145 lines
5.8 KiB
Plaintext
145 lines
5.8 KiB
Plaintext
be dnsxsnrd or occupy ID‘X per annurn ul lire arca, unirl
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year 4, when “1‘! ol lhe rural area would be broad,
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cornpler, conlrrured hedgerow oi deeperoored woody
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plums and lorbs. wrln evulvmg rallelree browse and
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msl<mp specrcs, some 0! longelcrrn yalua .rs umber
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Allzr years 4- , limed and observed access in such
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browse could be pennilled lor sheep, young stuck, and
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caulruus hancslrng by calrle me years sell, longer
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Draws: irmrs can be per-rnrrled, and ln emergencies
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species such as wrllnw and poplar cm and led m
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dreughl ralrons
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ln larrnrnp. we disunguoh berwcen lcmporary glass
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lands sown lo n-sl ihc sail and prm'lde hay nr green
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meadows lleys or shonennarren pasrures ()4 yearsil,
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and the permanem pasrures sown lor censranr grasrng
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lloo or morc yearsl Soil crumb slruoure, humus, and
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sell nlirogen all show a slow improvemenl under
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permanenr grasses, so lhai 75 years rs needed la nnlrce
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a pronounced ellecl an llresc laclurs For cropped soils
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lnirrugen balm, a climb lo um. ralus 5 years and
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ollen loll years; om nirrogcn is measurable under
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perrnancni grassland. ln erery case, legumes sown wi|h
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grasses are essenllal la sorl lmproyeroenl, and arable
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crops soon aller leys show increased yields ror 34
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years in a rradirronal cool rernperare larrn landscape
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where soil healrh ls yalrred, some an al land wrll be r
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\4 veer lees lred rlover as a legurnel and 154%
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permanenr paslure lwhrle clcn-ersr The resl téll‘i)
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wmlld be rn grams, green crop and mm cmp ln such a
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landscape, soil cendrlron rs usually good bur modern
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larrnrng rarely lrrlla och cunsmarrye rnelhlrds
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As lrceslarlr rnusl be housed in colder snorrl-
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clrmalcs lar up lo 2m days a year, wry large quanolrcs
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ul rnanures and unne are auarlabll- lrorn barns in Rap
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sword and crop in lerblrscr Manure-s are more evenly
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spread as a llqlud slurry. or more recenrly are led rn
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below rhe award us g a soil condrrloner lrigure ms
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shows an rlluslralion oi such lechnelogy Imm Nu-lu
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Srlcnrlsl Aug up 3a) The larrermellrod prevenisloss
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oi rugen ro lhe almospheru, hence dclers pollurlon,
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and enables maximum use nl rhe slurry lay paslure
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rwards lnerdenlal aerarion also resulls lrorn lhrs
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nrelhod. slurry is so inyccred al lulcubic rrreires/ha, IJ
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crn down Aulumn ls rhc bcsi lime lar leasl dlsrurbance
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w lhe sward n+4 weeks rcsll,
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Leys are also bernp used lsrnce ihc w5n-si rn rhe-
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sublroprcs, ayarn will. graAfi-‘egumr mores lor 2—4
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years, lollowed by -op, urasseleeume rnrxes are
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rrnparlanl sorl slabrlisers down lo 45 cm ul rarn,
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especially ll sown in we! seuons lcrrrllsed, and planled
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wuh scailered or hedgerowedrllled Amrm or
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legurornous irces below rlus rainlall leyel,
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uppomulistk barley er ears in wirrler hold rolls whrlc
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legurninous um and woody shrub seed csrabl hes
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Grasses wrrheul legumes do ncrl nolrceably rrnproue
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soil rcseryes Leys unbalanced rewards legumn may
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produce an acidic soil condllran and nulrlrrooal
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problems in lryesiock. Pasmres are kepl rn balance by
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slralegrr browsing or mowing,
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65
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MANAGE ENT OF lemocx on clusbmblus
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on ”ch
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nesplle ihe lacr man phnl breeders have "concenirared
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on producrne grasses lhn would respond in hrgll
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nrirugen rnpurs ,ux larnrcrs nllw apply nrrrogen
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lemllsers al 20 runes lherr prewar rare. bur Ill 40 years
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lbe number 0! came and sheep carried by each heclare
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ol grass has scarcely doubled , nos rncrease, as well,
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can bealrrrbulccl more in rrnpreryed grain leeds rrrd rhe
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use oi lrmc on pasrurcs ralrrer ihan lrorn «he applrcarlon
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nl nrirogen lllaruey. (‘- "Crassland I’mdumun and
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\Inmgcn, Nl'w Scrclrrlsl I5 Feb 7?)
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rhe groal drn-c lo nrlrogen lerrlliser larded and
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abclied by agrrcrrliural rdyrsorsi was as a rcsull ol
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oycrpnrducuon rn exploslyes laclanes. or in lacl war
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surplus dumped on larrns rarlllrser became 30% ol
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energy use on larrn bu! breughl no such increase in
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reiurn Niiroeen was once supplred lree by clover,
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thh has now been drscouraged by repea red
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ploughing llcrssll lucl cnergyl so lhal grass would grow
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Today, scalrcreel legumrnare lrces on range are known
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lo supply suilrcrenl nirrogen. and lnrllvins rorl
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bacleria and algae also are cullured and inoculared rn
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soils lo asslsl rnrs ellrnr
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Nu observer ul lleld eondr rons can lail lo see lhc
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hunger crl calllc on hrghniirogen award (or lhe leaves
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and bark ol or so lhal rrees whrch have slood lor
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years In unlerlrlrsed paslures are “suddenly” alloclced
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and lolled bycalllc where mlnoeen is used clover can,
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or laci, supply growlh equwalenr lo 2m kg ol nrlrogen
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/ha and o lar heller unused by came rhan rs rhe lhe
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gm“ sword recommended by adhisurs. This energy
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roirace rs lyplcal ol pasiure developed wuhour any
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\mmd nulrirnrnnl abserealyons or alrc ‘ lo Ix\'e<(0<k
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relerences
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P ll rs eerdenr on any heurrrly browsed areas um only
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poisonous. spiny, or very mugh planls evenmally come
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In occupy a range, r lhal nuxlnus weeds are anarlher
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rndlcalor nl lwerusu ol range. although we bllndly
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blame llle weeds lhar prelecr lhe soil, nor ihe manage
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mm or callle
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Scum changes rm: more subile, llalweeds lplamarn,
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dandelioni may male in occupy rnurc oi grasslands in
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ma] cllrnales or areas ol poor drainage. I’znnallem
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bunch grasses, succuleni rn dry periods, may be
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replaced wuh ephemeral annuals wnrrh dmughlecll m
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summer and low lrec lorowse rnay beellmlnaied, as has
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happened m Calrlorora and many dry areas
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There are several marragcmcnl slralegles which can
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rererse lhese crends. For rnsrance, rn lhe abeye eraroplc
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llalw-eeds unpalable re sheep are prelecred by wallaby
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bunch grasses will remain ll heavrly sloclred, seeded
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agam, and rhcn complclcly reeled llhrs rs a quesuon ol
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lenclng slralegyi The bear slralegy rs lo balance
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browsing species wirh planl specres, lo allow resl
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pcrrods on range, And hr amid lixcd shocking ol
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animals on anyone parl ol lhc range, Good managers
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allow a 2A; year roralron ol herds, using 15!! neldsor
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runs, and pay close aireabon ho observed wee-wraiion
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a! browse The longer (9 year) period is used on
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