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HTML
685 lines
64 KiB
HTML
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<title>Properties</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="LibreOffice 4.2.8.2 (Linux)">
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<body lang="en-GB" text="#99ccff" link="#0000ff" dir="ltr">
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#ff0000"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>P<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPProp_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="100" height="40" border="0">roperties.</b></font></font>
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Among the necessary truths about <i>what is </i>that follow from
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spatiomaterialism, the first set has to do with the nature of
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properties. Its main significance for issues in traditional
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philosophy is how it offers naturalists a solution to the problem of
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mind. By "consciousness," I mean the the fact that
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experience has an appearance to the subject, or that it is like
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something to be the subject. It cannot be explained without
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substances having phenomenal properties as well as physical
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properties, and ontological philosophy offers an explanation of
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phenomenal properties which entails that they have a necessary
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relationship to physical properties. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">This
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implication of our ontology does not depend on recognizing the
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existence of space, but would follow from any form of materialism
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that took ontology to be explanatory and used the concept of
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substance introduced in <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/L/LoOtdO04.htm" target="Lo"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Ontology:
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Substances</font></a></u></font>. That makes it unique among the
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implications of ontological philosophy concerning the issues raised
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by traditional philosophical issues, for the rest depend on
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substantivalism about space. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
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the case of phenomenal properties, the implications depend on our
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definition of the nature of substance, and the reason contemporary
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naturalists have overlooked this explanation is that materialism (or
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physicalism) is understood as realism about the theories of
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contemporary physics. Materialists posit the existence of whatever is
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required for the truth of the theories they believe, but they do not
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think much further about the nature of substances and properties.
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Thus, they take properties to be as ontologically basic as material
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substances, and that makes the relationship between physical and
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phenomenal properties seem puzzling. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Let
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us consider first what ontological philosophy implies about the
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nature of basic properties and their kinds before we take up the
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problem that follow from taking properties as just objects of
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knowledge.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#800000"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>P<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPAsAs_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="103" height="36" border="0">roperties
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as aspects of substances.</b></font></font> We have already seen how
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properties are related to the substances postulated by an explanatory
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ontology. They are <i>aspects </i>of substances, or part of what is
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assumed by postulating them which reason can pick out. We leave open
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questions about how rational beings like us are able to distinguish
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one aspect from another (until we discuss how reason comes to exist
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in a spatiomaterialist world like ours and see how reason depends on
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spatial imagination). </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPBasic_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="93" height="32" border="0">he
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basic properties of substances. </b></font>We have already seen that
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substances, as substances, have two basic aspects, existence and
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essence. That is, they have the property of existence as well as an
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essential aspect to their nature. (See <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/L/LoOtdO05.htm" target="Lo"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Ontology:
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Nature of substance</font></a></u></font>.) But at this point, we
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must recognize two further aspects that may be involved in the
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essential aspect of the nature of substance as substance. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>E<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPExist_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="62" height="23" border="0">xistence.</b></i>
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We have already seen how the existential aspect of substance as
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substance (or its property of existing) includes two properties,
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particularity and temporality. In other words, to say that a
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substance exists is to say that it has an existence that is distinct
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from other substances in the world (particularity) and that it
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endures through time temporality). (We take the temporal aspect to be
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endurance, because we have seen that endurance is the best
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ontological explanation of the nature of time, including both change
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and what makes the present different from past and future than
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perdurance. See <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/L/LoOtfS06.htm" target="Lo"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Spatiomaterialism:
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Best explanation of time</font></a></u></font>.) </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>E<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPEssence_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="61" height="22" border="0">ssence.
