144 lines
5.4 KiB
Plaintext
144 lines
5.4 KiB
Plaintext
wood, rosemary, Rosa maili/irra, hawiiiorri, and gorse
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iulerl around iields and gardens, Some ol ihe ialler
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grassis ipampas grass) or "ledges" oi sueculenis and
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hardy vines greaily assisi garden proiseinrn. wind is a
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mayor doberminam oi yield over all roasral and upland
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regions oi ihese ehmares
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in acidic perry areas and hiris, lences ol livmg pear or
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iuri species can proleci gardens on cold exposed
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plareaus M coasis, drysiorie walla, soil basis, or dilehe
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zndvbank are primary proiecaion imariy oi ihese can
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laier be planaed ro hardy shrubs or bamboo)
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Law, llai valley sires, and especially ihose valleys ai
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ihe looi oi cscarpmenis capped lay high plaieaus, rriay
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be subieca ioseveie winier irrisis ln mouniain looihills,
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irosr can lie all day in winier on ihe shaded side
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oi valley slopes. l=iosis aileci pasiure and herbaceous
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plans by sioppirig growih or causing irosi dearh by
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planr roll rupiure A greai many species oi planis hom
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braeken lern io romaioes are lmsl- illed, and many
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cool area iarmers choose crop planis on rile basis oi
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irorreiree days in rho growing season or lwhere irosis
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can oceur in any monmlbyercludmg horn held culriue
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any planl which is lrosrauseepiible over iis growing
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season. Marginal or seoilehardy planls such as bamboo
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may survive irosi ii given an auiurnn dressing oi
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ierirlrser salrs, high sali values in plani cells prereni cell
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ruprure
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Cold humid air is viscous in now, and sialaslises m
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yalleys as a dense aie mass wirh a near-icvel upper
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sursaee. As mosi irosrs iorm m calm clear wnamci, ihe
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upper cold air surlaee is rarely subyeer rcr sarong winds,
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and iliis creairs a marked lrosiline on hill slopes, oiieri
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revealed by rheeonrours lilmlng im.suseeprrble pines,
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jumipeis r evnegreen irees
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Dowrislope cold air flow may line a disimei pulsing
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behaviour oi aboui one minuie where air ilaws irorn
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highlands. and ihis pulsing ean ereare a series oi suriace
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waves in ihe cold arr "uses Such waves are iyprcal oi
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large areasoiihe air above liosied ground
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Speeial hashing sires, usually high on sun4acmg
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valky slopes, in clearings on ridge ioresrs, or in smaller
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clearings (leis ihan an m acroaal in iall loresr are
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rherelorechoseri growing siiesiri hoary areas.
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125
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SOILS
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The smkmg cliaracierisiic oi cool lemperabe soils is
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iheir abiliry ro aecumolaie humus under naiural
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regimes ol ionsi and prairie or meadow ln ihis respeei
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rhey diiier horn boxh lmpiul and arid-area soils, 7"
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values in areas oi poor drainage can be 3,54,51humlt
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acids), and only over limesiorie, dolomiie, and chalk
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deposirs do scril pH values normally ereeed 7
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Tradiuonally, rnosi soils have been limed iri modiiy ilus
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aodiiy iaeior
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Another unique ieaiure over vasl areas oi lhe
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norihern hemisphere, and lo a lesser cxlem m rhe
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souihern hemisphere. aresheeLr oi periglacial ourwash,
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eompacied illl, moraine, and glacio—rluvial (ice and
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waierl ourwash, wuh dawnwuld deposus oi Mk flour
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and iine parirrles lhnown as loessl. Such areas are
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normally mineral-rich and ieiaile due io ilre mu oi rock
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iypes m glacial debris braided wide sirenms and
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:nmplex benehes oi glacial sedimenr along valleys
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iypiiy rhe riyers wnh glacial headwaiers, and low
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melrwarer iemperaiures lianc or sol may be
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mairirained ior mosr oi ihe year And waiers eon-ain-
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mg hurnre acids, lanmns, and saponins may issue lrrrm
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bogs and marshes :oea ai pH 35, such sircams iii uns
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polluredl can susiam good iish populaoirns, allhough
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iew rriolluses oecin due iri low calcium availabiliiy.
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li was in ihese regions ihai plough agriculiure
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developed, wirli rhe old rradiiions oi ~high iarrrurig",
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whieli included ihe eoneepis oi crop ioraiion (over is
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yearsl and a resl period, ley oi green crop, or pasrure
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Because hvesroclc had lo be shedded rn rhe colder areas,
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manure spreading on iielda and hay leed siores in
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barns were also developed. hence ley crop, silage,
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peroianerii pasiure management, lriierisive esioclr
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husbandry, and mm crop ior winicr srorage irurriip.
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beer, poraio, earroi, parsnrpl tradrrronal grains were
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barley, oars, wheai, and rye, and iiadirional loods were
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rru-ars. vegerablesarid breads. Many rneiliodsol wmier
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srorage or ioods were developed, ranging horn burial oi
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buirers and acorns in bogs ro ice siomges, pirs, cellars,
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and silage sysrenis lor lodder
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Saii, ior irie mosr pari lercepimg some sandy coasrsl
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have good slriiclure and clay lraciions, high narural
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humus, and good (a: eapariiy Adios-red irrr pH,
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mieroriuirienis, arid irace elernenrs ihey are ideal crop
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so , unless derived irom acidic rocks lgraniir, quarre-
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iie. grieissl, where pears are developed
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114
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LANDFORM AND WATER
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CONSERVATION
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(7pm warer sioragas are peculiarly appropiraie io ihr
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mesorlieroial landscape. Soils generally possess
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suiii enl clay iraclions (over was) ro ensure secure
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dam walls, eraporahon does not ucuds pndpiliuun
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in normal years, and ihere is a wide range oi planl and
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animal species dependeni on waier ior iherr pro
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ducoon
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ii is in rhe classic '5” pmlile oi the hurrnd landscape
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ihai Yeomansiivderclriped his Keyline approach ro
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iai-rri warer rrunagemem, whim inregiares open waier
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slorage wiih soil record nmg, soil waier srorage,
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Imus, and firm roreiry m a whole sysiem dsign.
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The classre l<eyline sysiem oi graviiy flow irrigaiirin
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relers only io genue iooilull eouniry in rhe headwaier
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re ons oi lirsl and second order sireams, oui skilled
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n over a very wide range oi soils and oi
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landscapes can aelireve ihe ecseniials oi
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droughi.prooiing by gravity-flow irrigaiion, soil
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condirionmg prior (0 ioresi or pasmm esiablishmenr,
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413
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