147 lines
5.5 KiB
Plaintext
147 lines
5.5 KiB
Plaintext
aruelope ioiiow wiidebeesr ioliow eiepharu ior some
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such seouerrse) ror many herd species.
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nus suggssis ihai iniorrned grariers, knowing ihe
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preierences oi driiereni species lshecp iollow caiiie
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iollow horses irillow goaisl can make much boiler use
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oi ihe basic browse resource by scheduling roialion
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lrroi io keep one level oi browse eonsiani. bui ro
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dynamieaiiy bdlamle is by species suecessioni
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Scheduling lihe "ugh is use a paroeular space ai a
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speoiirc omel omirs wiihrn species, where dorninani
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animals use prime grar g land ai prime rune, and
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sub-dominanis are pushed lo ihe edge oi lime and
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spaee, or beeween species, so ihai sequences oi diners
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eni speeres use ihe some area oi vegeiairon ar drilereni
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seasoro or shgts oi growih. No individual 'owils“ ihe
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area, you a hmhspaze slni (Ilke a chair in a iarnrly
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kiiciien ai dinnerlrmel. in Tasmania, their are iwo
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prune irnie amvriy peaks ior wallaby over 24 hours,
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boih ai nighi ihe main one is erepuscuiar lyusl aiier
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sundownl, and ihe secondary one is auroral lirisi
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beiore dawni nus perrnrisdrgesove and recuperarive
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resi periods, denied io weaker animals who cannoi
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compeie ior preierred periods wiihrn ihis lummurk
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any possum can, by aggression, drsplare a wallaby as a
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ladmyylim Any individual holds a place only ior a
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shori lime, moving on io coniesi anorher area uniil
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saiiaied. Thus, ihe sharing oi resources is a complex
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dynamic, bui no species or individual hn sole nghis,
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A human analogy would be ihai oi a spmls—gluund
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used by driiereni sporis groups or more, by gulls or
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rodenis whenever spons are noi being played, and by
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worms aiall nines
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To surnrrrirrse. we have
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- Niche in space, or 'renilory' inesl and iorage
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suesl,
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- Niche in lime ((ycles oi oppominuyi, and
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. Ni:Mlnspa<v~lime(srhzdnlrs)
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beiween “use, lhere is always space or iirrre avails
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rble io increase rurnovcr, Niches enable beiier
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uulrsaiion and grearer diversliy, hence more yield. oi
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all oi ihese nrehis, scheduln are ihe besi sriaiegy ior
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hiring in new species ol mammals, providing ihese are
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noi ierriioi-ral species lwhich iry to hold iheu own
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space ai all i esl, bui are chosen irom cooperairve
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sped: which yield space when ihe brie is nghi (see
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rigure 2.9. There are lessons here ior people ihose
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who iry lo hold on ro all ihings ai all limes preveni
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iheu use by oihers
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2.7
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PYRAMIDS, FOOD WEBS, GROWTH,
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AND VEGETARIANISM
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A iigure oilen used lo lxplam how much oi a lood or
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iorage is needed ro grow anorher animal is ihe irophir
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pyrornrd While ihe pyramid is a useiiil soncepi, ii is
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very simplisoc, and all inii laboraiory condioorrs or
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leedeloi sinraiioris 'I is unrelaiod io lield reaiiiy, and
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23
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may only apply where we aciually provide simple iood
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lo capuve speoes The iield condirron is very diiicrerri
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irigure m
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The pyramid is oilen used in suppori claim ihai we
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should all beeome vegeiariahs, or herbivores This is
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perhaps noi so iar irom ihe iruih, bui ihere arr
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leakwmld iaciors io consider i have shown ihe
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pyramid and also a drrece paih (herbage io human) ro
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illusiraie how wc would suppen more people ii we are
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vegeianon bui we need or re-eaanune ihrs coreepi ior
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people who reiurn iheir wasies io gardens niere are
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iheioliowing iaciors io consider:
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I NATURE is MUCH MORE COMPLEX ihan is
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shown in a pyramid. ins-cad oi simple 'iiophre levels,
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we have a complex inieraeiron oi ihe same species,
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largely governed noi by iood habus, bui by pasiuie
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managemeni praeirees, Such a eomplex diagram is
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called a /ood arch, and is ihe normaliiy in iield
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condiuons
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1. menos IGNORE FEEDBACK. in a very real
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sense vegeiaiiori evenrually -eais grasshoppers, hogs.
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iish, and people Nor only ihai, bui as an animal grows,
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u rerurris norrreni (n ihe soi via extmldr moulred, or
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disearded body wasies, and even ii ihe irog cars In kg
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oi grasshoppers io make one kilo oi irog, ii doesn‘i
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lobvrouslyl keep ihe in kg in a bag, buiexcreiesokgor
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more back |o earih as manures This causes more
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vegeiairon lo grow, lhus producing more grasshoppers
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The rrianure iioro inseoi 'pesls" may be ihe basis oi a
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regenerauve iiriure evoluiion
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wiih ihese obvious leedbaclss, ihe web irreli becomes
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much more sompleio and ii siaris io resemble less oi a
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oneway siairease flh: pyrarnrdl ihan a series oi cyclic
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evenis; less oi a riggurai and more like a spiders web.
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So ihai ihe real posi on is ihai wasie recyellng lo
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herbage ii the rriain producer oi ihai herbage,
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3. WHAT or MATURITY? ii our irsh (kl/cl u was a
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(up, and ihai carp was more ihan a year or two old,
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ihen u would probably have reached rull size, alihonigh
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ii may ihen soniinrie io live loranoiherwmo years
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so now, ihe carp iai so years old and in kg wergbil
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haseaien moi 10kg: imokgoiirogsandinseas,
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and has reiur-ned 990 kg oi digcsied rriaienal per yerrr
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io ihe pond, io gpow more herbage Thus, in order io
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keep ihe syslem in growlh, we musi be able to
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eiiicienily crop any level jusi beiore maiuriiy is
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reached, We can see mat old or maiure sysiems no
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longer use iood iar gmwih bui ior minimanre, 50 ii rs
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wrlh marure iish, irogs, ioressr, and people.
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old organisms ihus bxvme consiani recyclers liood
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in. wasie our) and eerse io grow, or ihey even begin lo
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lose weighi, This u why we iry to use only young and
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growrng planis and arurnals lor iood, ri iood is scarce.
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An earepoon is a iruii ur nui nee, where we consume
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seed or iruis iseed isan imniaiure zreei.
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s ARE FOOD CHAINS so siMl-uiv We know ihai
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people normally cai vegeiairoo, and |hil many people
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ear grasshoppers, irogs, irsh, and (a! hints) oiher
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people Even a row eais grasshoppers as u eals grass,
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and oi course every eaier ingosis large ouanirrrcs oi
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