memex/0_inbox/books/PDM/Bill Mollison - Permaculture A Designer's Manual text/489.txt

asirorllrlvr losselrl (ism, Cyranrlos earpre llsm and
honors gonlnnolrs (35m yve besl ylelds, