1190 lines
163 KiB
HTML
1190 lines
163 KiB
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<title>The origin and detailed structure of the mammalian brain</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS06_08" align="right" hspace="5" width="250" height="25" border="0">he
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origin and detailed structure of the mammalian brain. </font>Assuming
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that much of the detailed connections among neurons can be acquired
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from the structure of the world by experience, or learning, all that
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is needed for telesensory vertebrates to try out the higher level of
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neurological organization required for a subjective animal system of
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representation is a random variation that sets up the basic circuits
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depicted in the functional description of the behavior guidance
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system. By considering the structures of the non-mammalian and
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mammalian vertebrate brains, we will see how it can be accomplished
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by a relatively simple, albeit radical, the random variation. That
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description of the basic structure of the mammalian brain also
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reveals the detailed neural mechanisms that serve the various
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functions in the subjective animal behavior guidance system. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
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the non-mammalian vertebrate brain, as we have seen, the three
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subsystems serving the three subfunctions of the animal behavior
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guidance system are distributed to three anatomically distinct
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regions of the brain, the segment of nervous system rostral to the
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spinal chord, which connects the brain to the body. Those regions are
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the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Any
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behavior guidance system, as we have seen, must register sensory
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input from the world, select from among incompatible kinds of
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behavior, and generate the kind of behavior chosen. In the vertebrate
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brain, sensory input is registered in the midbrain, selection among
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incompatible kind of behavior is mainly the responsibility of the
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forebrain, and behavior is generated by the hindbrain. Connections
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between the midbrain and hindbrain enable them to serve as the
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telesensory animal system of representation.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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transformation of the non-mammalian into the mammalian brain is often
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described as the centralization of functions in the nervous system.
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That is, the three subfunctions of the animal behavior guidance
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system, which are parceled out to the three anatomically distinct
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sections of the non-mammalian brain, are all served by one of those
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sections in mammalian brains, namely, by the forebrain. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It is
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obvious that the mammalian forebrain serves the output subfunction,
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since motor output is generated directly from the neocortex, a
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distinctively mammalian structure in the forebrain. (Motor output
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from the hindbrain, which generates motor output in non-mammalians,
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is fully under its control.) Muscles throughout the body are
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controlled by a somatotopically organized 2 .D array of neurons in
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the motor neocortex.</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Although
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visual input is already received by the forebrain in non-mammalians
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(along with the optic tectum in the midbrain), it is joined in
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mammals by well defined relays to the neocortex for auditory and
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somatosensory input (all three <i>via</i> nuclei in the thalamus). </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since the
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subfunction of selecting goals for behavior is already contained in
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the forebrain, it is apparent that the mammalian forebrain is using
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its sensory input to generate motor output, thereby serving all three
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subfunctions. Hence, it is the mammal's entire animal behavior
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guidance system. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The shift
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of all three subfunctions from the three distinct parts of the
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non-mammalian brain to the forebrain resembles the evolution of the
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vertebrate brain from brainless chordates: just as the rostral end of
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the chordate neural tube became a brain that took over the control of
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behavior from reflexes located throughout the neural tube, so the
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mammalian forebrain takes over the control of behavior from the
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midbrain and hindbrain. The midbrain and hindbrain structures are
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still there, but they are slaves to the forebrain (and are omitted
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from the mammalian diagrams unless they play an essential role). </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Furthermore,
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the neural connections among the subsystems in the mammalian brain
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are just what would be expected of an animal system of representation
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with spatial imagination. We have seen functionally how the
