565 lines
72 KiB
HTML
565 lines
72 KiB
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<title>Reproductive global regularities</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#993366"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>R<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="OdkCR_01" align="right" hspace="5" width="356" height="39" border="0">eproductive
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global regularities. </b></font></font>There is yet another kind of
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global regularity, because there is another kind of non-basic, or
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derivative, substance that can work together with space as an
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ontological cause to generate global regularities, namely,
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<i>reproductive cycles</i>. Such ontological causes derive from
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material and structural causation, but reproductive cycles work
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together with space to generate what are, by far, the most
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spectacular global regularities, namely, <i>evolutionary change</i>. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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ontological cause of reproductive global regularities is a derivative
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substance. It is constituted by a material structure that uses free
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energy to do work. But reproductive cycles are basically different
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from material structures, because their essential nature as a
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(derivative) substance has a temporal structure. Each reproductive
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cycle is, as the name suggests, a whole cycle of changes (exhibiting
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various irreversible structural global regularities), and thus, it
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takes place over a period of time. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">There is an
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existential aspect to reproductive cycles, as there is to any
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substance, because they endure through time. But in the case of
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reproductive cycles, endurance through time does not come directly
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from matter enduring through time, but rather indirectly, because it
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also depends on how one cycle gives rise to another cycle as time
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passes. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since each
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cycle in such a sequence takes time to be completed, the cycle itself
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does not exist fully at any moment. What does exist fully at each
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moment is the (complex) material structure that is going through the
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cycle (or what will be called the "primary structure"), and
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since it is the ontological cause of the irreversible structural
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global regularities that are the cycle of changes, the whole cycle is
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implicit in what exists at each moment as it is present. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Reproductive
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cycles have, in other words, more basic ontological causes. In
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addition to space (spatial causation), each series of cycles depends
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on a thermodynamic flow to supply the free energy (material
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causation) and a complex material structure that uses free energy to
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generate the cycle of changes (structural causation). Moreover, since
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reproductive cycles derive from more basic forms of ontological
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causation only with the addition of a temporal structure to their
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essential nature, that is, as a <i>cycle </i>of changes, time as well
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as space might also be said to be an ontological cause. But in any
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case, since a cycle of changes is what a complex material structure (
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that is, the primary structure) generates, reproductive cycles
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themselves endure through time like substances. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Though
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their endurance through time makes it possible for reproductive
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cycles to work together with space as an ontological cause, they
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would not be able to generate a new kind of global regularity (that
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is, one that is basically different from the irreversible structural
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global regularities, or “structural effects,” generated
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ontologically by the complex material structure), if the complex
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material structure did not generate two basically different kinds of
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structural global regularities during each cycle, one that reproduces
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the complex material structure and the other that does
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non-reproductive work. The inclusion of reproduction along with other
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structural effects is what makes them <i>reproductive</i> cycles,
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rather than mere cycles, and as we shall see, having both kinds of
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structural effects is what makes reproduction the basic cause of
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natural selection and, thus, of evolutionary change.. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><i>Primary
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structures. </i>The material structures going through reproductive
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cycles are ordinarily called "organisms" or "reproducing
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organisms," but since we will be recognizing a series of levels
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of part-whole complexity in organisms, I will use a technical term,
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"primary structure," to refer to the material structure
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that is responsible for the reproductive cycles being discussed. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Primary
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structures (including ordinary organisms) are <i>complex </i>material
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structures, because they are made up of many different parts each
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serving as a structural cause of a different structural global
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regularity during the reproductive cycle. But primary structures are
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a distinctive kind of complex material structure, because they are
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also the ontological cause of structural global regularity in which
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the entire, complex material structure is reproduced. That is, in
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addition to various forms of non-reproductive work, primary
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structures normally construct one or more new primary structures of
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the same kind to go through the next reproductive cycle alongside one
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another. In other words, in addition to surviving, organisms also
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reproduce. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: -1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><img 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" name="GlbRRwh" align="bottom" width="710" height="440" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
basic ontological effect of reproductive cycles and space is gradual
|
||
change in the direction of greater power. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Because
|
||
they reproduce, organisms tend to multiply in space as their
|
||
reproductive cycles follow one another in time, and thus, since the
|
||
organisms are all contained in the same region of space, their
|
||
population growth causes a scarcity of free energy (if nothing else).