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</b></i>Each substance must have an essential aspect in addition to
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its existential aspect, because in order to exist at all, it must
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exist in some determinate way. This was our reason for holding that
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substances have two basic aspects to their natures as substances, not
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only existence, but also an essence. It makes no sense to hold that
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something exists and to deny that it has any further aspect to its
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nature. But there may be two aspects to the essential aspect of the
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nature of substance as substance.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>I<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPIntrinsi_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="50" height="21" border="0">ntrinsic
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nature.</i> This most basic aspect of its essential nature will be
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called its "intrinsic" essential property, for it is the
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kind of essential property that a substance has in virtue of existing
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as something distinct from all the other substances in the world. It
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is what the substance is <i>in itself</i>, or its way of existing on
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its own. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>E<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPExtrinsi_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="50" height="20" border="0">xtrinsic
|
||
nature.</i> But its intrinsic essential nature is not all there is to
|
||
the essential nature of a substance, if the substance is part of the
|
||
same world as other substances (and the existence of other substances
|
||
is not entailed by its essential nature, as in the case of parts of
|
||
space). Insofar as the world is made up of substances that exist
|
||
independently of one another, and insofar as those substances are
|
||
related to one another in some way other than simply being parts of
|
||
the same world, each substance must also have extrinsic essential
|
||
properties relative to those other substances. It may have different
|
||
extrinsic essential properties relative to each kind of substance to
|
||
which it is related, but its essential nature must have some such
|
||
aspects. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Thus, the
|
||
essential aspect of the nature of substance as substance includes two
|
||
kinds of essential properties: an <i>intrinsic </i>essential property
|
||
and <i>extrinsic </i>essential properties. In other words, each
|
||
substance must <i>exist some way in itself </i>and it must also <i>exist
|
||
some way for other substances</i> that exist independently of it as
|
||
part of the same world. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
<i>intrinsic </i>and <i>extrinsic </i>aspects of the essential
|
||
natures of substance can certainly be distinguished by reason. The
|
||
world is made up of substances, and we can think about each distinct
|
||
substance <i>as it is in itself</i>, whatever that may turn out to
|
||
be, because in order to exist at all, it must exist in some
|
||
determinate way. And if there are other substances whose existence
|
||
does not depend on what it is in itself, we can also think about <i>what
|
||
it is for other substances</i>, assuming that it is related to other
|
||
substances in some determinate way in addition to merely being part
|
||
of the same world with them (and that relation is not part of its
|
||
intrinsic essential nature, as in the case of parts of space relative
|
||
to one another). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">What a
|
||
substance is in itself cannot be reduced to what it is for other,
|
||
independent substances, because if its extrinsic essential nature
|
||
were all there is to its essential nature, there would be nothing to
|
||
be related to other substances. Relations need <i>relata,</i> or
|
||
something that already exists. The <i>relata </i>are substances, and
|
||
since every substance has an essential aspect to its nature as well
|
||
as an existential aspect, each <i>relatum </i>has an intrinsic
|
||
essential aspect. Since substances already have intrinsic essential
|
||
natures, their relationships to other, independent substances must be
|
||
a further aspect of the essential aspects of their natures as
|
||
substances. Thus, each substance must have properties of both kinds,
|
||
though different kinds of substances making up the same world may
|
||
have different kinds of intrinsic and extrinsic essential natures.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPOfBasic_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="92" height="35" border="0">he
|
||
basic properties of the two basic substances.</b></font><i>
|
||
</i>Spatiomaterialism postulates the existence of two basic
|
||
substances, matter and space, and it assumes that each bit of matter
|
||
coincides with some part of space or other. But as we have seen,
|
||
matter and space have opposite natures as parts of the world. Though
|
||
in both cases, it makes sense to think of the substances as
|
||
consisting of many particular substances, their parts are related to
|
||
one another in opposite ways. Bits of matter can exist independently
|
||
of one another, but no part of space can exist without all the other
|
||
parts of space. That is, space has a unique kind of wholeness about
|
||
it, which matter lacks. The parts of space are dependent on one
|
||
another, whereas the parts of matter are independent of one another.
|
||
Being opposite in this way is crucial to their roles in making up the
|
||
natural world, for nearly every new necessary truth that is supported
|
||
by ontological philosophy comes from how space contains all the bits
|
||
of matter. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Matter
|
||
and space are, however, different basic substances. The existence of
|
||
one does not entail the existence of the other. We do not know what
|
||
bits of matter would be like, if they did not coincide with space, or
|
||
even if that is possible. But each has an existence that is distinct
|
||
from the other. That is the basic assumption of spatiomaterialism.