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subjective animal system of representation requires four subsystems
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(the <i>local image</i>, <i>body image</i>, behavior generator, and
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memory), and the simplest and most convincing way to show how their
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functions are served by structures in the mammalian forebrain will be
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to describe how those mammalian structures evolve from simpler
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mechanisms in the non-mammalian forebrain. The relevant structures of
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the vertebrate brain have already been described (see <font face="Arial, sans-serif">Stage
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5. Telesensory animals: Structure of the non-mammalian vertebrate
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brain</font>). </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
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are, as already mentioned, two kinds of changes in the non-mammalian
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forebrain that result in mechanisms for the subjective animal system
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of representation — the evolution of the neocortex, and a
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restructuring of the thalamus that redirects the non-mammalian
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forebrain output back to the (telencephalon of the) forebrain (by way
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of the thalamus) to form the complete circuits of its higher level of
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neurological organization. The first change occurs in the
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telencephalon of the forebrain and the second in the diencephalon. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAaYAAAFoCAMAAAArTa/1AAAAD1BMVEUAAAD8A/v8A/sAAAD////nTSorAAAAAnRSTlP/AOW3MEoAABflSURBVHic7Z2LuuuoCoD1/V96vtmNigoKiEaz5Jzd1SYK6B9vaDvOXTlC/JXt5WI6Qi6mI+RiMhJq/LCp3ovJShxEYl2pF5ORuH///q/OZ2IWXnxoaURFs+r/YjKSQOJ5+ffXhbfPezQfV7uhr39YXPrnnmYVWlh8pfIxtF9MJuKel18fV1AbpnQx2Ugcg56BKA5GDjQsLJ9I/5V3hF33F9OLwq/6i+lFuZhOEEHNX0wLBK9iScVfTEbyLGbDhA9GH8BLlkGi/WKykX8T8BiCALGIGJvIa1pW7ReTkTwrprSwTdGHGNrLk4u0X0wmkkINLoQhsgCfD00spRep/xQmojALihjCD2Fkcj5GH1JUQr/R8SlMSFAmdj9bidihL2GKkyvnwtj9TLE2E7lDGxZCLVl0Oky86J2e10Thz6cwPQOAcxDTfiX845gy2bdcGse+imnfYqkc+yqmbUVX3X8Dk8li0qSilEr+BiZpBK1I7xQ6TBxJ2S4mLHUV2qYPnUz0A+S7mJDEINoNFmD2brD71j+CSbYH531oP7atqaLEDvLthIleiY77uEMp67YU2mvcQARnyPJ9j40w0XU54UleL5UHDu4ghg8QHki6EaYi6J+Ozc8YFtarqLs8cMY8bRy6uJ2Ypx0zbigxFAfCpvWDpVf+rgps+gC/F5BfKlJvh8ml+PbTHxi5OKzEllIqWug0wE5MlXwnTEAmePUuptEOc0tMM5x6FdOo8T0xTZHhqnrT9sW0IPt4Sz4Fk/VMzTHEygGD1flfxMSdPGbA1tUTYukYTFYBI9383vxEhfDI+V/CNFTZxodfhEfOz8E0urwcrGUXtAx5AdWBJW0wQB85PweTnlMgZDJZM2lUWYCIc+T865iyWrWarQ2jClHmMDI9b8roMzQ4ZG+pSF01nFTXOZfW3HcxoSUbmEGgJrTqxOZPwiSoZaJY1oVdVXtnYeJW88JCrTH1RUyLi7TC3GGYGJxeKND8SjwNU4/TW8WZbPdbmN4szNSaPA5Tg9PrRZnnwHcwbVGQWU6ch4ngtEsx5tTngZjwbbP1blAyw5VvYNqrDBO8ORFTfdbwHTcomVCnH8BksPtDnlNRaTPxqdB5IiZYCwPb5sQJokFcDryayZmYwF6qLjuDgxaXC9kVfrWcsVS3SlzxV5JVWGQhK7gxLjHTdcJO2UIJxwXE+dTNj5mQ/DAkJ2NaBomft5yD6s2Vxs/EVH9Ti5FlsKiM8ax7YZrpXUXmt3BEogOHLTWWhy8quzaKVotoWBcXspWeVIYfaxFapmzOxBQOodnbcPwK0Ew0VBqPxTRlRR70TjwY0c2DJSAymRR/CSbwVQPv40v4Jcl4xjN+R4GlllcBqtIxMtV+kpksKng2pnAC12enpB96HuABx6r7Wou/DfN97zCRONH3xaCG13R6GCbwdRFwQ9RCxPPjdKdFg/mrIfk3W3R+cOU9TNnXe+L7GBJr66zfIumowaJX5vQYdJI6xgNDAJdHrCTJhRKGpND15WNT0c3kBZJNe9npGOUtezMGqG6zrpon/suKLQUdEybSnplRNcpPy0vHK2w9OWiC4vnkggPhkc0eUw9+oSm9ehcXM2swgcZE3cVv1Je4BnnX0LxY1lavJp9yRjS/3OkLnqH/h7/Y1HNgAymdU9c0v5zSZ4nrVMkpLVDK1pRFBWIz5Hn/kuTuKSmJCtmcDeAZVDN4kTe7Y8pBKZ5bfmfHMUF1w6oxTyD7YwJ1o6EkLV9/0oamn8zpBEyxg2YldfQntiW+BcbKSaSctHkCpmexxUnY+MQyJEuEvRvVjmY8A5NqzaMpGrNfRbrhqc3pGEysWtdMC2kF/YRie9rKPgeT64PKBo2R+S8npaunlKYGCmsHYeqUEh3a5TbYieuokrUJYOsQTHGd10tRvZcbYSdXBEn+BqaqbvIQJZpEbkOdYxanUzBRww6gJ1rCdI0oswinOWwzB2JCF5VpRK+HDPS/66MbWmrHxPMI1Qz0DEx1MLW47PKXIi9ayHpOrasMKad9MRE2QmVrnkA0LlFPkn8XHDgbE7blwvucIuMMRMe5Kc1pCSZy44zqpoh0xUX0iAGR16W+L/sv8cSXQrOoWoScdsYUnuenvuDOF42xq7d/BWD6Z8ild9Ez6ilQbiVO4LSuNYF+Jz3Hzw5ljxN+F9uPw8lFNv7pKvPG1DDMY/UJTGHvGD7F5TPd9KLRZTImWmFgCs0YnhUJjZrhfzsJx1/2fdQFcR6xDZ+e29CefBouYGtC3ekMbJIq6jSeVs42K0d+6KZmWpdmUZmAj6/3Dl6LE66YnDfFpXrCri96abAScdoRU2kR/CPTZG4ZYrIQgpUj3uM65DaFOcYkLpX6JYlpXH4RubxealZTm9PeUYiwFI2f4Z+3WhOwlbGSNKdvYfpfQFWk8Sv/mCWf71FhMDo4kdP+mJ5FaT5Hozm9U5y45uC6gcySOoO10rN1EpjUtUDGhl6RfMLaSVt/bHblx2BCWpNHQL07sUgOiZpTiqSVy5OY4GxMVQnexoS+h5dd1YN77/L/IX3EAZh8/YDSTr9bHO7olEWrntEXtCYsvbWr9iLA9HJpBJO9LOzS7SJPwFRx2rUx8ZuT0NOjMCHNikj4mvCb0wcxJU6SQPUrwm5OX8Zkk2ym/GlMvBOSWxQFD/K10nGU2mHq73ByS6BSr9NqL+w5uUipGaaunkFM9mHnOTKl17NsTc9qOq6zQzQy7NCGm3GxLTWtOjHR1odGb9mRuY4fW2LKgh3Ox3NxPqyz4y3w8xRiE5pbdA609NrzaJUjO2IC4Q7fbk2gXSmsUDcUuuJrCLPFk04xGpqeLza8vTEljcYKOfpVRgONsoGnU1DgZCG/9c8YnM7DhPisNRlD1fF4efyb+MG+gKcVfdtOyPL0TdGZT9EIXd9p5EZP1V/H9ORduJxQ6bqYNpaL6Qi5mI6QXTHFo6yENy2/P43JLKpnOE+iF54XUy9dV6UNJnjaAkYfwnUP3uWt7oOYuL3eC5jCEr6I5YFwS/ZO5+wpwsO0PlgUGlC7NcVGdTH17lVp357pzcMES0ZNbiZZZlm4mHw57byYlOKqNxP0l9snMcCaIqrEaeBx29mbZiqOxm9jgntGLl4LZMImk7UPF5PAQD5xiZMXeN2ny6amqzfNVByNn8VkINrKuZiWirY7ZJVNpHkcU9GxcPeAXsTEtgj23p2gfPYTvVFMeHYOqiMwOYAKHozi6t8DUytvD9URmDyccYA5PFf/DpgYLaahfQiTqA+iTU+SrTAx81H1qMZUK5SimoxpAiU9Jtl0spXfZGIqKsdcTjthEuaqrHTDoqiS9mjHLspUTMySLcEkz1TYkWPiOMosjGgOIRVmN7EppqIOxZi4MA11Da5tDRuTEpN2PEOLQI421AeuDToNUxXXJpHrVEz4/A5Xlk21jSdyxl0jlettTCMr4loFPl8HSyKpi530zDXX8AzYkNJyTCFvB5OL34xQWWs00PAljPIaT4XE9NuYxuazrtRBYvJlnUqNFCobt1sLBq3lszH5somgVRq6O6vVd/dohKMmolq7lpS2xRT+GtQXooZuwNX9sDcvnnfsiKkuYiPe73wHU3JqIH6fpomIATx9fDqAJ16EaRIlG0xYf9HalnEEproRGWASLZJc/Qg92xfplBLDZsfsGkx1x/9oKg63+vi5VoAVqJ6BD50mcZkqTuLKtd8Dle0MMuvflpIlpqeIDv4BnUaeAWt/ESnofIZ2Lfk1kg9G8EY4gJSeQJ4WnjGu2EQh0jInrEzS8apua0qYQqcD+qsxTBpK+inSPEpaTMOTPQ4mUa+FmxEnLKehSmvYtEjqVJ573CdN7rpMqb8LIxS4bGClmbBwBbkj0YJnc6Vyie4Vu7eY2UqVPSauk1inLLfdbkxRn7JV6M9CDNVfA1P+1I31r5zMWJpyYi7TQmdUd14WC0hFzqpUVXzoqSj9E8h0kXry9ZRaOZVLjBFM+iedi2lkRE9KdEmKeXlHHa8x5UUVyBAmNSgGJjj9G3FQmaColx4mfmPK9LFlEJNSAR/T7MGJ7PKAWy7GiahwkZSSh8XCVpblhWFMhJ12BqRcIJ5XYBrzTXUbdrgxCuHJcBGXUtmRhiaKzKfKjAaYfnokiSWYBv1S3IXLa/BdNTJcpKMULZWhUIfMXqwwSeq1fCAxTFZetRWhN7N2zKgePSUf6t+lZuvRKKgdJnbNVhRew9Sm9GDChFQitharI457k1sTt2aRLs1BP9Zh6lBiOdFAJvCEYcasQnh+YEPkO5jwPoiXF08xjdJyTC77ky6ux4RSYubFE8yjtBqTK/7GT11M+aDA97qx59W/1JknLqNkiolhrXoTPkFMdQIfZsa1Jq7JspwcSu0ZgaTpjVayKaaOKrKWHbxHdnrPrDUtO59weljL4CUBNtuzAyy7YP4xldJSTGRKPqb4mzYu4+SxtUZtCRhh+k6VqB/e4d7jyZKxqR4cXH0fLJxwXS40qN995+KldLnnFDqDafhO6BR2j417TFmBqeofikH9aR1xY7CNKWtNABNhvxxB0JGPrASOSjId4x5XFmCievHsb6o+ChOIe5W/ekJN5lCnHO0RIzfelGZTWhCFICOVTUxWCydOPQsmCmJIRuVYECwqu53y3WpMkkUs2mXys9sVwwoTraecLhRv45ztSZvembjVuyhoC2jSJZTs9puaNihzcXMp7uOkKyZudefZHTOk5/GqwrpCxjE1hu8iTStZWveEhDZDb6c5MY2w5yei2wIZwsQAxNfVvaDT2qxfho1WGZdRGsIkzClJPrk1wWlLO39rFtjp8AwpjWCSZhRiMlm8twYnjv5GL72uKfkRTOJ8O2EimxniB3q9l9uWkh6TPJ8U03hRG7CZ7uMTkD4kY0pbYxrl1GCtp8SpMGtIfxWTusvjlHrGRqsSkxN+YeFfHnnaoQLTqJkjX71GGJt1DIgKk+5QiQLTSJlJ0tyYYZmiOTknc9mIEBOIJZyKidlQy31M3ipp1smSX1ymIykFzCk2pUk7vKqr2gRLseg8SswyCxK3NVEdvMxUx49yQ1dppshGrpuavqhMzqO0yfI2nYOo0+qqrJed1KqtkCe+r8rL0b4BphrKUO/KoTy26qXzTQK1AyZXf8gvCU1xhlC0GzdZQ04BdQImoS3X+ERdHtiSqTNOALUBJgyJvuTMORrsFkd2CfCs+8T01mJim6OWSeXV3rkxlq3mbrSpHINJG06r26XRlvPKXcGDMHV9JQ6VFIv3vp8sGdz5lZtbhok7mreUk+7SNxiOiYW7D2JmfANMjJlelqByuXNkyVhETdLuFORoNGY8iwzTv9v8fsx6iJDqKwIsrr4DrrQMC+12VcqztKMQY2I3GI2FkWBvXj+KvYdzC0zNmN6g2Ezqxjovlw70uvQFR3DIlPg1iFKDxrRhFlfNk3fCZDE//G0G/Zt3/na+0+9Lgx/QbvqgNGyXBVskybULja5T8E/J01pc1pri9SNa09aYpkzoxYo3wIQvSq1kUNMelPqb7DZmGlnwgEPlZnU4genFrphk0m1NFDArTDx2rrp0MdFJQWojTMyO8JkUpR8IDI9POkzj8LL8OUwhw/NXYYt1Cb3uns45m8G68sKEycipmPjdDZGxdwm97tL/szYEWxM+km470xOJZqYXoh/ifIwrzRsOC4SJjUoVgEW3YqplIypMvr0