|
||
Not all the organisms can continue going through reproductive cycles.
|
||
But it is not just chance which ones continue, because they do
|
||
non-reproductive work as well as reproduce. There is a natural
|
||
selection that favors those organisms whose non-reproductive work
|
||
promotes their reproduction, and thus, there is a change in the whole
|
||
region in which organisms become increasingly powerful in controlling
|
||
conditions that affect their reproduction.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Reproduction
|
||
is, in other words, the basic cause of natural selection.
|
||
Evolutionary change does not depend on changes in the environment.
|
||
Insofar as natural selection is caused by reproduction, rather than
|
||
environmental change, evolution is, as we shall see, a <i>gradual
|
||
</i>change in the direction of an optimal state, or “natural
|
||
perfection.” Gradual evolution is, therefore, progressive. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Besides
|
||
“gradual evolution,” however, there is another global regularity
|
||
caused by reproductive cycles, namely, “revolutionary evolution,”
|
||
by which one stage of gradual evolution gives rise to another in a
|
||
determinate series of evolutionary stages. The ontological cause of
|
||
this aspect of reproductive global regularities is higher levels of
|
||
part-whole complexity in the structures of the organisms going
|
||
through reproductive cycles, that is, by higher levels of part-whole
|
||
complexity in their primary structures. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Organisms
|
||
are just complex material structures, or "primary structures,"
|
||
and thus, it is possible for organisms that have become nearly
|
||
optimal by going through reproductive cycles to become bundled
|
||
together as so many different structural causes that go through
|
||
reproductive cycles as a whole, complex material structure, that is,
|
||
on a higher level of part-whole complexity. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The advent
|
||
of such a higher level of part-whole complexity in the structures of
|
||
organisms is a <i>revolutionary </i>change, because it begins a new
|
||
stage of gradual evolution, or change in the direction of natural
|
||
perfection. The organisms that are evolving at the new stage start
|
||
off simple, uniform and weak, and they gradually become increasingly
|
||
complex, diverse and powerful. But since they have structures with a
|
||
higher level of part-whole complexity, they are inherently more
|
||
powerful in controlling relevant conditions than those at the
|
||
previous stage, and their gradual evolution will make them far more
|
||
powerful than the organisms that evolved at previous stages. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since they
|
||
are caused by higher levels of part-whole complexity in reproducing
|
||
organisms, stages of evolution can occur only in a certain sequence,
|
||
and thus, the overall course of evolution is an inevitable series of
|
||
evolutionary stages. Since those stages are also change in the
|
||
direction of increasing power, the overall course of evolution is
|
||
progressive in a far grander way than the gradual evolution that
|
||
occurs at each stage, for it proceeds by one revolutionary change
|
||
after another in the direction of ever greater power to control
|
||
relevant conditions. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">(It should
|
||
be noted at the outset that there are several sequences of stages of
|
||
evolution in the overall course of evolution. The basic stages are
|
||
caused by higher levels of part-whole complexity in primary
|
||
structures, but there are other sequences of evolutionary stages,
|
||
because new stages of evolution can also be caused by higher levels
|
||
of part-whole complexity in secondary structures, or structures that
|
||
are set up or maintained by the same kind of primary structure,
|
||
including, as we shall see, levels of part-whole complexity in brain
|
||
structure and levels of part-whole complexity in linguistic
|
||
structures, such as arguments.) </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Comparison
|
||
to Darwinism. </b></i>These reproductive global regularities, both
|
||
gradual and revolutionary, are the ontological effect of reproductive
|
||
cycles and how they add up in space as time passes. I will call it
|
||
"evolution by reproductive causation." But it is basically
|
||
the "mechanism" that Darwin discovered, the mechanism of