|
||
That is, there would be a difference between parts of space with
|
||
which bits of matter coincide and parts with which no bits of matter
|
||
coincide, even if that never actually happens, given what physics
|
||
implies about the nature of matter. (As we will see, however, space
|
||
can be empty.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Both
|
||
space and matter must, therefore, have all the basic properties that
|
||
entities must have to be substances at all, including both kinds of
|
||
existential properties and both kinds of essential properties. Space
|
||
and matter have existential properties in the same way. But since
|
||
each basic substance is made up of parts in opposite ways, each has
|
||
intrinsic and extrinsic essential properties in different ways. To
|
||
make this clear, let us generate a catalogue of all their basic
|
||
properties, starting with matter. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>B<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPMatter_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="62" height="23" border="0">asic
|
||
properties of matter. </b></i>Matter is a basic kind of substance,
|
||
and since it is related to every other substance (of both basic
|
||
kinds) in a determinate way, it must have both an intrinsic and
|
||
extrinsic aspect to the essential aspect to its nature as substance. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>I<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPIntrinsi_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="50" height="21" border="0">ntrinsic
|
||
nature of matter</i>. Matter must have an intrinsic nature, even if
|
||
matter cannot actually exist without being contained by space,
|
||
because it must exist in itself in a determinate way in order to have
|
||
an existence that is distinct from space. (That intrinsic nature may,
|
||
therefore, be what matter is in itself as it coincides with space,
|
||
but it is nevertheless different from the aspect of matter by which
|
||
it is related to space.) What is more, however, matter comes in
|
||
particular substances that exist independently of one another, and
|
||
thus, each material substance must have an intrinsic property
|
||
independently of all the other bits of matter. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
intrinsic property of each bit of matter is simply whatever it is in
|
||
itself, that is, as something that has an existence distinct from
|
||
every other substances. This could be anything a substance might be
|
||
in itself (though as we shall see, it is the aspect of the essential
|
||
nature of matter that makes it possible to explain phenomenal
|
||
properties.) Since there may be different forms of matter, with
|
||
different essential natures, the intrinsic properties of matter may
|
||
be various. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>E<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPExtrinsi_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="50" height="20" border="0">xtrinsic
|
||
nature of matter. </i>Each bit of matter must also have an extrinsic
|
||
aspect to its essential nature, because it is related to other
|
||
substances which exist independently of it as parts of a single
|
||
world. But according to spatiomaterialism, the substances that exist
|
||
independently of each bit of matter include both space and other bits
|
||
of matter, and thus, each bit of matter can have two fundamentally
|
||
different kinds of extrinsic essential properties: one by which it is
|
||
related to space, and aspect, which presumably depends on the former,
|
||
by which it is related to other bits of matter.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>E<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAC0AAAARCAMAAAB+fNV+AAAAYFBMVEX////38PDv4ODn0NDjx5vfwMDXsLDHr4jMmZm5on7HkJDGk3K+i2y/gICxgGS3cHChclmvYGCLX0qmUFCeQEB7UD+ZMzNuRTZmPjFjOy6OICCGEBB+AAAAAAAAAAAAAACDK5QDAAAAzElEQVR4nJXQ7RaCIAwGYIVGRC0jFhWs+7/NBh7p9OXR/UAdD/hCt/ldu8dj+93tNt3y2ovmpdUdVunjKn1qOnvEkOf1edJZIwU3zOvLpEmPHWdByRoA7ZhTfQwaIFV9bUmMthiFBc69zCVSxEDyUzLM3lZ9e50yk5eNCgBKyqDoOoUKAFzV95a7DMFUrRK6skZepOlNy910VBadjhIYAZl6dD1x0OgsGyjjm5ZzksSW3FQ2TJRjLumofkT+1GOVJH9v8EvP3vd6vbzuTynWOTJSZyzbAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" name="OdhPToSpace_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="45" height="17" border="0">xtrinsic
|
||
nature of matter relative to space. </i>One kind of extrinsic
|
||
essential property of matter is how it is related to space. Every bit
|
||
of matter must be capable of coinciding with some part of space or
|
||
other, since that is what spatiomaterialism assumes the basic
|
||
relationship between matter and space to be. Given the essential
|
||
nature of space, as we have seen, that gives each bit of matter
|
||
certain spatial relations (in three dimensions) to every other part
|
||
of space. And since every other bit of matter coincides with some
|
||
part(s) of space or other, coinciding with space also gives each bit
|
||
of matter certain spatial relations to every other bit of matter in
|
||
space. They are all contained by space. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Each bit of
|
||
matter coincides with a part <i>or parts </i>of space. No assumption
|
||
has been made about how much space bits of matter can coincide with.
