578 lines
43 KiB
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578 lines
43 KiB
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<title>Spiritual animals</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#993366"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>S<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS08_06" align="right" hspace="5" width="300" height="32" border="0">piritual
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animals. </b></font></font>The evolution of a primitive language
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marks, therefore, the evolution of a new kind of animal. But it is
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unique, because, according to this ontological explanation of
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revolutionary evolution, this stage of evolution has two ontological
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causes. Like previous stages in the evolution of multicellular
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animals, one ontological cause is a higher level of neurological
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organization, because what makes it possible to guide social level
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animal behavior is the use natural sentences. But since it is also
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the evolution of an animal at the social level of biological
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organization, another ontological cause of this revolutionary change
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is a higher level of biological organization. Being caused by higher
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levels of part-whole complexity in evolving organisms in two
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different ways at once is unprecedented in the course of evolution.
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And it makes what evolves at the first spiritual stage unique is
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other ways. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">U<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS08_07" align="right" hspace="5" width="225" height="23" border="0">nique
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kind of essential nature. </font>The use of natural sentences to
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coordinate behavior in groups of hominids is a new animal behavior
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guidance system. Indeed, it is the new kind of animal behavior
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guidance system made possible by the social level of biological
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organization, just as the nervous system was the new kind of animal
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behavior guidance system made possible by the multicellular level.
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And as we shall see, it is only the first stage in the evolution of
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that animal behavior guidance system.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">What makes
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<i>animal societies </i>so much less powerful than spiritual animals
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is that they not no behavior guidance system to guide social level
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animal behavior. They have only the animal behavior guidance systems
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built into their multicellular bodies, and their social nature, such
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as it is, comes from desires built into their brains that make them
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gregarious and, perhaps, set up a dominance hierarchy among them. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Insect
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colonies and other multisomatic animals do have behavior at the
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social level that is generated by a behavior guidance system, but it
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is a biological behavior guidance system, not an animal behavior
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guidance system. That is, insect colonies are what we called
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“anomalous animals,” because the only animal behavior guidance
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systems involved in generating their behavior exist in the lower
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level parts, the individual insects. Insect colonies are like
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sponges, except that being on the social level, they are made up of
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insects, rather than collar flagellates. Thus, they do not have
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<i>animal </i>behavior at the social level at all. They do not move
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around in space as a whole, nor do they act on other objects as a
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whole. Only the parts have animal behavior. Their social level
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behavior is like that of a plant, acting on the world as a whole or,
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at most, orienting behavior in an ambient field. In short,
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multisomatic animals have only a biological behavior guidance system
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at the social level of biological organization., and even that is
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only an extension of the multicellular biological behavior guidance
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system (or the mechanism of embryological development) to construct a
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multisomatic body on the social level in addition to the bodies it
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already constructs on the multicellular level. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Social
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level biological behavior guidance system.</b></i> Spiritual animals
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do have animal behavior on the social level guided by an animal
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behavior guidance system, as we have seen. But the first indication
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of their unique kind of essential nature is that their animal
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behavior guidance system is not constructed by a social level
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biological behavior guidance system. At all previous stages in which
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animals evolved at a higher level of biological organization, their
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new kind of animal behavior guidance system required a structural
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cause that was constructed by their biological behavior guidance
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system, and thus, the biological behavior guidance system had to
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evolve first. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Multicellular
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animals had to evolve a mechanism of embryological development before
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there were animals with nervous systems on the multicellular level,
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because that is what constructs their nervous systems. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">And
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in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the first behavior guidance
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system to evolve was a mechanism that could lead them through their
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reproductive cycles independently of the cycle of night and day. Only
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later did they evolve the capacity to acquire energy by ingesting
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other objects in space and the special mechanisms required to choose
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between incompatible kinds of behavior toward other objects in space,
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such as whether to ingest them or not. And those animal behavior
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guidance systems were both constructed and maintained by the capacity
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of their biological behavior guidance systems to coordinate the
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behavior of the lower level organisms of which they were composed. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Spiritual
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animals are, therefore, radically different, because they evolved a
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behavior guidance system for animal behavior at the social level
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without first evolving a social level biological behavior guidance
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system. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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lack of a social level biological behavior guidance system is not so
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puzzling when we think about them concretely, because we can
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understand how the use of a primitive language of natural sentences
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makes it possible to coordinate the members’ behavior in generating
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social level behavior. That is why I introduced spiritual animals by
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explaining the function of language in groups of primates. We can see
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that its evolution is inevitable, if language is possible. However,
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an ontological explanation of the stages of evolution cannot afford
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to overlook the curious nature of spiritual animals. The use of
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language is clearly a social level behavior guidance system, because
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it guides animal behavior on the social level in groups of primates.
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But it would be wrong to conclude that spiritual animals have no
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social level biological behavior guidance system at all. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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truth is that the use of natural sentences is also a biological
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behavior guidance system at the social level. Spiritual animals also
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go through cycles of reproduction in which they use free energy to do
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both kinds of work, the non-reproductive work of controlling relevant
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conditions as well as reproduction itself, and since they choose for
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themselves when to grow and when reproduce, they have their own
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biological behavior guidance system. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Their
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non-reproductive work is the social level animal behavior that
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explains why language evolved. The use of language is an animal
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behavior guidance system, or the structural cause for social level
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behavior, and animal behavior is a form of non-reproductive work. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
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spiritual animal also reproduces as a whole. Indeed, reproduction is
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easy for spiritual animals, because it is just a matter of the group
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dividing into smaller groups which go their separate ways. And
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reproduction becomes necessary from time to time, because the members
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continue to reproduce on the individual level and spiritual animals
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eventually become too large to gather enough food for everyone by
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hunting and gathering by wandering around. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
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division of the group can be generated by the instructions of a
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leader in the same way as other kinds of behavior, and when they
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divide, the smaller groups have all the same kinds of powers as they
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parent group. That is, each takes their primitive language with them,
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and the instinctive desires that lead to a dominance hierarchy gives
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each daughter group a leader so that it can do the non-reproductive
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work of acquiring energy and growing. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>A
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new form of life. </b></i>Since spiritual animals have all the
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characteristics that led us to believe that prokaryotes were the
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first living organisms, it seems that they must be considered a new
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form of life. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">What
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marked the beginning of life, we decided, was the evolution of the
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first biological behavior guidance system, for that enabled the cells
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to go through reproductive cycles on their own, independently of the
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cycle of night and day. Since each cycle included non-reproductive
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work as well as reproduction, those cells had the kind of <i>autonomous
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activity </i>that is ordinarily meant by “living.” And we took
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this ordinary meaning of life to be ontologically significant,
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because it indicated a change in the ontological cause of evolution.
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It meant that natural selection was no longer imposed on them from
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outside, by the circadian cycle. Reproductive causation takes the
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cause of natural selection to be reproduction, because population
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growth leads to a scarcity of free energy that requires some
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reproductive cycles to come to an end. After the evolution of the
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first biological behavior guidance system, therefore, organisms
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imposed natural selection on themselves by their own reproduction. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Spiritual
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animals clearly have <i>autonomous activity </i>in the ordinary
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sense, for they generate both growth and reproduction on their own.
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And it has the same ontological significance as it did in
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prokaryotes, because their social level reproduction does mean that
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growth in the population of spiritual animals will eventually make
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resources scarce. They will eventually impose natural selection on
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themselves, and thus, like other forms of life, they will make
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themselves evolve. Their social level reproductive cycles will add up
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in space over time to a gradual change in the direction of maximum
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holistic power for organisms of their kind, which is natural
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perfection for organisms of their kind.</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Spiritual
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animals might even be called the “third origin of life.” </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Life first
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evolved when cell enclosed loops of DNA with a regulatory mechanism
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evolved into a biological behavior guidance system that led
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prokaryotes through cycles of reproduction independently of the
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circadian cycle. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">But much
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the same thing happened again when colonies of prokaryotes that
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constructed aquatic balloons evolved a nucleus and were also able to
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go through reproductive cycles independently of the cycle of night
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and day. In both of these cases, life began with the evolution of a
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structural cause that could take over responsibility for their entire
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reproductive cycle. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">That is
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also what happened to nomadic groups of primates when they evolved
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the capacity to use language to guide their social level animal
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behavior, for that was the evolution of a structural cause that would
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generate the reproductive cycles by which they would impose natural
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selection on themselves. Though in this case, the mold for their
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reproductive cycles was no the cycle of night and day, it was just as
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inevitable, because they were imposed by the reproduction (and,
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hence, population growth) of its members. With the evolution of
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natural sentences, choices about social level growth and reproduction
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were made by a behavior guidance system. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
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is one aspect of spiritual animals that may make us reluctant to
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think of them as living organisms, though it does not disqualify them
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in the end. It comes from how spiritual animals are different from
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multicellular animals. Individual multicellular animals can have
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minds, but spiritual animals cannot. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">By “mind,”
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I mean not merely a process of guiding animal behavior, but one with
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the unity of consciousness as well. We have seen how the behavior
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guiding process that occurs in brains gives rise to a form of matter
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whose intrinsic essential nature accounts for phenomenal properties,
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that is, the appearances that subjective animals have in perceiving
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the world, thinking about it, and feeling desires. (See <font face="Arial, sans-serif">Stage
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6: Subjective animals: Unity of consciousness.</font>) </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Spiritual
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animals cannot be conscious in that sense, apart from the
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consciousness of its members. Disjointed, composite organisms cannot
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have neurons working together as in the thalamic projection to the
|
||
neocortex like a massive complex antenna generating photons that
|
||
register activity throughout the brain. Spiritual animals do not have
|
||
conscious minds. But the assumption that such a subjective aspect to
|
||
experience is essential to life may explain the reluctance to think
|
||
of spiritual animals as living organisms. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It is not,
|
||
however, sufficient reasons to deny that spiritual animals are a new
|
||
form of life, for if it were, we would have to deny that prokaryotes
|
||
and eukaryotes, plants and telesensory animals are forms of life.
