244 lines
18 KiB
HTML
244 lines
18 KiB
HTML
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<title>Spatial global regularities</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<body lang="en-GB" text="#99ccff" link="#0000ff" dir="ltr">
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#993366"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>S<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADcAAAAWCAMAAABT9fTnAAAAYFBMVEX////38PDv4ODn0NDjx5vfwMDWu5LXsLDMmZnHkJC/gIC3cHCvYGCmUFCeQECZMzNVSzqOICCGEBA5MicrJR1+AAAcGRMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABNoYGmAAAAzElEQVR4nOXP2w6DIAwGYIVVjsLK1vn+b7qC7pAJO5glu1gTBeH/kHa7Vh0mrn1rt2u64TRNx+GJ6zYVO/q8/sglbx3WU+E6i2blpA1erAhkA7cT4NGVlcSP9ZAP9QCWCIXmd55oULHmUm9CKksjKceJRMpTko5/yAmMFEXNEVroFZVQ3uVPYZd75oTX0FVd6TFcHIqR7J0zGqnqIgeSwDnkKEii3BqMs+MRqw6VAFlCIBU3qiUodqOE4qIA074nLc28rC+6t+onbkudAS38RuqHcvEIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" name="OdkC19" align="right" hspace="5" width="55" height="22" border="0">patial
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global regularities. </b></font></font>The basic spatial global
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regularity is that matter is conserved. The total quantity of matter
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in any closed or isolated region of space does not change. But under
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certain circumstances, it entails a less general spatial global
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regularity, the conservation of energy.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000">“<font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Spatial
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global regularity” is an appropriate name, because nothing is
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assumed about the nature of matter except what is entailed by
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spatiomaterialism (besides space, the existence of many particular
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substances, each coinciding with some part of space or other.) This
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global regularity is the purest ontological effect of the wholeness
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of space.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
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regularities caused ontologically by space are not just global. The
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structure of space also helps cause necessary principles and
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contingent laws about local regularities (or the basic laws of
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physics, classical and contemporary). Since bits of matter have
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spatial relations to one another because they coincide with parts of
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space, the way those spatial relations change as a result of motion
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is partly determined by the structure of space. This might be called
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the local aspect of space.</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The global
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aspect of space, on the other hand, is its wholeness, or the fact
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that all the parts of space fit together as a single system of
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locations that are all related to one another geometrically. The
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wholeness of space is an ontological cause of regularities about
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change in entire regions of space, because it requires that all the
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local changes that occur in any region fit together in space as time
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passes. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">When
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combined with the assumption that matter has a nature that makes the
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basic laws of physics true, the spatial global regularity (that
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matter is conserved in a closed or isolated system) entails that
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energy is conserved in any closed system. That is an ontological
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explanation of the first law of thermodynamics in a spatiomaterial
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world like ours. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Conservation
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principles are called “principles”, because they are supposed to
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be too basic to be explained by anything else. But conservation
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principles can be explained ontologically, though in the case of the
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conservation of matter, the global regularity is so obvious that it
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may seem to be trivial. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">The
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conservation of matter.</font> Spatiomaterialism holds that matter
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and space are substances enduring through time. Since matter is a
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substance, it neither comes into existence nor goes out of existence
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over time. That is how matter itself is an ontological cause of the
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conservation of matter. The total quantity of matter cannot change,
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because matter is a substance. But space is also a ontological cause
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of this regularity, because matter is contained by space and it is by
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coinciding with parts of space that bits of matter have spatial
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relations to one another. Space is what gives particular substances
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the relationship that makes it possible for them to add up, that is,
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to be added together and have a total, as we saw in <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/LoOtjR.htm" target="Lo"><font face="Arial, sans-serif">Relations</font></a></u></font>,
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where the truth of mathematics was explained ontologically. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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relevance of space as a cause of conservation principles is implicit
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in the way they are formulated. They hold that some quantity does not
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change in closed or isolated regions of space. But this reference to
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a region of space indicates a further ontological effect of space.