|
||
random variation and natural selection. However, by deriving
|
||
reproductive causation from spatiomaterialism (and the kind of space
|
||
and matter required by the basic laws of physics), evolution is
|
||
explained ontologically, as a global regularity. That will show not
|
||
only that there are many aspects of evolution that are not currently
|
||
recognized, but also that those aspects are inevitable in all
|
||
spatiomaterial worlds like our own, that is, (conditionally)
|
||
ontologically necessary. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">At
|
||
the outset, therefore, it may help put what is at issue in
|
||
perspective to compare reproductive causation with Darwin’s
|
||
“mechanism,” especially the current understanding of his
|
||
mechanism. Evolutionary biologists tend to think of natural selection
|
||
as an empirically discovered tendency, for that is how they defend
|
||
their explanation of evolutionary change from creationists. But as we
|
||
shall see, much more can be known about evolutionary change when it
|
||
is explained ontologically. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Reproductive
|
||
causation departs from contemporary Darwinism in two ways. On is its
|
||
explanation of gradual evolution, and the other is its recognition of
|
||
revolutionary evolution. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="HistCmt" align="right" width="149" height="22" border="0">he
|
||
basic cause of evolutionary change was discovered by Darwin as he
|
||
thought about what happens in populations of organisms as they
|
||
reproduce themselves. He saw that if variations on traits occur
|
||
randomly in such organisms, and if those traits are inherited by
|
||
their offspring, evolutionary change could occur simply as a result
|
||
of the greater reproductive success of those organisms that have
|
||
traits that are useful. This is what happens in breeding plants and
|
||
animals, but he called it “natural selection,” because it occurs
|
||
in nature without human intervention. Over time, the natural
|
||
selection of random, heritable variations gives species traits that
|
||
adapt them to their environments. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Such
|
||
adaptations depend only on efficient causes, and thus, Darwin showed
|
||
how evolution could happen in a materialist world, where everything
|
||
is caused by how bits of matter move and interact with one another
|
||
over time. It removed any need to appeal to a "designer" in
|
||
explaining the wonderful functions found in the natural world. But
|
||
there is considerable dispute about the status of Darwin’s
|
||
“mechanism” and, thus, about the explanations of evolutionary
|
||
change based on it. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Views range
|
||
from thinking of Darwin’s mechanism as a principle or peculiar law
|
||
of nature to thinking of it as a mere tautology (the survival of the
|
||
fittest, where “fitness” is defined as surviving). Somewhere
|
||
between them comes the belief that it is just a pattern for giving a
|
||
kind of historical explanation of the evolution of traits, which is
|
||
filled out by mentioning all the contingent details by which natural
|
||
selection worked in any particular case. More recently, the computer
|
||
analogy has led some to call it an algorithm (see <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Dennett">Dennett</a></u></font>
|
||
1995). And others take Darwin's mechanism to be a basic tenet that
|
||
naturalists simply accept, helping to define “naturalism” (see
|
||
<font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Dennett">Rosenberg</a></u></font>
|
||
1996, p. 4).</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">However
|
||
Darwin’s mechanism is characterized, contemporary Darwinists
|
||
universally deny that there is any reason to believe that evolution
|
||
is progressive. Most are wedded to an interpretation of Darwin’s
|
||
mechanism that denies there is anything necessary about the overall
|
||
course of evolution or about the species that evolve. It would all
|
||
happen differently, if evolution were started over and allowed to
|
||
play itself out again. I will call this prevailing commitment to the
|
||
contingency of evolution <i>accidentalism</i>. The grounds for
|
||
accidentalism come down to two main factors. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">First,
|
||
environmental change is what is thought to cause natural selection.