|
||
They do not have the unity of consciousness. But they are surely
|
||
alive. Thus, I see no reason to deny that spiritual animal are a new
|
||
form of life. The fact that they are made up of parts that are
|
||
themselves living organisms, indeed organisms with the unity of
|
||
consciousness, does not mean that they are not alive. It only points
|
||
up how spiritual animals are unique in the course of evolution. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Lack
|
||
of a social level material structure.</b></i> What makes spiritual
|
||
animals different from the evolution of life in prokaryotes and
|
||
eukaryotes is that spiritual animals do not have any unchanging
|
||
structure on their level of biological organization, except the more
|
||
or less continual linguistic interaction among its members. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
members must continually interact linguistically, for that is what
|
||
coordinates their behavior as parts of a higher level organism. But
|
||
since the continual exchange of linguistic representations is the
|
||
only unchanging geometrical structure that is required at the social
|
||
level for the use of language to guide the behavior of the spiritual
|
||
animal, it is provided by their gregariousness, which is due to the
|
||
biological behavior guidance system of each individual member. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This is the
|
||
reason for calling the new kind of animal at the social level of
|
||
biological organization “spiritual” animals. The spiritual animal
|
||
has no body of its own, except the bodies of all its members, and
|
||
since a form of life that does not have a physical body is the
|
||
traditional meaning of “spiritual,” it is appropriate to call
|
||
these groups of language using primates “spiritual animals.”</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Having
|
||
a spiritual nature gives spiritual animals a great advantage when it
|
||
comes to the efficiency of reproductive causation, because it means
|
||
that natural selection is at work simultaneously on two different
|
||
levels of biological organization. At the same time that the
|
||
reproduction of spiritual animal at the social level is causing a
|
||
population growth that imposes natural selection at the social level,
|
||
the sexual reproduction of its members is causing a population growth
|
||
within spiritual animals that imposes natural selection at the
|
||
individual level. Simultaneously on two levels of biological
|
||
organization, therefore, there is a gradual change in animals in the
|
||
direction of natural perfection for organisms of their kind. As
|
||
spiritual animals become as powerful as possible for animals made up
|
||
of language using multicellular animals as parts, their members
|
||
become as powerful as possible for animals that exist as parts of
|
||
spiritual animals.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">What makes
|
||
this two-level gradual evolution possible is having a spiritual
|
||
nature, because that makes social level reproduction easy. The
|
||
members of a spiritual animal move around in space separately from
|
||
one another, and so reproduction at the social level is merely a
|
||
matter of subgroups separating from one another and going off in
|
||
different directions, terminating their linguistic interactions with
|
||
one another. That is what makes it so easy for language to serve as
|
||
a biological behavior guidance system, given that it has the capacity
|
||
to guide social level <i>animal </i>behavior. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
evolution of eukaryotic cells is analogous to the evolution of
|
||
spiritual animals, except that eukaryotes have a material structure,
|
||
or physical nature, rather than spiritual nature. The behavior of the
|
||
lower level organisms is coordinated by enclosing them all within a
|
||
cell, and thus, reproduction depends on dividing the cell and all
|
||
reproducing all the lower level organisms of which it is composed.