Wo/P1LvTvrMcE6PQSjZtqaFfmU+TpfObdGjQ6U+aB0j8D2kGN+si+t7PMalIjeqXtHFufMs1MFkkpGO5aqrNRCop6Qh22SmGozk5V0LikGjDD9J23PLJjtdE5vUG7jVtvDkxWrIzL8BKmztx2lRvzHPgEprbN1zpi6MKwBgs3krY3qqQflF/jR9OJV7NX6jbE9AVOH8DUtbgFpqGa/sBMj2FwC04jC39DN34Kl1cIy94OmNS1PcF5S0xJlzIslOkadsdAVLs8Mzw3xRSJWGDagpP0YP8sr20xuRDk8/HEYAjMEUcVWp6ZOTYonNqPpZ7mgq0uF3Cl4wnPbq90K3GXBvVPsEAwGh+e47R9pwdbk4tHFzTBsq04BemH7me4vWVVBFm0jWEvn4mQ8+RYTtagNq+HVfuCE8TU791r4WBOlnV7QiWc4CMhdtvBB1TBwS0qHqHGicVwwAl7Ox0Bi+YDJR5+R2+GP+dj+jl4LKd/a/sUjwmn4H14SV/qbCnZv+wxnnsmqIQJhGOei/n3SVpKti85jMO0l/+bSh7dTP33DxUv4Ll9oQv3ziSFiqQM25e4du87oPiye3lR7z7UpJiye2EbYei/BGrzojac6+8ofEj2LiRv0/RdUks8OBzTv0Rvgkp2p3qwNSaua+/1f478YGxnY0zioxPLWZWLunmG3u8t6CQKpUtBVWam2X0Jk3P9Mqkcc25dq0JX3pNMvfc1tBTNStEtqz0LV4iBy4gR1OocU29iStHiJ1Yc8FlZmYqKCGNZmwmap+jl2AVh43Suz6t+8oZhzhzYX8D0s73YnC0qvM/b/9Sr3PZrhmuRK6HUWniIqJ6hdn/BUImoXUyLpUOMTfJimi8X0yfkYjpTLqYj5GI6Q/7K8vZwYWEyAncxqYWHycjWxaQW1kaGi19BHjJ1MakFqTl8o5D8Qgbf1MWkF8bu7b9u8Nm2GbF0MQ0IcyAar+KLaUjuyaIz5J7TO0TIEJ+xkan6r5jIxXSEXExHyMV0hFxMR8gLmB6Tv9lR/IWEKy1hV5FhXbp4ftKnX0ggEgambX3YW51jaWrd+wUAI5s8yWs/BKAw63MwtVX3EfkixRim8H+GKiubPMkwhV4ofshT0irSb4WietEMsb9rrA0deG2IYZWxVb2MqfHdcVqHLxA3k8dfgHnaVPWfW4cpY/rwLzbE8Pnf85/6z3RXVXth4yGoWmGT41ZetS5uQYbnPHOR0uHr26aYvAsdUvgx5vQ5/e6PT7WnrrOQ2y+0yXGrHJtcfFzik5OuUTq8B7uUgTVtE3CPmNAMENMvT6iU9BlUX1Zlus4o+rTQJsetonYcqLfYwH3zkU8TpJilmRz0JrLWlL2Nn4tH3QJTeLvIJsetrNPz2eMN+2FOa6ow4W0qttjQ+OimFysn1QjaAZljWmqT41Y57COYuJ0etzVJnEuDYxowwWAYgPuEPI6wGheyxdwim3y/woc4vPjMgfYjPw8Tw/0VRnawWVentILz3qtPVaDZIIW9HIppnnQdsXgWpMK0aevYGwXly9bONcXY8eWYsP6wNXk/EpS518VMz4W1ZyMVpkNQ83HJxEncu7mlTPAY1i+YrMksi2qesND20U5eMzEkQKsLi0kLTN3EvwK5tN6YUz7EfG5oWs2aSoXJh+BBeIkrqZYSQc2Hy2mNCFbSiyQ6tj+gn+CY0goVVGZTCb/m867VvYLJQxdOEAamfg2Kaj5L/FJrio6cIvaYJK3prU7v58hSa2MCh4+nlscw9fKFITu9xgnSAUP5W5JVTZo7IJXZ1HFrfq7cejxCLqYj5OOYiLgAemmNRzr5OKY4LcIud67sJH8CE/vytvIHMP3iIzDylc9g18cV5bKtY0YSeBSRrzoU9s4Smyvfx+QzTLEF8aNbO8gfwOTL0Eh+4dW4Ilf+JCZXXLiYXpYwKcjnDakFnRLd2tStK7lcTEfIxXSEXExHyMV0hFxMR8jFdISADZk88FjgIzZuSKXIW6CpNsdQiCenHPvW4weWdHlhy2L+4ir1Ng2qMyREKxc113WzvSdx2v6RVEhMdUIvwJTu2mGSOfYt+YcpBbp8cbwolT/WRnYfBGFgVvAx6Eg9E23OY+9TUK4wDhyDFwn/z5YKUxaiBOUMN7N7IJhZZPXpQrFtQJlzyPuYy5UxUugYaJ5FiPUznOrWBAZsWOdgpAYDeqgMnz5UmLIK9mVrQsxlelxGs0gNjUCziP9nyw9TUfM4ppgjqzSfOLUxJco9czndso2jjsGnAPf/bKkwoY+0rx9egMm79KHVmsLVnjnQZ5GdHomJ8v9seTD5Zr1538CE15CPdwGm2Jra5i6mSuJsLdTKcyVIaimpWuI9H/uzdAsm9UBHMbIh5mKy4j14V6ZO+ZNZ3P/D5Rul+LxcTEfIxXSEXExHyMV0hFxMR8jFdIRcTEfIxXSEXExHyMV0hFxMR8jFdIRcTEfIxXSEXExHiLtyhPwHunEqP0BisW0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=" name="MBrainParts" align="bottom" width="422" height="360" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
neocortex evolves from the integration of the DVR and dorsal cortex,
|
||
the two main telencephalic targets of thalamic nuclei in reptiles.
|
||
During embryological development in mammals, cells in the
|
||
telencephalon that would become the DVR in reptiles migrate to the
|
||
dorsal cortex (the extended flap of neural tube at the diencephalon)
|
||
and lay themselves out in the dorsal cortex against the outer surface
|
||
of the mammalian telencephalon. The result is the six layers of cells
|
||
distinctive of mammalian neocortex. (Compare the diagram of the
|
||
reptilian brain with that of the mammalian brain.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote1anc" href="#sdendnote1sym"><sup>i</sup></a></sup>)
|
||
The evolution of the neocortex adds to the telencephalon a
|
||
somatotopic representation of the body (the <i>body image</i>) and
|
||
all the telesensory images that make up the <i>local image.</i></font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
thalamus is restructured so that it redirects the non-mammalian
|
||
forebrain's three kinds of output back to the telencephalon, and this
|
||
results in the creation of three circuits in the mammalian forebrain.
|
||
Each circuit is a pathway of neural projections that includes both
|
||
the thalamus and the neocortex along with special structures that
|
||
make them different from one another. And each circuit serves one of
|
||
the basic subfunctions of the animal behavior guidance system. The
|
||
sensory input circuit serves as <i>local image </i>with the <i>memory
|
||
</i>in the functional diagram. The behavioral output circuit combines
|
||
the systems labeled <i>body image </i>and <i>behavior generator </i>in
|
||
the functional diagram. The third circuit is the <i>affective system</i>,
|
||
for selecting goals of mammalian behavior, which attaches desires to
|
||
objects in the <i>local image </i>by activating dispositions in the
|
||
behavior generator. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Since
|
||
the neocortex and thalamus are what are linked by the three circuits,
|
||
these two main changes are connected. Each of the areas of neocortex
|
||
and nucleus of the thalamus is on roughly the same level of
|
||
neurological organization as each of the basic systems making up the
|
||
telesensory animal behavior guidance system, and thus, when they are
|
||
linked in a three different circuits, each serving one of those
|
||
subfunctions, there is obviously a higher level of neurological
|
||
organization. But the best way to see how this basic structure is
|
||
tried out is to start with the change in the thalamus that gave the
|
||
neocortex a somatotopic representation of the body to serve as the
|
||
behavioral output system of the subjective behavioral output system. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>The
|
||
body image. </b></i>Motor output is generated from the <i>body image,
|
||
</i>a region of the neocortex that is somatotopically organized. It
|
||
receives somatosensory input from all parts of the body and it
|
||
generates the motor output controlling all parts of the body. Like
|
||
the <i>local image </i>in the posterior cerebrum, the <i>body image
|
||
</i>is a region of neocortex located in the anterior cerebrum. But
|
||
somatosensory and motor neocortex represent the body like a picture
|
||
(or, rather, several pictures), and a somatotopic organization is
|
||
such a highly improbable mechanical order that the behavioral output
|
||
system is a good example of a complex structure that seems unlikely
|
||
to be tried out as a random variation by the mechanism of
|
||
embryological development. But it most come from somewhere.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="MBrainBodyImage" align="bottom" width="414" height="260" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
image of the body in the neocortex cannot come from either of the
|
||
geometrical structures from which the neocortex evolved, because
|
||
neither the DVR nor the dorsal cortex have a somatotopic
|
||
organization. But telesensory animals needed such a somatotopic
|
||
representation of the body in order to even out motor commands to
|
||
muscle groups in each region of the body so that whole body behavior
|
||
would be coordinated. That requires the command neurons to be related
|
||
spatially to one another corresponding to spatial relations among the
|
||
parts of the body they control, and that was the function of the
|
||
cerebellum. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Even before
|
||
reptiles, there was a rough somatotopic organization in the
|
||
cerebellum (the archicerebellum), but the evolution of legs required
|
||
a more distinct somatotopic organization. As mentioned above, it is
|
||
found in a new region of the cerebellum (the paleocerebellum) and in
|
||
the red nucleus to which it projects in the midbrain in order to
|
||
affect motor commands to the limbs. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">There is a
|
||
further development of a similar kind in the mammalian cerebellum.
|
||
Yet another region is added to the cerebellum (the neocerebellum).
