memex/0_inbox/in/books/PDM/Bill Mollison - Permaculture A Designer's Manual text/450.txt

lew larmus and looperanves one. leasehold or hire oi
planring. harveuiup or primary 17mins maelrlnes ro
a mom general subreglon or dislriel Both nursery
supply and pnmary or filial proeessing are assenliai be
new iar-in enlerprises using new Specks However, rhe
range ol polenl.al erops and processes .s, is. all
praeocal purposes, unlimiled layools or larm loresls
ear. vary enormously, and are (or lhe i-nain parl
governed by ll.e labour and machinery available.
landieape learners such as slope, drainage. and soils,
and lhe nquiumrms oi susrainabuiry or .nlernal iarin
sell-reliance Some mueleugd syileriis include

 

c r
Seleeled hrgnvaliie laees are widely spased in rows,
and more closely spased in line, lo per-mu good paslore
deyelopmenl berween rows ideally, rree mws me on
eonlour, or iorma mama on lial sires A alsaie is: in
as rreas harden (years 16), and pas-ures are N! ior hay
over this period Early grazing is supervised, or me
area used by ~soil~ animals likesheeporgeese

Many trees are hoslrle lo pasrore, eompeling wrrlr
pasture planls lo. waler or nuli-ienls iloresl erralyprs,
some pines), while olirais are less mmpefilive (Arum.
rnrirndrylor. Eiiulyptus amidiilevsls, Gmiflm rubrislir,
honey loeusl, as eaamplesl The syslem enables a
gradual inleeranor. ol livesloclr and loreslry, bur nole
lhar many lrees so planlr-d may nor nssisl lire Ilvnmck
image, Trees sueli as poplar, lig wdlcws eneslnul, oil,
and pine may all provide lorage and orirer produels in
llre medium lerm bamboo may be regaided here as a
loresl produer ior many iarms, and has mulnple end
rises

Mm
Woodlols are planled prrmarily lor loresl yrelda, and
alllrough lhey piovide sheller and some browse isr
livesloelc, are usually less inlegraled will. liyesroek,
Also, woodlols can be lhernselves very variable m end
use. Forerrample

- rrrruoed ymdlimml or. a 2—7 year rulalion lonenalr
lo onesevenlh or the plum <u| annuallyi. Depending
on ll.e rollure, lirewood can be eul as coppiee or
snekwood, or grown lo eelu em log size. in mosl cases,
iirewood species are chosen to. persislenr soppree
lregrowlir lrom slump) and good iuel value
lealorias/ll Tlguasle, Adieu speeres, Casuavma, and
euralypl wad: are examples olgood inelwoods, bul
almosl any vigorous m ear. be used

. paleuroed prudiulinrl rolewood .s ol increasing
imporlance lor ieneing, house, and lornilure
smolnrrnor. ln lhls ealegory, u iriiglil be imponunl ro
define durable ombe.s such as chrsu'iilt, raspberry lam
ararera Mama .eupnmldl, osage orange. blaelc or honey
loeusr eedais generally, and euealyprs known is be rol
.esisranl (river red gum, rorpenonel rsiewood alias
durable limbers is widely used ior indoor work.
lurnilure, and as scalio ‘ g or lumiwmk supporl in
building poplars and «is... speeies are planled ior
lliese less durable uses. as are rrmber bamboos lor

 

426

scalicilding and house names, lurrnrure. and homhold
male or arlrrls

Specral uses oi rasl polewood produelror. lmm
clonese elm poplar. or like species melude ciiippmp lo.
wallboard or iuel barks, erusnmg lo. nine or cellulose
pruduchuii, lermenling In! stock ieed or alcohol
disdllaoon. and chipping ior disrillarion |o oils. resins,
and eherrusal pludumsuth as creosoleand narroral

. Lanxlflm /inr limbers, Some iarmers .eserye oil
sreep land, valley si es, rorky soils, ur islands lo.
seleeied line rimber slands These can be .evalued al
every slage oi yuwm, as llrey add lo larrn value lrom
lireir iirsl year blaelr walnol, oak, rosewood, lrne
ceda.s, redwoods, blaelcwood, and many oshea speeies
areplanled asporenlial .eoierrienl lrusls ior lhe iarmers
or lirerr iamilies, and also as loundalirir. .rusrs irrr
selrools or limiled .nsliiulions wilh long-lens. aims
Counnl rales in villages ean be romplelely oilsel by
urban ioresrry operanons

Slands or such nne rimbers ean have romplemonlary
pioneer species mrerplanled lo. medium—lerm yields
ilegmnmous bees and small cedars generallyi, bul are
al lheir greniesl value IMO-1m ynrs lor line lumirure,
inlay, panelling and plywoods

- Hrdgrmio Hedgerow and eonlourebanlc ioiesls,
roadside loresr, walexshzd loresl, and sleep slope
ioresls permil a lrue polyeullural ioieslry wrlir s4;
spew oi uses chosen liar iron and nor yields. iorages,
honey, spoaal wildlrie loods, buiwse, and boll. mulei.
and slickwmd prodoeiion Unlike some olne. lineal
lyps, hedgerow and conservauon ioresls can crinlain
numeious species, as mapping ol pioduei is no. or. a
cu|-alid»nm, bur paliier or. . galherandseleel basis,
will. eonsranl .eplanr

TMiv: can be 5.5 rypes ol loreslry on any {Ami oi sil ha
or more (a! in and around villages), .neluding orehard
produerion. Some speeaal loresls are possible on speciiis
sins sud. as swamps orand uplands Thus, larm ioresl
design should be orienled lo sire and purpose lo
enhanee olber larm enierprrses, lo supply loeal needs.
and lo 5w! ll.e polenl.al lo. a wrde range at end
product A whole bioregionai loreslry devoled lo one
speeies or euealypl o. pine .s «he anlirhesis oi lnis
seeuve approadr, and sela up lhe eondilroro ior several
very undesirable end resuils, some 01 whieh have
plvvrn lo be

- Glul eondlnons in marlrel leading lo a depressed
lee-l economy;

- Laiid ownership change based on remore
ownership and often very unsympaliue mnool;

. Serring up condidons lhal may lead lo ealasrropiris
die in lhe area ieuraiypls and pines provide luels ior
lireslorm u. sellled dim-ids): and

- Displacemenl oi bioregional needs by mduslrral
ieedsloelss. rims unemploymenl and soeral disruplion
leading lo longierrn social problems

All ibese problems have been developed by
lnduslrral, nor regional or village, luresrry

For very small iarms, lrees need ro lie samiully