|
||
And since there are two lower levels of structural causes contained
|
||
within the eukaryotic cell (the prokaryote-level chromosomes and the
|
||
RNA-level genes of which chromosomes are composed), eukaryotes have a
|
||
very complex structure, which taxes the capacity of reproductive
|
||
causation to change in the direction of natural perfection. As
|
||
evolving structures become complex, more random variations are
|
||
possible, and eventually there is not enough time to try them all
|
||
out. Their star will die first. Eukaryotes overcome this obstacle, as
|
||
we have seen, by sexual reproduction. Sexually mixing their lower
|
||
level structural causes as part of the process of reproduction
|
||
focuses natural selection on those parts whose contribution to the
|
||
whole makes the biggest difference to their power to control relevant
|
||
at that point in their gradual evolution. Thus, instead of evolving
|
||
by simple branching, like prokaryotes, eukaryotes can evolve as a
|
||
species with a gene pool. And favorable random variations that occur
|
||
in different members of previous generations can accumulate in
|
||
individuals of later generations.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
advantage of having a spiritual nature is that no such special
|
||
mechanism is required to focus natural selection on the lower level
|
||
structural causes of which they are composed. Or rather, the way in
|
||
which members mate outside their own group and migrate from one group
|
||
to another means that a kind of “sexual mixing” is constantly
|
||
going on in spiritual animals. Nor does the evolution of the parts
|
||
depend on group level natural selection. Natural selection works to
|
||
some extent on individuals within spiritual animal, because there are
|
||
still conditions to be controlled within spiritual animals that
|
||
affect their reproduction, and those who are better able to control
|
||
them tend to leave more offspring. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
way that spiritual animals differ from organisms with a material
|
||
structure makes them seem like what we called “composite
|
||
organisms,” but they are something more. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">We
|
||
recognized the existence of composite organisms in discussing what is
|
||
the “unit of selection” according to reproductive causation. We
|
||
have seen how mating pairs and families are organisms that impose
|
||
natural selection on themselves by their own reproduction and make
|
||
themselves evolve. Even nomadic bands of hominids were composite
|
||
organisms of a kind, since they were subject to group level
|
||
selection. We called them composite organisms, because what goes
|
||
through those reproductive cycles is not a material structure (with
|
||
an unchanging geometrical structure), but a collection of material
|
||
organisms. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Individual
|
||
organisms are different from composite organisms because each
|
||
originates from a single fertilized egg cell and they cannot be
|
||
divided up without dying. Composite organisms are “dividual,”
|
||
rather than individual, organisms. Though they can die, they do not
|
||
necessarily die when they are divided up. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Spiritual
|
||
animals are composite organisms by this test. They evolve by going
|
||
through reproductive cycles and imposing natural selection on
|
||
themselves at the social level. And they are “dividual,” because
|
||
they do not necessarily die when they are broken up. Indeed, that is
|
||
how they reproduce. But they are not merely composite organisms. Even
|
||
though they do not have a material structure as a whole, they do have
|
||
a structural cause of their social level animal behavior. It is a
|
||
spiritual structural cause, and that is what is unique about
|
||
spiritual animals. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">S<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS08_08" align="right" hspace="5" width="225" height="27" border="0">ocial
|
||
and cultural aspects of the spiritual structural cause. </font>Spiritual
|
||
animals have a unique kind of essential nature, therefore, because
|
||
the ontological cause of their social level behavior is a spiritual
|
||
structural cause, rather than a material structural cause (or
|
||
material structure). The spiritual animal is the new kind of animal
|
||
that is made possible at the social level of biological organization
|
||
stands, but it stands in stark contrast to all previous animal.
|
||
Though it has biological and animal behavior at the social level, it
|
||
does not have any unchanging geometrical structure at the social
|
||
level to serve as its structural cause — except for the continual
|
||
linguistic interaction of its members. That is, the use of language
|
||
to coordinate the members’ behavior is its structural cause. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
spiritual animal has no body of its own, because with the use of
|
||
language, it does not need a body to have a structural cause to serve
|
||
as its behavior guidance system. Its only body is all the bodies of
|
||
its members, which are in more or less continual linguistic
|
||
interaction with one another. That is what earns the spiritual
|
||
animals its name. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since a
|
||
form of life without a body is what has traditionally been meant by
|
||
“spiritual,” “spiritual animal” is the appropriate name for
|
||
the kind of organism that evolves from manipulative animals, that is,
|
||
at the eight stage of evolution. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
use of language as a structural cause to guide social level behavior
|
||
gives spiritual animals an essential nature that includes two kinds
|
||
of structures, and it should be noticed at the outset, because it
|
||
will play an important role in explaining the evolution of spiritual
|
||
animals. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
use of language, as we have seen, is both a biological and an animal
|
||
behavior guidance system for spiritual animals. It is able to serve
|
||
both functions, because it generates social level behavior by
|
||
coordinating the behavior of its individual members. That is, it does
|
||
not need any material structure at the social level to serve as a
|
||
structural cause for its social level animal behavior. But it does
|
||
need the continual linguistic interaction among the members, and in
|
||
that mechanism, there are two, fundamentally different kinds of
|
||
structures, involving two fundamentally different kinds of part-whole
|
||
complexity, which are essential to their spiritual nature. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
evolution of spiritual animals involves, as we have seen, higher
|
||
levels of part-whole complexity in both ways that have been traced in
|
||
this ontological derivation of the overall course of evolution in a
|
||
spatiomaterial world: a higher level of neurological organization as
|
||
well as a higher level of biological organization. Language has a
|
||
nature that makes it essential to both. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
capacity to use language is the function of the higher level of
|
||
neurological organization in the individual members, for, as we shall
|
||
see, it a new way of manipulating “object images” in the “local
|
||
image” and constructing “maps” of such “local images.” </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">But
|
||
linguistic representations are not just constructs in imagination.