|
||
If selection pressures are imposed on species <i>by changes in the
|
||
environment </i>whose causes are external to evolution itself, the
|
||
course of evolution cannot be predicted by Darwin’s mechanism
|
||
alone, and in the words of Stephen Jay <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Gould">Gould</a></u></font>
|
||
(1976) , “Evolution by natural selection is no more than a tracking
|
||
of . . . changing environments by differential preservation of
|
||
organisms better designed to live in them”. (Gould, “Darwin’s
|
||
Untimely Burial”, <i>Natural History</i>, Vol. 85, No, 8, 1976;
|
||
reprinted in <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Gould">Ruse</a></u></font>,
|
||
1989, p. 98.)<sup><a class="sdfootnoteanc" name="sdfootnote1anc" href="#sdfootnote1sym"><sup>1</sup></a>[1]</sup>
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Elliot
|
||
<font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Gould">Sober</a></u></font>
|
||
(1984, p. 174) endorses this view of the effect of natural selection
|
||
as “‘tracking’ the environment,” and he attributes it to
|
||
<font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Gould">Lewontin</a></u></font>
|
||
(1978) pp. 156-169. Even Richard <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Gould">Dawkins</a></u></font>
|
||
(1986, p. 179) agrees that evolution “constantly ‘tracks’ the
|
||
changing environment.”</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Second,
|
||
when a change in a species’ environment occurs, there is no
|
||
guarantee that the best adaptation will occur in response. Natural
|
||
selection operates on random variations, and it has only whatever
|
||
variations happen to be <i>available at the time </i>from which to
|
||
select. There may be other variations which would be better, but
|
||
since they are not tried out (or tried out only later, after another
|
||
variation has already evolved), they cannot be selected. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">As Michael
|
||
<font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Ruse">Ruse</a></u></font>
|
||
(1986, p. 19), a leading philosopher of biology, puts it, “Given a
|
||
need, the option taken to satisfy it is a function of what you have
|
||
at hand, rather than what the perfect answer would be.” </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">According
|
||
to E. <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Ruse">Sober</a></u></font>
|
||
(1984, p. 174), evolution does the best it can with the random
|
||
variations it has when the environment imposes a new selection
|
||
pressure, but it is just a makeshift response to the exigency of the
|
||
moment. See also Philip <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Ruse">Kitcher</a></u></font>,
|
||
1985, pp. 213-226. The most famous example of this contingency is,
|
||
thanks to <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Ruse">Gould</a></u></font>
|
||
(1980), the Panda’s thumb.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
upshot of accidentalism is that there is nothing necessary about the
|
||
species that come to exist or the course of evolution. By seeing
|
||
evolution as tracking environmental changes, accidentalists are
|
||
taking the traits that accumulate in any species to be a record of
|
||
the history of the environmental changes that happened to occur.
|
||
After adapting to one environmental change, new traits are acquired
|
||
that adapt the species to the next, and thus, the nature that a
|
||
species now has depends on a series of selection pressures that could
|
||
have been different. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Contemporary
|
||
Darwinism makes it seem, in <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Kauff">Kauffman</a></u></font>’s
|
||
(1993) words, that evolution merely “cobbles together jury-rigged
|
||
contraptions” (p. 3). It sees “organisms as overwhelmingly
|
||
contingent historical accidents, abetted by design” (p. 26). Or as
|
||
<font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Kauff">Ruse</a></u></font>
|
||
(1986, p. 93) says, “you could as well have one organic state as
|
||
another”. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">As Mark
|
||
<font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Kauff">Ridley</a></u></font>
|
||
(1985) explains, “Evolution is continually going on; the traits of
|
||
lineages continually change. What will define a group at one time may
|
||
not define it at another. The traits defining groups are temporarily
|
||
contingent, not essential. Biological groups do not have Aristotelian
|
||
‘essences.’” (Reprinted as “Principles of Classification,”
|
||
in <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Kauff">Ruse</a></u></font>,
|
||
1989, p. 178.) </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">E. Mayr,
|
||
insisting that evolution is “opportunistic and unpredictable,”
|
||
holds that “If evolutionists have learned anything from a detailed
|
||
analysis of evolution, it is the lesson that the origin of taxa is
|
||
largely a chance event.” He cites such factors as “the genetic
|
||
composition of the founding population, the special internal
|
||
structure of its genotype, and the physical as well as biotic
|
||
environments that supplies the selection forces of the next species
|
||
population.” (“Probability of Extraterrestrial, Intelligent
|
||
Life,” reprinted in <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Kauff">Ruse</a></u></font>,