|
||
The mammalian cerebellum projects to the red nucleus <i>and </i>(joined
|
||
by a projection from the red nucleus) to the motor neocortex (relayed
|
||
in both cases by a new nucleus of the thalamus, the ventral lateral
|
||
nucleus). In other words, the red nucleus now sends motor commands to
|
||
the limbs by way of a somatotopic representation in the neocortex.
|
||
(See diagram of the behavioral output system.) This relay of its
|
||
output to the motor neocortex required a new nucleus in the thalamus,
|
||
and that may have been the original random variation that is
|
||
responsible for both the reorganization of the thalamus and the
|
||
neocortex. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Not only
|
||
does it locate a somatotopic behavioral output system in the
|
||
neocortex, but it is also the source of the somatotopic organization
|
||
of somatosensory input to the neocortex (which is also relayed to the
|
||
neocortex by a new thalamic nucleus, the ventral posterolateral
|
||
nucleus).<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote2anc" href="#sdendnote2sym"><sup>ii</sup></a></sup>
|
||
In primitive mammals, such as the hedgehog, somatosensory input and
|
||
motor output share the same <i>body image </i>in the neocortex, and
|
||
only later do their images come to occupy adjacent areas of neocortex
|
||
across the central sulcus. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>The
|
||
local image. </b></i>The telesensory images making up the <i>local
|
||
image </i>are on the same level of part-whole complexity as the <i>body
|
||
image</i>. Both are regions of neocortex receiving highly organized
|
||
2-D projections from specific nuclei of the thalamus. As in earlier
|
||
vertebrates, telesensory input is relayed to the telencephalon by
|
||
nuclei in the thalamus. Visual input is relayed by the lateral
|
||
geniculate body to the occipital neocortex, and auditory input is
|
||
relayed by the medial geniculate body to a region of the temporal
|
||
neocortex. But the evolution of the neocortex provides a more
|
||
powerful mechanism for its analysis than in telesensory animals. (See
|
||
the diagram of the <i>local image.</i>) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="MBrainLocalImage" align="bottom" width="426" height="301" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Regions
|
||
of neocortex all have a similar structure. Thalamic neurons send
|
||
axons in ordered, 2 .D arrays to certain 2-D areas of neocortex where
|
||
they synapse with certain kinds of neurons (that is, with neurons in
|
||
one or another of its six layers). And neurons in target areas of the
|
||
neocortex send 2 .D arrays of axons to three kinds of targets in the
|
||
forebrain: directly back to thalamic nuclei, to other neocortical
|
||
areas, and to the corpus striatum and its special projection to
|
||
certain thalamic nuclei (<i>behavior generator</i>). These
|
||
connections are determined genetically, by instructions from the
|
||
multicellular biological behavior guidance system. It is a good
|
||
example of the more complex structures that can develop from the
|
||
neural tube in deuterostomes: neurons in the thalamic nuclei and
|
||
their neocortical targets are born with molecular labels by which
|
||
they can somehow recognize their own locations in their own 2 .D
|
||
array and seek out corresponding locations in other 2 .D arrays.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote3anc" href="#sdendnote3sym"><sup>iii</sup></a></sup>
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
the case of telesensory images, all the 2 .D arrays in the thalamus
|
||
and neocortex are usually processing sensory input from the same
|
||
objects in the local scene at any given moment, but following genetic
|
||
instructions to analyze it in different ways. With evolution by
|
||
reinforcement selection, therefore, they can use the results of one
|
||
another's analysis to confirm their own conclusions, thereby
|
||
improving the efficiency of them all.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote4anc" href="#sdendnote4sym"><sup>iv</sup></a></sup>
|
||
Jointly, they are a subsystem with a 2 .D representation of the
|
||
object at a distance.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
<i>local image </i>is, however, a more encompassing 2-D
|
||
representation of the current <i>scene,</i> which includes all the
|
||
currently perceivable objects relative to the body. The <i>local
|
||
image </i>is constructed by an interaction between the <i>body image
|
||
</i>and specific telesensory representations. The <i>local image </i>is
|
||
constructed in a region of neocortex (the inferior parietal lobe)
|
||
adjacent to the visual and auditory analysis areas, on one side, and
|
||
the <i>body image, </i>on the other, and it receives association
|
||
fibers from both sides. (See diagram of the <i>local image.</i>) The
|
||
image of the body in the motor and somatosensory neocortex projects
|
||
association fibers providing information about the current bodily
|
||
condition (its stance and motion), and the parietal area uses it to
|
||
locate objects of telesensory images in the scene relative to the
|
||
body by taking account of the direction in which the head and ears
|
||
are pointed when they are received. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
eyes are, however, a special case. Their fixations are controlled by
|
||
the frontal eye fields (an area of frontal neocortex, anterior to the
|
||
motor cortex, which we are counting as part of the behavioral output
|
||
system). The frontal eye fields also report their oculomotor commands
|
||
to the inferior parietal lobe (<i>via </i>association fibers), where
|
||
an interaction with the visual neocortex (in the occipital area)
|
||
constructs a larger representation of the scene (the local image)
|
||
from the visual images that show up in each fixation.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote5anc" href="#sdendnote5sym"><sup>v</sup></a></sup>
|
||
(See diagram of the <i>local image.</i>) The already constructed
|
||
<i>local image </i>guides the fixations of the eyes to objects in the
|
||
scene; that is apparently the function of a highly unusual, ordered
|
||
2-D projection of fibers <i>to </i>the frontal eye fields <i>from </i>the
|
||
thalamic nucleus (pulvinar) that serves the inferior parietal area.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote6anc" href="#sdendnote6sym"><sup>vi</sup></a></sup>
|
||
The <i>local image </i>is not, therefore, just a collection of
|
||
telesensory images, but an ordering of them that indicates the
|
||
direction and distance of each from the body, or what serves as
|
||
representation of the current local scene.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Touch
|
||
is a new sensory modality, which depends on a certain kind of
|
||
somatosensory input to the <i>body image</i>. As we have noticed,
|
||
somatosensory input is relayed (by the posterolateral nucleus of the
|
||
thalamus) to the somatosensory neocortex (across the central sulcus
|
||
from the motor neocortex), where reports from joint and muscle
|
||
receptors supplies feedback about the effects of motor commands from
|
||
the <i>body image</i>. But it is also, in effect, a new sensory
|
||
modality, because input from skin receptors (of various kinds) is
|
||
combined with the representations of the scene and the body (in the
|
||
superior parietal area served by the lateral posterior thalamic
|
||
nucleus) to yield information about other objects in the current
|
||
scene (though this does not yield much information about them except
|
||
location until the evolution of manipulative animals). (See diagram
|
||
of <i>local image.</i>) Since the objects are distinct from the body,
|
||
but located not at a distance for it, touch might be called an
|
||
"extrosensory modality."<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote7anc" href="#sdendnote7sym"><sup>vii</sup></a></sup></font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
evolution of the neocortex, in sum, accounts for one part of each of
|
||
the two basic subsystems of the subjective animal system of
|
||
representation, the sensory input and behavioral output systems.
|
||
Almost every area of neocortex receives a projection from one or more
|
||
thalamic nuclei (and sends fibers back), but the <i>body image</i> is
|
||
located in the anterior neocortex, and the 2 .D telesensory images of
|
||
the objects in the scene and their combination as a <i>local image </i>is
|
||
located in the posterior neocortex. But these regions of neocortex
|
||
act on the thalamus in two different ways, each of which makes the
|
||
neocortex a link in a complete circuit. The rest of each circuit is
|
||
the other part of the sensory input and behavior output systems
|
||
represented in the functional diagram of the subjective animal system
|
||
of representation, and that is the part of each circuit that is
|
||
provided by the other major change in the mammalian forebrain, the
|
||
redirection of the output of the non-mammalian forebrain back to the
|
||
telencephalon by relays in the thalamus. (The same also holds for the
|
||
goal selection system, the third part of an animal behavior guidance
|
||
system, as we shall see.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">We
|
||
have seen that there are three pathways of output from the
|
||
non-mammalian forebrain: the ancient olfactory pathway, the striatal
|
||
pathway, and the hippocampal pathway. And each is responsible for a
|
||
new, complete circuit in the mammalian forebrain. Indeed, the
|
||
functions are parceled out to these circuits according to the three
|
||
subfunctions of any behavior guidance system. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
striatal pathway becomes part of the <i>behavior generator </i>which
|
||
works together with the <i>body image </i>to serve as the behavioral
|
||
output system. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
hippocampal pathway becomes the <i>memory</i> which works together
|
||
with the <i>local image </i>to serve the sensory input subfunction of
|
||
mapping the territory. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">And the
|
||
olfactory pathway becomes the <i>goal selection system</i> which
|
||
works together with both frontal and posterior areas of neocortex to
|
||
serve the subfunction of selecting goals,. We will put the olfactory
|
||
pathway aside for now and take it up only after detailing the
|
||
subjective animal system of representation, because the subjective
|
||
animal behavior guidance system is what results when olfactory
|
||
pathway is added to the subjective animal system of representation.