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The reason the total quantity of matter does not change in any closed
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or isolated region of space is that that is how change of any kind
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adds up in space as time passes when the bits of matter conform to
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the principle of local motion.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
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principle of local motion holds that the only way that bits of matter
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can change location is by motion, and since it was derived from
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spatiomaterialism, it is an ontologically necessary principle. But if
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it holds of all possible change, then the total quantity of matter in
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a closed region of space cannot change, because to be closed or
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isolated means that there is a two-dimensional surface surrounding
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the matter across which no matter is moving That is how bits of
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matter must “add up” over time because they coincide with space
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as a substance enduring through time. “Adding up” is an
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ontological consequence of the wholeness of the space that contains
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them. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Change in
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bits of matter adds up in space in the same way that the bits of
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matter themselves add up in space, except that change takes their
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endurance through time into consideration. The bits of matter endure
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though time, but since whatever happens, they cannot change location
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except by motion, the total matter cannot change in any closed or
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isolated region of space. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Though
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it may be obvious and simple, the lack of change in the total
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quantity of matter in a closed region of space is a regularity about
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change over time. It is a global regularity, because it has to do
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with the properties of whole regions of space. The regularity is not
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just what is assumed by postulating matter as a substance, but rather
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is explained ontologically by spatiomaterialism, because it is an
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aspect of the world enduring through time that depends on both space
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and matter and how they exist together as a world. Thus, the
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conservation of matter is an ontologically necessary regularity. If
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the total matter in a closed or isolated region did change,
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spatiomaterialism would be false. Matter is conserved, therefore, in
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every possible spatiomaterial world. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">The
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conservation of energy.</font> The first law of thermodynamics is the
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principle of the conservation of energy. It is a consequence of this
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spatial global regularity, if we take into account the forms of
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matter we have assumed in order to explain the basic laws of
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classical physics ontologically. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This
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implication will hardly be a surprise, since we used the principle of
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the conservation of mass and energy as a guide to ensure the
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completeness of our inventory of the forms of matter that had to be
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postulated in order to explain the basic laws of classical physics.
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But since that was just a working hypothesis for distinguishing the
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various forms of matter, it is relevant, now that we have shown that
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the forms of matter we assumed can indeed explain the truth of the
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basic laws of physics, to consider how those forms of matter make the
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principle of the conservation of energy true. The ontological
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explanation is not as simple as it may seem.</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">It
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may seem that the principle of the conservation of energy is an
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immediate consequence of the conservation of matter, because it is
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usually assumed that mass and energy are conserved separately as long
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as no nuclear reactions, converting rest mass to energy, occur in the
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region. The total quantity of matter that exists as energy in the
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region cannot change, because when the total rest mass does not
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change, matter does not exist in any other forms and matter does not
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come into existence or go out of existence. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">However,
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the principle of the conservation of energy is not so simple
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ontologically, because given our ontological explanation of the
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nature of potential energy, there <i>is </i>a conversion between rest
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mass and kinetic energy (or other forms of actual energy) whenever
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potential energy is being consumed or created, which happens in most
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ordinary physical processes.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Material
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objects exert forces that can accelerate material objects, and our
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theory is that those forces are a form of matter that helps make up
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the material objects and whose quantity is counted in their rest
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masses. When potential energy has given the objects kinetic energy,
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for example, the objects have not only changed their relative
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positions, but the force field itself has changed. The change in the
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force field means that less matter is required to constitute it, and
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that is the source of the kinetic energy, which on our theory is also
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a form of matter. Thus, it is a conversion of some of the matter
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counted as rest mass into matter that is counted as kinetic energy.
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The opposite conversion occurs when kinetic energy becomes potential
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energy, and the same principle holds for conversions between
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potential energy and photons (and other forms of matter). Thus, the
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conversion between potential energy and kinetic energy does not
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violate the principle of the conservation of <i>mass and energy</i>. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Even
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though, in these processes, matter is being converted between a form
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that is counted as rest mass and a form that is counted as kinetic
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energy, the total quantity of energy does not change. The reason is
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that potential energy is counted as zero when it is maximum and that
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any potential energy that is consumed as kinetic energy (or photons)
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is counted as a bit negative energy in the region. There can be no
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such thing as negative matter, since matter is a substance. But
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counting potential energy as negative energy keeps the energy
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accounts balanced. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Negative
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potential energy is explained ontologically as a decrease in the rest
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masses of the material objects. The “rest mass” of a material
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object is defined, according to our ontological explanation of
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physics, as its mass when it is at rest in absolute space and the
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only force field in its neighborhood is the one that it imposes by
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itself (that is, separate from other material objects). </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Thus, when
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it is (falsely) assumed that the rest masses of the objects involved
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are unchanged, counting potential energy as negative energy keeps the
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total quantity of mass and energy the same. The actual loss of mass
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from the total quantity of rest mass in the region is so small
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(according to Einstein’s equation, <i>E = mc</i><sup><i>2</i></sup>)
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that the change in potential energy is not easily detected as a
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change in rest mass. Thus, counting potential energy as a negative
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quantity makes it seem that energy is conserved separately from rest
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mass in these processes. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">But in
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fact, rest mass is not conserved. An object’s mass changes as its
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potential energy is actualized. Only the total of mass and energy are
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conserved even in most ordinary processes (where an object’s mass
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apart from its kinetic matter is accurately determined by subtracting
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the potential energy it has given up from its rest mass). </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Thus,
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whereas the conservation of matter is an ontologically necessary
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global regularity, the conservation of energy is ontologically
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necessary only on the condition that matter has a nature that makes
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the basic laws of physics true, and thus, this shows it to be
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ontologically necessary only in spatiomaterial worlds like our own.</font></font></font></p>
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</html>
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