|
||
1989, p. 283.)</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Richard
|
||
Lewontin suggests that “[a]s far as we know all living organisms
|
||
are connected by an unbroken chain of historical contingency,” in
|
||
“The Shape of Optimality”, collected in <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Kauff">Dupré</a></u></font>
|
||
(1987, p. 158). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Michael
|
||
<font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Kauff">Ruse</a></u></font>
|
||
(1986, p. 20) says “there is nothing in selection itself which
|
||
encourages progressionism” because “[w]hat counts is
|
||
reproduction, here and now and in the immediate future. If the
|
||
simpler, less intelligent form can do it better—and it often
|
||
can—then so be it.”</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
appearance that evolution is progressive has recently been given an
|
||
accidentalist explanation by <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Kauff">Gould</a></u></font>
|
||
(1996). He argues that there is an overall change in the direction of
|
||
greater complexity, because starting with the simplest, that is the
|
||
only direction that evolution can go. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">What
|
||
undercuts the traditional belief in “fixed species” is,
|
||
therefore, the role of contingent factors in evolution, for they show
|
||
that species will lack the necessity of natural kinds or essences.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Evolution
|
||
by reproductive causation is not, however, accidentalist, but rather
|
||
progressive. Nor does this progressivism abandon Darwin's mechanism. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">It
|
||
accepts the consensus among Darwinists about the three elements
|
||
involved in the evolution of a population of reproducing organisms by
|
||
Darwin’s mechanism. It agrees that there must be <i>random
|
||
variations </i>in the traits of the organisms, that such traits must
|
||
be <i>heritable by their offspring,</i> and that there must be a
|
||
<i>natural selection </i>by greater reproductive success of members
|
||
with certain traits. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">But
|
||
instead of assuming that that natural selection is due to externally
|
||
caused changes in the environment, this ontological explanation of
|
||
Darwin’s mechanism implies that <i>natural selection is, in
|
||
addition, due </i><i>to the scarcity caused by reproduction itself</i>.
|
||
As organisms reproduce, their population increases, and the resources
|
||
they need becomes scarce. Only some of them can succeed in
|
||
reproducing. But it is not just chance which ones succeed, since
|
||
different varieties have different powers to control conditions in
|
||
the world. The survivors tend to be those that are more powerful in
|
||
some relevant way. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Moreover,
|
||
if the scarcity due to their own reproduction is a cause of natural
|
||
selection, it must be the main cause, for there is one resource that
|
||
is always eventually in short supply: free (or usable) energy. Thus,
|
||
evolutionary change would occur, not just in response to changes in
|
||
the environment, but continuously. As we shall see, such a steady
|
||
cause has a continuous effect, and there is inevitably a gradual
|
||
accumulation of traits in the direction of an optimal state, which I
|
||
will call “natural perfection.” </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This view
|
||
of evolution will be called “reproductive causation,” because it
|
||
takes reproductive cycles and how they add up in space over time to
|
||
be the ontological cause of evolution. In other words, it takes the
|
||
reproduction of organisms to be the ultimate cause of natural
|
||
selection, for that is why their non-reproductive work is
|
||
increasingly powerful. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; background: #cccccc; border-top: 6.75pt double #000000; border-bottom: 6.75pt double #808080; border-left: 6.75pt double #000000; border-right: 6.75pt double #808080; padding: 0.28cm 0.46cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Though
|
||
this is different from the explanation of evolution given by
|
||
contemporary Darwinists, it is worth noting that it may have been
|
||
Darwin’s own view. In <i>The Origin of Species,</i> he introduced
|
||
natural selection by appealing to Malthus’ theory of population
|
||
growth—which holds that, while human population tends to increase
|
||
by a geometrical progression, their resources increase by a mere
|
||
arithmetical progression. Since it suggests that those who are best
|
||
able to survive are the ones most likely to succeed in reproducing,
|
||
Darwin called natural selection a “struggle for survival.” It was
|
||
Spencer who called it the “survival of the fittest.” </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Whatever
|
||
it is called, the point is that reproduction itself is what puts
|
||
members of a species at odds with one another. The cause of evolution
|
||
is internal. Organisms need energy, and in any environment,
|
||
reproduction will eventually cause a scarcity of usable energy, if
|
||
nothing else, for it is a physical fact that the usable energy in any
|
||
finite region of space is finite. Thus, even without externally
|
||
caused changes, evolution would take place, whatever the environment.