|
||
Let us begin with the hippocampal pathway and how memories are
|
||
recorded. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>The
|
||
memory. </b></i>The mammalian <i>memory</i> is a forebrain circuit
|
||
that results from redirecting the hippocampal output of the
|
||
non-mammalian forebrain back to the telencephalon by way of another
|
||
new thalamic relay (the anterior nucleus) in the diencephalon. Its
|
||
target is, however, a new region of neocortex, the cingulate area,
|
||
which runs parallel to all the other areas of the neocortex at the
|
||
medial extreme of the neocortex (including the <i>local image, body
|
||
image, </i>and other regions of frontal neocortex where <i>behavioral
|
||
schemata </i>are located. See diagram of the memory.) This provides a
|
||
new, complete circuit, because association fibers connect the
|
||
cingulate area with all the areas of neocortex running parallel to
|
||
it, and those areas all have association fibers to (a staging area in
|
||
the temporal lobe that projects to) the hippocampus. Since the
|
||
hippocampus receives information about the "images" in 2-D
|
||
arrays throughout the neocortex, it is what enables the mammalian
|
||
brain to learn from experience with the three dimensional structure
|
||
of the world how to use the input about the body condition
|
||
(association fibers from the behavioral output system to the parietal
|
||
cortex) to construct the representation of the local scene and how to
|
||
label such representations by their locations relative to one another
|
||
in three dimensional space as it forms new memory. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="MBrainMemory" align="bottom" width="323" height="278" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
basic mechanism involved in the formation of memories is the
|
||
strengthening of synapses of association fibers connecting sets of
|
||
neurons in various regions of the neocortex that are firing at the
|
||
time, so that later, when enough of them fire together again, it
|
||
makes the others in the group fire as well. Although synapses are
|
||
strengthened anyway among 2-D arrays in nearby areas of neocortex
|
||
that are closely interconnected,<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote8anc" href="#sdendnote8sym"><sup>viii</sup></a></sup>
|
||
the hippocampus-cingulate circuit connects, as memory groups, neurons
|
||
from all areas of neocortex that are active at the moment.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote9anc" href="#sdendnote9sym"><sup>ix</sup></a></sup>
|
||
This connects images of the same object from different sensory
|
||
modalities as the same object and images of various objects in the
|
||
current scene as a <i>local image </i>so that they can be called up
|
||
together as units. But it is necessary to have input about the
|
||
current bodily condition to label telesensory images by the behavior
|
||
involved in perceiving them in the scene. That is provided by
|
||
association fibers from the behavioral output system to the inferior
|
||
parietal neocortex, and if input from the bodily condition is not
|
||
what is combined in the memory groups for the local image, it must be
|
||
the relevant groups of neurons of the behavioral output system
|
||
itself.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Given
|
||
how the memory system (the hippocampus-cingulate circuit) works, it
|
||
is required to form such cortex-wide memories. But it is not involved
|
||
in recalling memories. Recalling memories is simply a matter of
|
||
making the whole group fire together by enough of its members firing
|
||
for some reason.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote10anc" href="#sdendnote10sym"><sup>x</sup></a></sup>
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Indeed, at
|
||
an earlier stage of embryological development, as mentioned above,
|
||
the <i>memory</i> circuit is responsible for acquiring the behavioral
|
||
schemata by which overt inquisitive behavior can construct <i>local
|
||
images </i>and similar covert behavior can extract information about
|
||
the locations of objects in the local science from <i>local images
|
||
</i>called up from memory. The memory circuit provides the “natural
|
||
selection” for a contained form of reproductive causation in which
|
||
the “reproducing organisms” are connections among neurons serving
|
||
as behavioral schemata, neurons representing the bodily condition,
|
||
and neurons serving as telesensory images, and these connections
|
||
evolve as parts of schemata that the <i>behavior generator </i>can
|
||
use, as inquisitive behavior, to construct local image, or as covert
|
||
behavior, extract information about them. The correlations between
|
||
telesensory input and bodily condition that hold for objects of every
|
||
kind in any local scene depend on the structure of space (and the
|
||
structure of the body driven by the brain), and the <i>memory</i>
|
||
circuit enables the brain to acquire the general connections between
|
||
cells in the <i>local image </i>and <i>body image </i>so that
|
||
behavior schemata for constructing and using <i>local images </i>can
|
||
evolve by the natural selection of a reinforcement that strengthens
|
||
the connections when they are successful, for example, when the
|
||
animal can find objects it desires in the scene. Thus, the structural
|
||
cause of the capacity to record and use <i>local images </i>is
|
||
internalized from the structure of the spatiomaterial world by a form
|
||
of reproductive causation that occurs as a later phase of the process
|
||
of the embryological development of the brain. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">There is
|
||
evidence, by the way, that the schemata for this kind of behavior is
|
||
derived from experience. When human subjects are fitted with glasses
|
||
that reverse right and left or up and down in the visual field, there
|
||
is, after a long period of awkward attempts to compensate, a dramatic
|
||
change in which subjects report that everything "suddenly"
|
||
seems oriented in the "right" direction again. As the
|
||
<i>memory</i> circuit lays in new connections for behavioral schemata
|
||
to construct and use <i>local images </i>with the reversing glasses
|
||
and they take over, one's sense of direction changes. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
<i>memory</i> circuit also has a built-in structure that makes it
|
||
possible to connect <i>local images </i>in sequences corresponding to
|
||
the direction of locomotion and turning relative to them, though
|
||
linking them in such sequences depends on the cingulate neocortex
|
||
functioning in an additional way. When the cingulate neurons in a
|
||
memory group fire, so do the associated images in the adjoining
|
||
<i>regions of </i>neocortex, and <i>vice versa</i>. The means that
|
||
the cingulate neocortex is in a position to determine the <i>local
|
||
images </i>called up in sensory input system. Thus, in order to serve
|
||
as the memory for spatial imagination, all the cingulate gyrus needs
|
||
is the capacity to link <i>local images </i>together in long
|
||
sequences and to be able to switch from one such sequence to another
|
||
when their <i>local images </i>overlap. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
posterior cingulate gyrus is in a position to serve as the memory for
|
||
spatial imagination, because the posterior cingulate receives input
|
||
about the bodily condition, overt and covert, from the anterior
|
||
cingulate gyrus. The anterior cingulate gyrus is connected to the
|
||
<i>body image </i>and the behavioral schemata in the <i>behavior
|
||
generator </i>in a way that is similar to the connection between the
|
||
posterior cingulate gyrus and the local image, except that the
|
||
influence runs the opposite direction. The <i>body image </i>and
|
||
<i>behavioral schemata </i>project to the anterior cingulate gyrus,
|
||
and the anterior cingulate gyrus is an (agranular) motor neocortex
|
||
like the <i>body image </i>and <i>behavioral schemata,</i> except
|
||
that it has not effect on overt motor output and projects to the
|
||
posterior cingulate gyrus. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Since
|
||
the <i>body image </i>contains information about how the body moves
|
||
and turns overtly in the scene, the connections it makes with the
|
||
posterior cingulate gyrus would become labels that are recorded with
|
||
the sequences of local images. And since the <i>behavioral schemata
|
||
</i>contain the same kind of information about covert behavior, and
|
||
it is projected to the posterior cingulate gyrus in the same way,
|
||
those connections can be used as labels to call up the <i>local
|
||
images </i>according to how it move and turns covertly in relation to
|
||
the images called up in memory. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">As
|
||
sequences of <i>local images </i>become richly interconnected, the
|
||
mammal acquires a map of its territory by which it can travel almost
|
||
any route. It is the structure of space that ensures that such
|
||
interconnections of sequences can accumulate without contradictions.
|
||
This internalization of the structure of space is an example of the a
|
||
contained form of reproductive causation that takes place in
|
||
neurological development as a result of reinforcement selection. The
|
||
memory labels required for constructing and exploring memory maps are
|
||
part of the behavior schemata that evolve gradually toward greater
|
||
efficiency in satisfying desires, in the first instance, getting the
|
||
animal where it wants to go.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote11anc" href="#sdendnote11sym"><sup>xi</sup></a></sup>
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>The
|
||
behavior generator. </b></i>In reptiles, the DVR is the main source
|
||
of input to the striatum (which is one pathway of non-mammalian
|
||
forebrain output to the midbrain), and thus, since those DVR cells
|
||
migrate in mammals to the dorsal cortex and combine as the neocortex,
|
||
the neocortex becomes the main source of input to the striatum
|
||
(called the <i>corpus striatum</i> or <i>basal ganglia</i>). In fact,
|
||
all areas of the neocortex project to the corpus striatum, including
|
||
the <i>local image, </i>the <i>body image, </i>behavioral schemata in
|
||
the frontal neocortex, and the cingulate neocortex. But the output of
|
||
the corpus striatum, which in reptiles was projected to the midbrain
|
||
as motor commands, is mostly redirected in mammals back to the
|
||
neocortex by way of a relay in the thalamus (the ventral lateral and
|
||
ventral anterior nuclei). The targets of the corpus striatum are all
|
||
in the frontal neocortex (in the anterior forebrain), including both
|
||
the <i>body image </i>and the behavioral schemata. This new circuit
|
||
is the <i>behavior generator</i>. But there are two channels through
|
||
this circuit, which were not distinguished in the functional diagram
|
||
except for the ability to generate behavior either overtly or
|
||
covertly. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Part
|
||
of the corpus striatum's output is relayed by the (ventral anterior)
|
||
thalamus to regions throughout the frontal neocortex where the
|
||
behavioral schemata are located. This part also projects to a region
|
||
called the “premotor cortex” (an anterior part of Brodmann area
|
||
6), which is the behavioral output system for covert behavior. It
|
||
also projects to the frontal eye fields, which controls the fixation
|
||
of the eyes on objects in the <i>local image.</i></font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
other part of the striatum’s output is relayed by the (ventral
|
||
lateral) thalamus more specifically to the motor neocortex itself,
|
||
the part of the <i>body image </i>that is responsible for overt
|
||
behavior. This includes both the motor neocortex (Brodmann area 4)
|
||
the supplementary motor neocortex (an area of neocortex adjacent to
|
||
the motor neocortex which modifies motor commands directly, which is
|
||
part of Brodmann area 6.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The motor
|
||
neocortex (the <i>body image </i>from which overt behavior in
|
||
generated) also receives a projection from the ventral lateral
|
||
thalamus that relays the output of the cerebellum (where motor
|
||
commands are evened out spatially and temporally in a detailed way).
