tooled planls sueh as eomlley,
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lueerrle, Asasvrs, and evenmally lolesl lrees Muen lhe
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sarne subsurlaee shallering oeeurs, bn| slowly and
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nolselessly. lhe sml regarns slruemre, aerallon, and
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pen-nus waler rnnllaanon
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A measure enne ehange wrouglu by green manure-s,
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rnuleh, and pernlanenl windmw ls reeolded by link
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Vin der Werl lprmveullnre Narnhour Nrrusll-llrr,
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Queensland. Dee. was and Mar/Apr "3367 Workmg in
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Chum al tn: Agomzda Agnenhural l'lvlecl, he lepdrls
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on lhe rmprovemenr ol saumb slauerule by measurrng
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lhe hulk densrly lwelghl per volume ralro lg/eel alsoll
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samplerl ls given ln 1able u
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um u
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lmnmvumam m crumb Sllvelllls
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Soil neallnenl Bulk
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3/“ Densrly
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Annually burnl bush l as
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bush leh 1 years wllhoul llre l,27
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Farmlandtulhvaltd 2 years l 29
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Farmland, Pcmunzntly mulehed
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and cropped tor a years aw
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~Even wrlh eropplng lhe mulshed solls show how
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humus alone resleres good aeranon, snll lernperalnres
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were lower by IO‘C, and berth erop graln ylelds and a
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mere llrnes lnelease lrl organre rnalrer ploduellon were
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noled.
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215
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