|
||
There may be different forms of matter contained by space, and
|
||
different forms of matter may coincide with larger or smaller areas
|
||
of space. Bits of matter may even be spread out in space unevenly. It
|
||
depends on further aspects of the extrinsic essential nature of
|
||
matter relative to space which will be discussed later (in <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/L/LoOtkCaL07.htm" target="Lo"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Change:
|
||
Contingent laws of physics</font></a></u></font>), when we take up
|
||
the ontological explanation of physics and how space and matter
|
||
endure through time. All we assume here is that each bit of matter
|
||
has, at the moment of its existence, a unity about it, so that it
|
||
exists as a whole distinct from all other bits of matter. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Furthermore,
|
||
since both matter and space endure through time, there may also be a
|
||
temporal aspect to the extrinsic essential nature of matter relative
|
||
to space. For example, it is possible that part of the extrinsic
|
||
essential nature of bits of matter relative to space is that they
|
||
move across space in some determinate way.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>E<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPToMatter_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="46" height="16" border="0">xtrinsic
|
||
nature of matter relative to matter. </i>Simply being contained by
|
||
space gives each bit of matter determinate spatial relations to every
|
||
other bit of matter, but that is not a basic part of its extrinsic
|
||
essential nature, because it is entailed by its extrinsic nature
|
||
relative to space, being contained by space, and the nature of space.
|
||
But since other bits of matter in space exist independently of it,
|
||
there can be a basic extrinsic aspect to its essential nature that is
|
||
relative to other bits of matter is space. For example, if one bit of
|
||
matter coincides with a particular part(s) of space, it may not be
|
||
possible for other bits of matter to be located there, or not
|
||
possible for bits of matter of certain other kinds to be contained by
|
||
that part of space. Furthermore, if motion is an aspect of the
|
||
extrinsic essential nature of bits of matter relative to space, their
|
||
spatial relations may change over time, and there may be regularities
|
||
about how their motions affect one another (that is, they may exert
|
||
forces by which they change one anothers motion). Indeed, if there
|
||
are different forms of matter, there may be ways that bits of matter,
|
||
because of their relative locations and motion, affect one another’s
|
||
forms. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This is how
|
||
<i>physical properties </i>are explained ontologically. The basic
|
||
laws of physics describe regularities in the motion and interaction
|
||
of basic particles, and the properties they must mention in order to
|
||
predict or control what happens are called "physical
|
||
properties." Hence, the truth of the basic laws of physics can
|
||
be explained ontologically by the extrinsic essential natures of bits
|
||
of matter relative to space and relative to other bits of matter,
|
||
since their extrinsic properties include how the bits of matter move
|
||
and interact with one another. Indeed, that is how spatiomaterialism
|
||
will explain the basic laws of physics. In other words, physical
|
||
properties will turn out to be extrinsic aspects of the essential
|
||
nature of matter with respect to space, with respect to matter, or
|
||
with respect to both. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It should
|
||
be noticed, however, that this way of explaining physical laws makes
|
||
a distinction between two different aspects of the extrinsic
|
||
essential aspect of matter, implying that there is a difference
|
||
between two kinds of physical properties. The physical properties
|
||
having to do with spatial relations and motion are different from
|
||
those having to do with interactions, because the extrinsic essential
|
||
natures of matter relative to space is different from their extrinsic
|
||
essential natures relative to other bits of matter. Indeed, this is,
|
||
as shall see, the beginning of a deeper (that is, ontological)
|
||
explanation of the truth of the basic laws of physics.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>B<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPSpace_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="63" height="22" border="0">asic
|
||
properties of space. </b></i>Space is also a substance enduring
|
||
through time, and since, as a substance, it exists independently of
|
||
matter, it must also have two aspects to its essential nature: an
|
||
intrinsic and an extrinsic essential aspect to its nature as a
|
||
substance. That distinction arises for space because of its
|
||
relationship to matter, and unlike bits of matter, no such
|
||
distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic properties can be made in
|
||
the case of parts of space. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Space
|
||
has an opposite nature from matter. It has a unique wholeness,
|
||
because its parts cannot exist at all unless they are all related to
|
||
one another geometrically in three dimensions. They are not
|
||
independent substances. Since their relations to one another are part
|
||
of the essential nature of each part of space, they do not need any
|
||
further aspect of their essential natures by which to account for the
|
||
relations to one another. Their essential natures include their
|
||
relations to one another, and thus, there is no way to distinguish
|
||
between an intrinsic and extrinsic aspect to their essential natures.
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The reason
|
||
for distinguishing an extrinsic from the intrinsic aspect of the
|
||
essential nature of a substance was that when a substance exists
|
||
together with other substances as parts of the same world, it needs
|
||
some way of being related to them (beyond merely being parts of the
|
||
same world). But since that was to assume that the substances exist
|
||
independently of one another, we excluded substances whose essential
|
||
natures entailed the existence of other substances, for they must
|
||
already have relations to those other substances as part of their
|
||
essential nature. That holds in the case of the parts of space. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">To be sure,
|
||
each part of space has an existence that is distinct from every other
|
||
part of space. But they all have the same kind of essential nature,
|
||
for they each have the same kind of relations to all the other parts
|
||
of space. What makes the parts of space different from one another is
|
||
the <i>particular parts of space </i>to which they have those
|
||
relations. And since their relations to one another are part of their
|
||
essential nature, they need only their essential natures to be
|
||
related to all the other parts of space. That is why the existence of
|
||
any part of space entails the existence of all the other parts of
|
||
space.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It is
|
||
possible to put this point paradoxically. Since the intrinsic nature
|
||
of a substance is what it is in itself and its extrinsic nature is
|
||
what it is for other substances, one might say that the intrinsic
|
||
nature of each part of space relative to other parts of space entails
|
||
its extrinsic nature, because what it for other parts of space is
|
||
just what it is in itself as a part of space. But the paradox just
|
||
emphasizes that no distinction can be made between the intrinsic and
|
||
extrinsic natures of parts of space relative to one another. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
the case of space, therefore, the essential nature of each part of
|
||
space as a part of space includes all its relations to other parts of
|
||
space. That is the wholeness of space, and though it means that there
|
||
is no distinction between the intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of the
|
||
essential nature of each part of space <i>relative to other parts of
|
||
space</i>, it also has implications for both the intrinsic and
|
||
extrinsic essential nature of space <i>relative to matter</i>. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>I<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPIntrinsi_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="50" height="21" border="0">ntrinsic
|
||
essential nature of space relative to matter. </i>To exist
|
||
independently of matter as its container, space must be something in
|
||
itself. It must exist in a determinate way apart from space. That is
|
||
the intrinsic essential nature of space relative to matter. But it is
|
||
a nature that space can have only as a whole. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
essential aspect of the nature of space as a whole includes its being
|
||
made up of parts with geometrical relations to one another in three
|
||
dimensions, that is, being made up of all the locations in three
|
||
dimensional space. This interdependence of the parts of space means
|
||
that the essential nature of each part of space includes having
|
||
geometrical relations to every other part of space. In both cases,
|
||
the essential nature is the aspect the substances have in virtue of
|
||
<i>how </i>they exist, and since the parts of space necessarily make
|
||
up the whole of space, it is the same aspect of these substances that
|
||
characterizes the essential nature of both part and whole. That
|
||
aspect of the essential nature of space is the intrinsic nature of
|
||
space. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">There is,
|
||
however, a part-whole relation involved in the essential nature of
|
||
space. That is, the part is not identical to the whole, because it is
|
||
only part of the whole. The whole is identical to all the parts.