|
||
The motor commands actually sent to the body depend, therefore, on
|
||
the cerebellum as much as the circuit through the corpus striatum and
|
||
ventral lateral thalamus. But the cerebellum is controlled by these
|
||
circuits through the striatum and thalamus, because the cerebellum
|
||
follows motor commands from the <i>body image, </i>including both
|
||
parts, Brodmann areas 4 and 6. (The premotor commands, a part of the
|
||
<i>body image </i>that generates covert behavior, enables the
|
||
cerebellum to anticipate the next overt motor commands.) </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
corpus striatum has just the connections required of a subsystem
|
||
whose function is to generate behavior in relation to the object at a
|
||
distance. It receives 2 .D arrays of fibers from all areas of the
|
||
neocortex, including the <i>local image </i>in the posterior
|
||
neocortex, on the one hand, and the behavioral schemata and <i>body
|
||
image </i>(both premotor and motor areas) in the anterior neocortex.
|
||
But it projects only to the behavioral schemata and the <i>body image
|
||
</i>in the anterior neocortex. (See diagram of the behavior
|
||
generator: overt behavior.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: -0.32cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
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" name="MBrainBehGen" align="bottom" width="490" height="639" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
<i>local image </i>sends fibers almost exclusively to a distinct part
|
||
of the corpus striatum called the caudate nucleus. The caudate
|
||
nucleus apparently compiles an image of the object situated in the
|
||
current scene from all parts of the posterior neocortex, because 2 .D
|
||
arrays of posterior neocortex that are connected by association
|
||
fibers tend to converge on the same areas of the caudate nucleus.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote12anc" href="#sdendnote12sym"><sup>xii</sup></a></sup>
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Similarly,
|
||
the <i>body image </i>send fibers almost exclusively to a distinct
|
||
part of the corpus striatum, called the putamen. The putamen compiles
|
||
an image of the body from all areas of the anterior neocortex,
|
||
including the frontal areas containing behavioral schemata and the
|
||
<i>body image, </i>for it merges 2-D arrays from parts of neocortex
|
||
that are closely connected by association fibers. With behavioral
|
||
schemata contained in the frontal neocortex, the putamen has
|
||
instructions by which to generate a specific kind of behavior
|
||
(depending on which desire predominates at the moment). </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">A
|
||
third distinct part of the corpus striatum, called the globus
|
||
pallidus, combines the compiled image of the body with the compiled
|
||
image of the object according to the selected <i>schema</i> to
|
||
produce detailed motor commands for each part of the body as needed
|
||
to adjust its behavior to the object in space.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote13anc" href="#sdendnote13sym"><sup>xiii</sup></a></sup>
|
||
The globus pallidus can generate behavior, because it projects by way
|
||
of nuclei in the thalamus to areas of premotor and motor neocortex
|
||
that are responsible for motor commands to all parts of the body.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">For
|
||
the animal system of representation to have a spatial imagination,
|
||
however, the <i>behavior generator </i>must be able to generate motor
|
||
commands in relation to objects in the scene without the body
|
||
actually acting on them. And the corpus striatum does, indeed, have
|
||
connections that make it possible to generate behavior covertly
|
||
rather than overtly. There are two distinct channels by which the
|
||
corpus striatum projects to the thalamus (and from there back to the
|
||
neocortex, which completes a circuit because of the cortex’s
|
||
projection to the corpus striatum). (Both originate in the internal
|
||
segment of the globus pallidus, the third part of the corpus
|
||
striatum, where both the <i>local image </i>and <i>body image </i>are
|
||
represented). </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">One
|
||
channel (by way of the ansa lenticularis) projects to the ventral
|
||
anterior nucleus of the thalamus which relays it to the premotor and
|
||
other frontal areas of neocortex where behavioral schemata are
|
||
contained. These areas of neocortex project in turn to the anterior
|
||
cingulate gyrus, whose connections with the posterior cingulate gyrus
|
||
enable covert behavior to affect the sequences of images in memory.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
other channel (by way of the lenticular fasciculus) is relayed by the
|
||
ventral lateral thalamic nucleus to the supplementary motor
|
||
neocortex, which lies alongside the motor neocortex and generates
|
||
overt behavior. (The ventral lateral nucleus also relays the detailed
|
||
motor instructions from the cerebellum and red nucleus, but that is a
|
||
later effect of this circuit for overt behavior through the striatum
|
||
and thalamus, because its motor commands are what the cerebellum uses
|
||
to work out the detailed motor commands.) These areas of the <i>body
|
||
image </i>also project to the anterior cingulate gyrus, where they
|
||
can establish labels for the sequences of <i>local images </i>in
|
||
spatial imagination. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Both
|
||
channels of the are active when behavior is overt. The covert route
|
||
is never suppressed, because it is the circuit that contains the
|
||
behavioral schemata and uses them to set up complex, multi-step motor
|
||
commands in advance of acting. But when the channel to the motor
|
||
neocortex is suppressed, behavior is generated covertly, as
|
||
<i>imagination, </i>because the anterior cingulate gyrus still
|
||
receives the projection from the behavioral schemata and premotor
|
||
cortex. That is enough information about locomotion and turning to
|
||
call up memories of <i>local images </i>by the labels that were
|
||
established when both overt and covert parts of the <i>body image
|
||
</i>were being projected to it. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
subjective animal’s behavioral output system has, therefore, two
|
||
<i>body images.</i> Both are used for generating overt behavior, but
|
||
one can be used for generating covert behavior. Covert behavior is
|
||
the motor output in the cingulate gyrus, which acts, not on the
|
||
actual world by way of the body, but on the world as represented in
|
||
memory by way of covert behavior. Since the anterior cingulate gyrus
|
||
projects to the posterior cingulate gyrus in much the same way that
|
||
the motor neocortex (and associated areas) project to the parietal
|
||
and sensory neocortex containing the local image, it is not
|
||
surprising that the memory circuit can register images according to
|
||
the behavior that causes them, that is, by labels. Nor is it
|
||
surprising that covert behavior can use those labels to call up the
|
||
images from memory as imagination. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
difference is that telesensory images are registered according to
|
||
input from the overt bodily condition so that they become a local
|
||
image, which can be recorded as a unit in memory, whereas <i>local
|
||
images </i>are registered according to input from the overt
|
||
locomotion so that they become linked in a sequence as a map of the
|
||
territory. One occurs in the non-cingulate region of the neocortex,
|
||
the other occurs requires the cingulate area. Likewise, when a <i>local
|
||
image </i>is remembered, its individual telesensory images can be
|
||
called up by input from covert behavior in the non-cingulate
|
||
neocortex, whereas other <i>local images </i>connected to it can be
|
||
called up by input from covert locomotion in the cingulate gyrus. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This
|
||
parallel suggests that labels can be established in both cases by the
|
||
memory circuit working as a form of reinforcement selection for the
|
||
evolution of behavior schemata. The labels are simply connections of
|
||
the behavioral schemata with the rest of the brain that are
|
||
reinforced as parts of those schemata when behavior is overt, and
|
||
thus, since the behavioral schemata can be used to generate the same
|
||
behavior covertly, they automatically have labels by which to call up
|
||
the relevant images from memory. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">What
|
||
is crucial to internalizing the structure of space as spatial
|
||
imagination about the consequences of locomotion and turning is the
|
||
capacity of the cingulate gyrus to link complex memory groups in
|
||
sequences. That is what the non-cingulate neocortex lacks. Sequences
|
||
of images are not needed to construct local images, because they can
|
||
be accessed in any order by the appropriate bodily condition, turning
|
||
the head, eyes, etc. But it is the use of sequences, and their being
|
||
projected to the <i>behavior generator </i>(via the caudate nucleus
|
||
of the corpus striatum) as time passes, that makes it possible to
|
||
imagine locomotion and motion. And that is the key to their being an
|
||
understanding of the structure of space. This is a capacity to see
|
||
the actual locations of objects against the background of what is
|
||
possible by motion, which is to understand the structure of space.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
subjective animal’s map of the world becomes an understanding of
|
||
space simply because the same kinds of locomotion and turning have
|
||
the same kinds of effects relative to any set of local images. That
|
||
is because the world from which those sequences were recorded is a
|
||
world of objects that are actually related by being contained by
|
||
space. Thus, experience with the world gives the subjective animal is
|
||
understanding of the general effects of the motion and direction of
|
||
motion of an object on its spatial relations to other objects. It is,
|
||
of course, an intuitive understanding, not a linguistic
|
||
understanding. But it is nonetheless an understanding by which it can
|
||
foresee what will happen and understand what has happened.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">More
|
||
generally, however, the power of the memory circuit as a form of
|
||
natural selection on behavioral schemata working by the reinforcement
|
||
of synapses to form memory groups is broader. Assuming that during
|
||
the process of development, the whole range of behavioral schemata
|
||
that are possible because of the genetically provided basic schema
|
||
are tried out, gradual evolution will occur, and the schemata will
|
||
becomes increasingly powerful. Each behavioral schema will come to be
|
||
as effective as possible in controlling some relevant condition, that
|
||
is, generating behavior is some kind of situation to satisfy desire.
