memex/0_inbox/books/PDM/Bill Mollison - Permaculture A Designer's Manual text/139.txt

was as a resull a! divine lovgnlulnessvl rl acls as lhe
agent ol lhe Mk wnen lhc squlml or wallaoy digs up
lhe crrlumella ol lhe lungal rree rool assocrales, guided
lo rhese by .r garl he smcll, lncy swallow lhe spores,
arlrlale lhem emymdllcally, and deposll lhem agam in
lniresl llre mo|s cl anolher lreo or sapllng wrlh rls
energy lranslarnr

The rural lung. rnlerrede wuh wnrer, soil. and
almospherc In manuiaclure cell immune lor lhe hul
while myriad insecls carry our summer pruning.
decnmpose lhe surplus leaves, and aeriyale essenlral
soil baneria lor lhe lree lra use lor nulrienl claw The
rain of insec- laeces may he crucral in lnresl and prairie
hcallh

Whar pan al rhis assembly is lhe Tree” Which is lhe
body or enhly al lhe sysrem, and which lhe parll An
Ausrralian Aborigine mlghl glve rhem all lhe same
"5km name', so lhal a cerlain shrub, lhe lire lhal
germrnales lhe shrub, and lhe wallaby rhal leeds all ir
are all called mm, ahhuugh each pan also has us name,
The Hawaiians name each parl a! lhe laro planr
erenlly, lrom lls child or shoor, lo lls nodes and
'lllllbilxnls“

|| Is a clever person lndeed who can sepai—ale lhe renal
body ol rhe nee inlo mineral, planr, animal. delnlus.
and liiel This separalren rs lor srrnple minds? me use
can be underslood only as irs lalal enrrry which, like
ours. reaches our inlo all lhings Animals are lhe
messengers of lhe rree, and lrees lhe gardens ul
animals l_rle depends upon lile All lorees, all elernerils,
all lile lorrnsare lhe biomass ollne rree

A large lree has lrom 10,000 la 100,000 growing
poinls or MEKISTEMS, and each is capable nl
individual mularron Unlike mammals, liees produce
lheir seed lrom mullrludinaus llowers. Evidence is
arcumulahng rhal any one mam branch can lherelore
be an ~ind idual“ generically Some deciduous papla
may produce a single eiergreen branch ‘Seedlessnrss
in hurl, or a specin ripznlng lime, may belong only lo
one branch cralls and cullings perperuare lhese
isolaled characlerrsncs, so we musl look upon lhe lree
ilsell as a colledran ul eampalible generic individuals,
each wilh a sel ol persislenl characrerislirs which may
diller lram place lo place cm lhe nee, and each alwhlch
rriay respond dillerenlly lo energy and orher srimiill
Like ourselves, lrees are a canperauve amalgam ol
many individuals, some ol lhue are pl lhe nee body,
bul mosl are llw-hvmg agenrs. As lrllle as we now
lcnow abuul lrces, lhey sland as a wilnass lo lhe
complex (Malily or all llle lurms

 

 

 

 

6.3
WIND EFFECTS

Vogel ll9all males rhar as wind speed increases, lhe
lree-s leaves and branches delorm so lhal the rree
sleadily reduces us exposed leal area. Ar limes ol very
high winds (“I excess cal 32 m/secl lhe inleieepnon ul

lighl, c rcienr waler use, and cnnreclrre heal
dissipalion by lhe lree becomes secondary |u ils
survival

Vogcl also norcs lhal very heavy and rigid lrers
spread wide mu| mars, and may rely more lu|iflly on
lheir weiehr, wl|h§linding cunsrderable wlnd larce
will. no more anachrnenl rhan lhal necessary lo pmvrnl
slide, while ulher lrees inserl gnarlid rmus deep in rock
(mum, and are lilerally anchored lo lhc ground.

The loresl bends and sways, each species wilh ils
own amplilude Special wood cells are mars-d rrr bar
lhe rensran and compression, and lhe lrecs nn lhe edge
ol a copsc or lonsl are lhrch anal slurdy ll we lclher a
lree hallway up, il ships lhlckuung beluw lhe ielher,
and grows in diamelec unly abavc rhe lured noml Some
leaves lwisr and m1me,shuwmg a while underside lu
lhe wind, lhus rellecling lighl energy and replacrnp, I|
wirn kinelrc or wind energy ln mosl cases, lhesc
skrikmgly lighiwluurd leayrs are lound only in loresr
edre species, and are absenr or uncommon wilhrn lhe
loresr

As sueamhnes (unvzrge over nees ar hills, arr speed
increases Demrly and heal may also increase, resnlling
rn lasl low»pwssme air. To leeward ol lhe obsirucrion,
surh sneamlmes diverge, and an area or slower llow,

gher pressure, and cooler air may resull ll rain has
lallen due lo lhe compression 0! sheamlrnes, however
rhe larcnl hear ol evaporalion is released in lhe arr, and
has drier air can be warmer lhan lhe air mass rising
over lhe obsrrumon The pressure dillere
by uplllr and deaccnl may «Heck eeapora
as wind drying or heal.

hparl lram maislure, rhe wind may carry heavy
loads 011:9,dusl, or sand errand Km lpalrns, pines,
and Casnnrrrrasl have mugh slems or lhlclr bark m
wllhsland wind panicle blasl Eycn lussoci grasses
slow lhe wind and cause dusl loads ro serrle our in rhe
edges al laresrs and behind lseachrs, lrer lrnes may
accumularc a mound ol driven parlrcles lusl wllhm
lheir canopy The foresl removes very line dusrs and
induslrial aerosols rrom lhe airslream wuhrn a lew
hundred miles

Turesls pmvbde a nulrlenl nel lor malerials blown by
wind, or garnered by birds lhar larage hum rrs edges
Migraling salmon in nvus die in lhe headwalers aller
spawning, and many rhousands 0! hole ul lish remains
are deposiled by birds and olher predalors in lhe
loresrs surrounding lhese errors, in addilion lo lhese
nulrienl sources, lrees achvelv mine lhe base nxk and
soils lornuneials.

The enecr ol lrie wind on rrees is assessed as lhe
Grrggs and Purnam index (Tabk 5.", and lhe
accompanying delormadons rn bolh crown shapes and
grewln las reyaaled in slemsl is given a yalue which is
rnabched m wind speeds wnh an average in accuracy

Such scales and held lndlcalors are or greal use in
design when we 50 lo any sne, we can kick al rhe
candrrron cal elder tires, which are lhe besl guide lo
gauge wind ellecl. Trees indicale lhe lucal wrnd
dwediorn and rnlcnslly, and lrarn lhese indicalors we

 

  

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