|
||
Thus, the existence of space as a whole entails the existence of each
|
||
of its parts. But since all the parts must exist, if any one of them
|
||
exists, the existence existence of any part of space also entails the
|
||
existence of the whole. (Though there is a necessary relationship
|
||
between them, it is, at this point, true because of what we mean by
|
||
the terms used, that is, an analytic truth, not an ontologically
|
||
necessary truth. It is an ontologically necessary truth about the
|
||
world only if spatiomaterialism is the best possible ontological
|
||
explanation of the world.) </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Neither
|
||
part nor whole is prior to the other. Space cannot be explained
|
||
ontologically as a collection of parts of space, because no part of
|
||
space can exist without the whole. Likewise the parts of space cannot
|
||
be explained ontologically by the whole, because the whole of space
|
||
is just all the parts of space. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">What makes
|
||
the parts of space different from one another is not their essential
|
||
natures, but the particular parts of space to which each part has the
|
||
geometrical relations entailed by its essential nature. This is to
|
||
assume that all the parts of space have the same kind of essential
|
||
nature, and that is the assumption we are making, since it is the
|
||
simplest assumption we can make about the nature of space. But it
|
||
does imply that space is infinite, both in its divisibility and its
|
||
extent, and thus, the essential nature of space (or its intrinsic
|
||
essential nature relative to matter) is an aspect of something that
|
||
is infinite. (Of course, if it were to turn out that space is finite,
|
||
as contemporary cosmology assumes, a much more complex assumption
|
||
would have to be made about space, because if space has edges, the
|
||
parts of space would have to have different essential natures. But
|
||
space would presumably still have an essential nature that
|
||
characterizes both part and whole equally, since they would still
|
||
entail one another, and that would be its intrinsic nature relative
|
||
to matter..) </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
part-whole relation that holds for space is the unique wholeness of
|
||
space, and since it is an assumption of spatiomaterialism, there is
|
||
no genuine ontological explanation of it. But it is a remarkable
|
||
essential nature, and since it is so basic to the spatiomaterialist
|
||
explanation of the world (including its explanation of many further
|
||
part-whole relations, as we shall see), a few comment might make it
|
||
easier to grasp what is involved in taking space to be a substance. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The parts
|
||
of space are puzzling. Mathematicians call them points because the
|
||
simplest parts of space have no spatial dimensions. But since they
|
||
make up space as a whole, there are infinitely many of them in any
|
||
finite distance. That is called the "continuousness" of
|
||
space, or its infinite divisibility. But since it has been assumed as
|
||
part of the essential nature of space, there is no ontological
|
||
explanation of it in spatiomaterialism. It is just another aspect of
|
||
the wholeness of space.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">As
|
||
explained above, the wholeness of space implies that parts of space
|
||
do not have extrinsic essential natures relative to one another. This
|
||
is because what forces us to recognize that any substance has an
|
||
extrinsic nature is that it can exist independently of other
|
||
substances and is nevertheless related to them in some more
|
||
determinate way than simply being parts of the same world with them.
|
||
An extrinsic essential property characterizes what the substance is
|
||
<i>for </i>the other substance, or what it contributes to how they
|
||
are related. But since parts of space cannot exist independently of
|
||
one another, they lack extrinsic essential natures as parts relative
|
||
to other parts of space. Their relations to one another are part of
|
||
their essential natures. The existence of one part of space entails
|
||
the existence of all the others. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">To say that
|
||
the parts of space lack extrinsic essential natures relative to other
|
||
parts of space makes it seem that they do have intrinsic essential
|
||
natures relative to other parts of space. After all, since each part
|
||
of space does have an existence that is distinct from every other
|
||
part of space, it must have something in itself. But since what it is
|
||
in itself includes it geometrical relations to every other part of
|
||
space, its intrinsic nature seems to be just its essential nature as
|
||
a part of space. Thus, it is less misleading to say that no
|
||
distinction can be made between extrinsic and intrinsic natures of
|
||
parts of space relative to other parts of space. That is just the
|
||
unique part-whole relation about space.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It is the
|
||
unique wholeness of space that makes it odd to think of space as a
|
||
substance. Space does not seem to be a substance because it is
|
||
everywhere. That makes it seem like nothing to us, because we are, as
|
||
rational beings, parts of the world (that is, located in space), and
|
||
we use the structure of space as a way of thinking about the world.