|
||
That is actually the result of the gradual evolution of that schema,
|
||
since it is made up of different motor commands as parts, and it is
|
||
by alterations in them that variations are tried out. But different
|
||
behavioral schemata will also be fit together as harmoniously as
|
||
possible as parts of behavioral routines that satisfy desire. And new
|
||
schemata will be added as long as they control additional conditions
|
||
that affect their reproduction. Thus, <i>learning </i>from experience
|
||
that provides subjective animals with behavioral schemata for many
|
||
kind of behavior. The schemata that serve as structural causes for
|
||
spatial imagination is just the most important kind of behavior,
|
||
given the nature of the world in which animal find themselves and
|
||
their need to act on objects in space. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">This
|
||
theory of imagination as covert behavior offers a plausible
|
||
explanation of <i>schizophrenia</i>. Hallucinations that are not
|
||
recognized as hallucinations (usually auditory hallucinations) are
|
||
the main symptom of schizophrenia. They make it difficult for
|
||
schizophrenics to tell the difference between fantasy and reality. It
|
||
is known that schizophrenics often show a lack of activity in the
|
||
frontal neocortex when hallucinating (apparently due to an unusual
|
||
level of the neurotransmitter, GABA, in the region). Those areas of
|
||
neocortex contain the behavioral schemata that control the anterior
|
||
cingulate gyrus, whose effect on the posterior cingulate is to call
|
||
up images from memory, and thus, it is possible that schizophrenia is
|
||
a condition in which covert behavior is generated without control by
|
||
behavioral schemata in the frontal neocortex. Since the images are
|
||
not called up by activating some behavioral schema, as in normal
|
||
behavior and imagination, they are not part the process of carrying
|
||
out an intention, and thus, they seem to originate from the world,
|
||
that is, to be real. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>The
|
||
goal selection system. </b></i>Not only does reproductive causation
|
||
in neurological development require reinforcement, but once animals
|
||
have acquired a map of the territory and an understanding of the
|
||
structure of space, they still need a mechanism to choose which goal
|
||
to pursue in relation to which objects. These functions are served by
|
||
the redirection of the third output of the non-mammalian forebrain
|
||
back to the telencephalon. The redirection of the olfactory pathway
|
||
back to the telencephalon makes it the goal selection system of the
|
||
mammalian behavior guidance system.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="MBrainGoal" align="bottom" width="387" height="244" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
olfactory pathways involve, as described in the non-mammalian
|
||
vertebrate brain,<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote14anc" href="#sdendnote14sym"><sup>xiv</sup></a></sup>
|
||
the amygdala and its many connections with the hypothalamus (and
|
||
septum). This is still the seat of desire in mammals. The amygdala is
|
||
mainly responsible for arousal, fear and anger, whereas the
|
||
hypothalamus is responsible for hunger and sexual desire. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
mammals, the output of the amygdala (and indirectly the hypothalamus)
|
||
is redirected by a thalamic nucleus (the dorsomedian nucleus) back to
|
||
the <i>behavioral schemata </i>in the frontal neocortex (especially,
|
||
the orbitofrontal area). This system selects which of the schemata
|
||
for kinds of behavior that are built into the frontal neocortex
|
||
(genetically or by learning) will guide the corpus striatum in
|
||
generating behavior relative to the object in the <i>local image.</i>
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The <i>goal
|
||
selection system </i>is a complete circuit, for there are projections
|
||
from the orbitofrontal area back to the amygdala (<i>via</i> the
|
||
ancient piriform cortex surrounding the amygdala) which make sure
|
||
that there is no confusion about which object is the object of
|
||
desire. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Furthermore,
|
||
the goal selection circuit is in a position to record and read desire
|
||
labels with memory images. The amygdala has a projection to the
|
||
hippocampus by which it can attach desire-labels to objects (for
|
||
example, when the hypothalamus reports to the amygdala that an object
|
||
satisfies hunger or sexual needs), and it can read the desire-labels
|
||
already attached to objects, because it receives a projection from
|
||
the staging area by which all areas of neocortex reach the
|
||
hippocampus. (See diagram of the goal selection system.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote15anc" href="#sdendnote15sym"><sup>xv</sup></a></sup>)</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">A
|
||
desire about an object sets a problem for the subjective animal
|
||
system of representation to solve. Covert locomotion can, for
|
||
example, explore its map and figure out a new route to an unperceived
|
||
goal when its path is blocked or use its representation of the
|
||
current scene to figure out how to approach or avoid some object. But
|
||
a spatial imagination is only part of what is possible for a system
|
||
that uses a somatotopic representation of the body to generate
|
||
behavior by its parts, like the <i>body image</i>. Instead of having
|
||
to evolve new instincts, it can learn new kinds of behavior involving
|
||
different combinations of motor commands to parts of the body. And
|
||
mammals can, in principle, figure out how to use such complex
|
||
routines in the current scene by imagining variations on them and
|
||
using memory images that are called up to anticipate whether the
|
||
consequences will satisfy its desire. At least, this is the direction
|
||
of subsequent evolution, as we shall see.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Acting.
|
||
</b></i>Once the problem is solved and a plan of behavior has been
|
||
selected, the imagined behavior must be generated overtly. Covert
|
||
behavior depends on one of the pathways through the <i>behavior
|
||
generator </i>(the one from the corpus striatum <i>via</i> the ansa
|
||
lenticularis to the ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus and back
|
||
to the frontal neocortex and premotor area). The behavioral schema
|
||
that has been set up in imagination can be generated overtly by
|
||
sending the same motor commands in relation to the perceived object
|
||
along the other pathway as well (<i>via</i> the lenticular fasciculus
|
||
to the ventral lateral nucleus back to the motor cortex). </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">What
|
||
controls whether covert behavior is generated overtly or not is the
|
||
centromedian nucleus of the thalamus. It projects to the putamen, the
|
||
part of the corpus striatum that receives the schema from the frontal
|
||
neocortex for the kind of behavior to be generated. The centromedian
|
||
nucleus is located within the medullary lamina of the thalamus
|
||
(separating its medial and lateral subdivisions), and since the
|
||
thalamus is what synchronizes activity throughout the neocortex, that
|
||
is a position from which it can to tell when an equilibrium is
|
||
reached in systems throughout the brain. The intralaminar nuclei of
|
||
the thalamus receive fibers from all parts of the neocortex, the
|
||
brainstem, cerebellum and spinal chord.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote16anc" href="#sdendnote16sym"><sup>xvi</sup></a></sup>
|
||
(See diagram of the mechanism of acting.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: -0.32cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
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" name="MBrainActing" align="bottom" width="492" height="292" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
the transformation of the non-mammalian into the mammalian brain,
|
||
therefore, we find all three subsystems required for the subjective
|
||
animal behavior guidance system (sensory input, behavioral output,
|
||
and goal selection systems). Each involves a distinct circuit through
|
||
the thalamus and neocortex, which allows neurons in multiple 2-D
|
||
arrays throughout the circuit to be coordinated and aligned with one
|
||
another. That puts each subsystem on a higher level of neurological
|
||
organization than the non-mammalian vertebrate brain. Moreover, in
|
||
the sensory input and behavioral output circuits we find both
|
||
subsystems required according to our functional diagram for the
|
||
subjective animal system of representation with spatial imagination
|
||
(that is, <i>local images </i>and memory in the sensory input system
|
||
and behavior generator and <i>body image </i>in the behavioral output
|
||
system). </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">As
|
||
we have seen, such a complex system is possible, at least in
|
||
chordates (with the nervous system set up in a separate neural tube),
|
||
because the higher level of neurological organization can be
|
||
generated by a couple of relatively simple, albeit radical,
|
||
modifications in the non-mammalian vertebrate brain, and neurological
|
||
development involves a contained form of reproductive causation that
|
||
internalizes the spatial structure of the world as the detailed
|
||
structural causes of spatial imagination. Since the subjective animal
|
||
behavior guidance system is also functional, we infer by the nature
|
||
of reproductive causation that this stage of animal evolution in
|
||
inevitable. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
the next section, we will consider the empirical evidence of the
|
||
subjective animal stage of evolution. Though empirical confirmation
|
||
of necessary truths is not necessary, it is relevant, because
|
||
empirical evidence can falsify the foundation of ontological
|
||
philosophy. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">That
|
||
will leave one final conclusion to be drawn, about the unity of
|
||
consciousness in mammals. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It is
|
||
appropriate to think of the mammal as a <i>subject,</i> since its
|
||
spatial imagination gives it an understanding the structure of space
|
||
and the regularities about motion and interaction for which it is
|
||
responsible as an ontological cause. By seeing the actual locations
|
||
of objects against the background of what is possible by motion, the
|
||
subject sees the world <i>as a world of objects in space. </i>Even
|
||
its own body is seen as located in space alongside other objects. But
|
||
the mammal is not just a subject. It is a conscious subject. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">When
|
||
combined with the explanation of the basic nature of consciousness
|
||
(that is, phenomenal properties as intrinsic essential natures of
|
||
bits of matter), the structure of the mammalian brain also explains
|
||
the unity of subjective consciousness, that is, why all the sensory
|
||
qualia appear to a single subject at one time. There is a phenomenal