|
||
They can be generated publicly by speaking, and their public
|
||
manifestation is what makes it possible for them to coordinate the
|
||
behavior of many different multicellular animals as parts of a higher
|
||
level organism. Thus, this other aspect of language, its being
|
||
public, is also essential to the nature of the spiritual animal. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Language
|
||
is, therefore, what ties these two higher levels of part-whole
|
||
complexity together as a single object in space with a new kind of
|
||
essential nature, and that means that spiritual animals have two
|
||
fundamentally different kinds of structures <i>as a whole</i>. In
|
||
other words, the essential nature of the spiritual animal is uniquely
|
||
<i>twofold</i>. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">All the
|
||
organisms and structures whose evolution we have traced thus far,
|
||
including not only biological organisms and neurological structures,
|
||
but also behavioral schemata, have essential natures that are defined
|
||
by a <i>single, </i>material structure. I have called them
|
||
“organisms,” or “reproducing organisms,” but they all involve
|
||
a single way in which material parts are bundled together so that
|
||
they go through reproductive cycles as a whole and impose natural
|
||
selection on themselves. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">But in the
|
||
case of case of spiritual animals, two structures define their
|
||
essential nature: how multicellular animals are combined as parts of
|
||
a social level organism and how words are combined as parts of the
|
||
sentences that they can all generate as public behavior. Both are
|
||
aspects of the “organisms” that go through reproductive cycles
|
||
and impose natural selection on themselves by their own population
|
||
growth. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
structure that spiritual animals have because of their higher level
|
||
of biological organization will be called the “social aspect” of
|
||
spiritual animals, and the structure that spiritual animals have
|
||
because of their higher level of neurological organization and the
|
||
linguistic representations that they exchange will be called the
|
||
“cultural aspect” of spiritual animals. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Social
|
||
aspect. </b></i>The social aspect is a structure of the spiritual
|
||
animal as a whole in the same way as each higher level of biological
|
||
organization involves a new structure. Lower level organisms are
|
||
bundled together as parts of a higher level organism by coordinating
|
||
their behavior. In the case of spiritual animals, they are bundled
|
||
together in a way that does not require a specific set of spatial
|
||
relations among them. But being in continual linguistic interaction
|
||
is nevertheless a kind of structure, for it makes them all parts of a
|
||
higher level organism. And as we shall see, that kind of structure is
|
||
the source of its greater power as an animal and, later, makes it
|
||
possible to for additional social structures to evolve because they
|
||
generate social level behavior that controls some condition that
|
||
affects the reproduction of spiritual animals.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Cultural
|
||
aspect.</b></i> The cultural aspect is also a structure of the
|
||
spiritual animal as a whole, because what makes it possible for
|
||
linguistic interactions to guide the behavior of the spiritual animal
|
||
as a whole is that all the members speak the same language. The
|
||
structure of language is a structure of the whole because it is a
|
||
structure that is contained in each member of the spiritual animal.
|
||
Its being located in each member is what makes it possible for one
|
||
and the same structure to serve as both the biological animal
|
||
behavior guidance system for the spiritual animal. The spiritual
|
||
animal does not need a biological behavior guidance system that can
|
||
set up a complex structure to function as an animal behavior guidance
|
||
system, because that mechanism is contained in each of the parts and
|
||
all that is necessary for it to generate group level behavior is that
|
||
the members continually interact with one another linguistically. The
|
||
cultural structure is potentially complete in each individual brain,
|
||
and calling the linguistic structure “culture” anticipates
|
||
somewhat the significance of this aspect. Not only are the two
|
||
subsequent stages of evolution caused by higher level of part-whole
|
||
complexity in linguistic representations exchanged as culture (that
|
||
is, higher levels of neurological organization), but culture is
|
||
itself capable of evolving by reproductive causation. That is the
|
||
main source of increases in the power of spiritual animal to control
|
||
relevant conditions. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
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