|
||
We think of material objects as what is substantial about the world,
|
||
and we take for granted that such substances have have spatial
|
||
relations to one another, because that is also a most basic aspect of
|
||
our way of thinking about the world. (That is, spatial imagination is
|
||
built into every perception). But the appearance that space is
|
||
nothing is just the essential nature of space (both part and whole).
|
||
That is just its intrinsic nature relative to matter. And it is
|
||
because the parts of space exist in such a way that they make up a
|
||
three dimensional whole that the bits of matter that coincide with
|
||
parts of space are related to one another. Thus, to see as nothing
|
||
is, in effect, to grasp its intrinsic nature relative to matter. That
|
||
is how it appears from "inside space," so to speak. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">On the
|
||
other hand, to think of space as a substance is, in effect, to see
|
||
space from the outside, rather than from the inside. It gives us the
|
||
same angle on space that space itself gives us on material objects,
|
||
because it provides a context in which we can see how space is
|
||
related to other things, most relevantly, how it is related to bits
|
||
of matter. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It may
|
||
help, therefore, to step back a bit and think about what we are doing
|
||
in taking space to be a substance. We are recognizing that space is
|
||
an ontological cause of the things that are found in the natural
|
||
world that is different from matter, that is, as a separate
|
||
principle, along with matter, in explaining everything. Space is
|
||
something self-subsistent that helps constitute the world. It may not
|
||
be possible to have a deeper understanding of the intrinsic essential
|
||
nature of space relative to matter than what we know by its role,
|
||
along with matter, in explaining the world ontologically. That is the
|
||
step that is required, as I have suggested, to see the world from the
|
||
outside. But "from the outside" is itself a spatial
|
||
metaphor. You cannot see space from the outside, for taken literally,
|
||
the outside of anything is always inside space itself. Thus, as I
|
||
have suggested, it may be better to think of substantivalism about
|
||
space as what we must assume in order to have a God’s Eye View of
|
||
the world. After all, space is something that God would have had to
|
||
create, along with matter, in order to create the natural world. But
|
||
neither can that description be taken literally, since, as
|
||
naturalists we deny that there is any being that transcends the
|
||
world. Thus, the best we can do is, perhaps, just to recognize that
|
||
the existence of space as a substance enduring though time is just an
|
||
independent, basic assumption of the most complete ontological
|
||
explanation that we can give of the world. Everything else in the
|
||
world is located within the three dimensions of space. That is the
|
||
bottom of our understanding of the nature of the world, according to
|
||
ontological philosophy.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>E<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdhPExtrinsi_up" align="right" hspace="5" width="50" height="20" border="0">xtrinsic
|
||
essential nature of space. </i>Just as bits of matter have an
|
||
extrinsic essential nature that allows them to coincide with space
|
||
space, so space must have an extrinsic essential nature that allows
|
||
it to coincide with bits of matter. But since space is a whole with
|
||
parts that differ from one another as different locations in its
|
||
three dimensional structure, it is not clear whether this extrinsic
|
||
essential property characterizes the essential aspect of space as a
|
||
whole or its parts. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Particular
|
||
bits of matter clearly coincide with particular parts of space. But
|
||
if any bit of matter coincides with more than one part of space,
|
||
coinciding with bits of matter is also clearly something that parts
|
||
of space must do jointly. Furthermore, it is only because many
|
||
different bits of matter are all contained by the same whole space
|
||
that coinciding with space gives them spatial relations to one
|
||
another. Thus, what coincides with them seems to be space as a whole
|
||
as well as its parts. That is, bits of matter are contained by space </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">On
|
||
the other hand, coinciding with bits of matter is something space
|
||
does to each bit of matter separately, not how space relates to
|
||
matter as a whole, because matter is not a whole, but just all the
|
||