|
||
appearance to the world of object in space and the body by which the
|
||
subject acts in that world. Nor do the objects that subjective
|
||
animals experience as located in space appear merely as object in
|
||
space, because they also feel desires of various kinds about them. We
|
||
will return to the unity of consciousness after considering the
|
||
empirical evidence about the gradual evolution of mammals.</font></font></p>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote1">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote1sym" href="#sdendnote1anc">i</a>
|
||
The subsequent evolution of the neocortex shifts the position of the
|
||
hippocampus (at the extreme medial edge of what was the
|
||
non-mammalian dorsal cortex) and the amygdala (originally in the
|
||
ventral telencephalon) to a region of the temporal lobe.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote2">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote2sym" href="#sdendnote2anc">ii</a>
|
||
There are usually several somatosensory images, registering mostly
|
||
different kinds of input, such skin receptors or receptors in
|
||
muscles and joints.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote3">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote3sym" href="#sdendnote3anc">iii</a>
|
||
It is essential that these projections preserve their 2-D order, for
|
||
the information they pass is essentially a 2-D "image":
|
||
the information contained in the firing of each neuron depends on
|
||
its relationship to the others in the 2-D array that are also
|
||
firing. This is true not only in the somatotopic representation of
|
||
the body, but also in the visual system, where the images are
|
||
pictures taken from the 2-D array of the retina. The "images"
|
||
in the 2-D arrays may, however, be abstract. The importance of the
|
||
2-D array is evident in the fine structure of the neocortex, where
|
||
local synapses are mainly between cells in different layers in a
|
||
"column" or with cells in nearby columns.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote4">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote4sym" href="#sdendnote4anc">iv</a>
|
||
This illustrates a general principle (called "reentry")
|
||
about the result of processing the input projected by thalamic
|
||
neurons onto the neocortex. The structure of the basic mechanisms in
|
||
the mammalian forebrain is the passage of information from one 2 .D
|
||
area of the neocortex to another, either directly or indirectly by a
|
||
thalamic relay. Since the results of processing in one area are
|
||
available to other areas, the neocortex can learn to respond in the
|
||
same way to any of a variety of related sensory inputs. If synapses
|
||
of projections from one area to another are strengthened when the
|
||
neurons they connect tend to fire at the same time, then, later, the
|
||
global response will be the same, even when only some areas are
|
||
active. For example, visual input from the same object is relayed to
|
||
the neocortex by two nuclei, one a direct relay from the retina and
|
||
the other an indirect relay from the optic tectum in the midbrain
|
||
(superior colliculus in mammals), and as images are projected
|
||
directly from one neocortical area to another or relayed by thalamic
|
||
nuclei to other areas of neocortex, as many as fifteen or twenty
|
||
different 2 .D arrays are involved in the processing. Assuming that
|
||
each area is genetically disposed to respond to visual input in
|
||
different ways (such as detecting line orientation, edges, corners,
|
||
colors, etc.), "reentrant" connections would give the
|
||
areas a joint response that is specific to certain features of the
|
||
objects themselves, even though they can appear in different ways.
|
||
And it can recognize particular objects with surprisingly little
|
||
sensory data. (See Edelman, 1987, 1988, 1989.)</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote5">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote5sym" href="#sdendnote5anc">v</a>
|
||
The representation of the scene may not be exactly a picture,
|
||
because the locations of objects in the scene can be given by polar
|
||
coordinates relative to the body that are coded somehow in the
|
||
inferior parietal cortex.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote6">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote6sym" href="#sdendnote6anc">vi</a>
|
||
The pulvinar could indicate possible targets of fixations, because
|
||
as the thalamic nucleus whose normal targets are visual and auditory
|
||
association areas in the inferior parietal lobe, it must contain a
|
||
representation of the scene. The frontal eye fields are a motor area
|
||
with a separate pathway for its output through the corpus striatum
|
||
(via the covert pathway, so that the eyes can still fixate while
|
||
imagining behavior without behaving overtly), and they report their
|
||
activities to the inferior parietal lobe, where visual images are
|
||
assembled as a representation of the current scene as a whole.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote7">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote7sym" href="#sdendnote7anc">vii</a>
|
||
Exteroception is usually defined in a way that includes both
|
||
telesensory and extrasensory input about objects in space.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote8">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote8sym" href="#sdendnote8anc">viii</a>
|
||
Local connections among simultaneously active neurons are probably
|
||
responsible for the learning of motor skills, habits, and sensory
|
||
analysis, or what is called "implicit memory". "Explicit
|
||
memory" refers to the memory of events, locations of objects,
|
||
and other facts, and it depends on the hippocampal memory circuit
|
||
described here, because neurons in all parts of the neocortex must
|
||
be connected.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote9">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote9sym" href="#sdendnote9anc">ix</a>
|
||
The hippocampus is a long, rolled-up edge of the ancient medial
|
||
cortex. Different areas of neocortex project (by way of the temporal
|
||
lobe staging area) to different points along the length of the
|
||
hippocampus, and the circuit is completed by way of the relay of
|
||
hippocampal output to the cingulate gyrus and its connections to
|
||
each of those areas of neocortex. Relevant neurons of neocortical
|
||
areas serving as the local image, the behavioral output system and
|
||
behavioral schemata In the frontal cortex) may be included in the
|
||
memory group by how this circuit synchronizes the formation of
|
||
synapses. This is apparently the function of the so-called "theta
|
||
rhythm" set up in the hippocampal circuit by the septum, for it
|
||
makes all the neurons that are active <i>at the moment </i>part of
|
||
the same memory group.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote10">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote10sym" href="#sdendnote10anc">x</a>
|
||
There is abundant evidence that already established memories can be
|
||
accessed after damage to the hippocampus, while it is no longer
|
||
possible to lay down new memories. See Winson (1985) and Gallistel
|
||
(1990, Ch. 16).</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote11">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote11sym" href="#sdendnote11anc">xi</a>
|
||
This is not to say that the same mechanism for linking images in
|
||
sequences is not used for other purposes, for example, to represent
|
||
temporal sequences of images representing the behavior of other
|
||
animals. No doubt many functions are found for the capacity to link
|
||
images in sequences. Edelman's (1989) notion of "recategorization"
|
||
recognizes the temporal aspect of the sequencing, but he does not
|
||
recognize how it is used as a 3 .D map.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote12">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote12sym" href="#sdendnote12anc">xii</a>
|
||
Telesensory areas also project directly to the premotor area,
|
||
presumably to fine tune motor responses to the object.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote13">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote13sym" href="#sdendnote13anc">xiii</a>
|
||
This function is evident in the wiring of the corpus striatum: the
|
||
putamen (assembling an image of the body) and the caudate nucleus
|
||
(assembling an image of the object) have no direct connections to
|
||
one another, but both send fibers to (both the external and internal
|
||
segments of) the globus pallidus, whose internal segment supplies of
|
||
the corpus striatum's two projections to thalamic nuclei for relay
|
||
to frontal neocortex. However, the caudate nucleus and putamen both
|
||
receive projections from the behavioral output system, so they can
|
||
coordinated.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote14">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote14sym" href="#sdendnote14anc">xiv</a>
|
||
One pathway is through the hypothalamus, a (ventral) part of the
|
||
diencephalon, which has multiple connections to the midbrain. A
|
||
second pathway is through the amygdala, another nucleus in the
|
||
telencephalon, which, as the seat of fear, can override other
|
||
routines and generate fighting or fleeing instead. And there is a
|
||
third pathway involving the septum, a ventral part of the
|
||
telencephalon. In primitive vertebrates, the main route for
|
||
affecting the midbrain is <i>via</i> the habenulae, a prominent,
|
||
asymmetric pair of nuclei located just above the diencephalon (or
|
||
atop the dorsal thalamus) which has a heavily myelinated bundle of
|
||
fibers (the fasciculus retroflexus) that passes through the thalamus
|
||
to a spiral shaped nucleus at the ventral midline of the midbrain
|
||
(the interpeduncular nucleus). The olfactory bulb projects to the
|
||
hypothalamus and the septum (which are interconnected), and they
|
||
have connections to the habenulae <i>via </i>the stria medularis.
|
||
The amygdala (which is also connected to the hypothalamus) has a
|
||
connection of its own to the habenulae <i>via </i>the stria
|
||
terminalis. See the diagram of the olfactory selection system in the
|
||
discussion of the structure of the non-mammalian brain.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote15">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote15sym" href="#sdendnote15anc">xv</a>
|
||
The amygdala is displaced from its location adjacent to the striatum
|
||
in non-mammalian vertebrates to the temporal lobe by the evolution
|
||
of the relatively enormous neocortex.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote16">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote16sym" href="#sdendnote16anc">xvi</a>
|
||
The centromedian nucleus can even control both hemispheres of the
|
||
forebrain, because it is connected to its counterpart in the other
|
||
hemisphere of the brain by way of special bridge (the nucleus
|
||
reuniens) across the third ventricle, which separates the thalamus
|
||
of each hemisphere of the forebrain.
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western"> </p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html> |