|
||
Thus, reproductive causation implies that accidentalism is false.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Reproduction
|
||
is also the ultimate cause of stages of evolution, the other main
|
||
departure from contemporary Darwinism. Stages of evolution are caused
|
||
by the capacity of higher levels of part-whole complexity in the
|
||
structures of the organisms to go though reproductive cycles as a
|
||
whole, for once they occur as random variations, they impose natural
|
||
selection of themselves and gradually become more powerful. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Contemporary
|
||
Darwinists recognize what they call “punctuated equilibria” in
|
||
the fossil record of evolution, but they have no general explanation
|
||
of their cause. On the contrary, they are taken as evidence that
|
||
Darwin’s mechanism is not the only cause of evolutionary change.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">By
|
||
tracing natural selection to its ontological causes, however, we can
|
||
see why such revolutionary episodes in the course of evolution are
|
||
inevitable. When higher levels of part-whole complexity that make
|
||
organisms more powerful can occur as a random variation at all, they
|
||
are inevitable, because they will eventually be tried out and, when
|
||
they are, they will impose natural selection on themselves by their
|
||
own reproduction, beginning a new stage of gradual evolution. Each
|
||
stage is gradual change in the direction of increasing power for
|
||
organisms of its kind, and thus, the series of stages is a step-like
|
||
change in the direction of the increasing power of life itself. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">By
|
||
following out what is ontologically necessary about evolution in a
|
||
spatiomaterial world like ours, therefore, we shall derive novel
|
||
implications for almost every branch of natural and social science.
|
||
And what is more, the progressivism of evolution provides an
|
||
explanation of the nature of goodness. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">These
|
||
two reproductive global regularities are explained in greater detail
|
||
in the following two sections. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
next section, <font face="Arial, sans-serif">gradual evolution</font><font face="Arial, sans-serif">,
|
||
</font>will explain the nature of the new (derivative) ontological
|
||
cause (reproductive cycles) more completely than the foregoing sketch
|
||
and use it to show the inevitability of a long term, gradual change
|
||
in the direction of greater power. It will show that the outcome of
|
||
such change is “natural perfection” for both organisms and the
|
||
ecology of which they are part. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
following section, <font face="Arial, sans-serif">revolutionary
|
||
evolution</font><font face="Arial, sans-serif">, </font>deals with a
|
||
consequence of recognizing reproductive cycles as an ontological
|
||
cause, which is not even suspected by Darwinists. It will explain how
|
||
space combines with reproductive cycles in a new way (by making
|
||
possible higher levels of part-whole complexity in the structures of
|
||
organisms) to cause more radical changes in evolution, each of which
|
||
begins a new stage of gradual evolution. Thus, reproductive causation
|
||
implies that evolutionary change involves an inevitable series of
|
||
stages of evolution, and this section will describe in detail the
|
||
essential natures of the organisms that evolve at each stage, which
|
||
includes, by far, the bulk of the implications of ontological
|
||
philosophy</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<div id="sdfootnote1">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm"><a name="DennettFN"></a>
|
||
<a class="sdfootnotesym" name="sdfootnote1sym" href="#sdfootnote1anc">1</a><sup>[1]</sup>
|
||
There are signs that some philosophers of evolution may have an open
|
||
mind about alternatives to accidentalism that recognize a necessity
|
||
about the functional traits that evolve. For example, see <font color="#0000ff"><u><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#DennettFN">Dennett</a></u></font>
|
||
(1995).</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|