bits that exist. To be sure, space coincides with all the bits of
|
||
matter in the world. But that is just the spatiomaterialist
|
||
assumption about how these two basic substances exist together as a
|
||
world, not something that characterizes the essential natures of
|
||
space as a whole and matter as a whole. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">What
|
||
makes the nature of space problematic is its unique wholeness, or how
|
||
space is made up of parts and yet is still one. For our purposes,
|
||
therefore, it is enough to recognize that the capacity to contain
|
||
bits of matter is the extrinsic essential nature of space, both whole
|
||
and part, though each bit of matter coincides with some part (or
|
||
contiguous parts) of space or other(s). And if different varieties of
|
||
material substances are contained by space in different ways, it must
|
||
have all the extrinsic essential properties required to do so. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Furthermore,
|
||
space must also have extrinsic essential properties corresponding to
|
||
all the extrinsic essential properties of bits of matter relative to
|
||
space. That is, it must give bits of matter motion through space, if
|
||
that is how they coincide with space, and it must enable them to
|
||
interact in all the ways that are involved in the extrinsic essential
|
||
natures of various kinds of bits of matter relative to other bits of
|
||
matter. These are also extrinsic essential properties that space both
|
||
has as a whole and in each part. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Nor is that
|
||
necessarily all there is to the extrinsic essential nature of space
|
||
(though relativistic physics holds, in effect, that it is). Since
|
||
space is a substance, which exists independently of matter, it is
|
||
possible for space to interact with bits of matter in other ways.
|
||
Indeed, that is what we shall need to assume in order to explain
|
||
ontologically how Einstein’s special and general theories of
|
||
relativity are true. The basic assumption of our ontological
|
||
explanation of relativity will be is that light always has a
|
||
determinate velocity relative to space itself, and in explaining
|
||
special relativity, we will hold that space imposes certain (Lorentz)
|
||
distortions on material objects moving through space with high
|
||
velocity. In the case of general relativity, we will assume, further,
|
||
that the accumulation of large quantities of matter in space alters
|
||
the velocity at which light moves in nearby regions of space. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This is to
|
||
hold that the parts of space can contain bits of matter in different
|
||
ways in the regions around centers of gravity But that is not to say
|
||
that are any changes in the relations among the parts of space
|
||
itself. It is only to say that there is a change in how bits of
|
||
matter coincide with space in those regions. In short, the assumption
|
||
we shall make in explaining Einsteinian relativity is that space has
|
||
an absolute, uniform Euclidean three dimensional structure, and that
|
||
that structure is not changed even though the extrinsic essential
|
||
nature of space includes interactions with matter that change the
|
||
state of certain parts of space and, thereby, change how bits of
|
||
matter coincide with space in those regions. (See <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/LoOtkCaLbStr.htm" target="Lo"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Change:
|
||
Special theory of relativity</font></a></u></font> and <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/LoOtkCaLcGtr.htm" target="Lo">Change:
|
||
General theory of relativity</a></u></font>.) </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In a more
|
||
speculative way, I will suggest that space also plays a role in
|
||
explaining the truth of quantum mechanics, the basic particles
|
||
recognized by physics, and certain issues in cosmology. Those roles
|
||
would characterize further the extrinsic essential nature of space,
|
||
both part and whole. (See <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/LoOtkCaLdQm.htm" target="Lo"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Change:
|
||
Quantum mechanics</font></a></u></font><font face="Arial, sans-serif">
|
||
and </font><font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/LoOtkCaLeCos.htm" target="Lo"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Change:
|
||
Cosmology</font></a></u></font><font face="Arial, sans-serif">.)</font></font></font></p>
|
||
</body>
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||
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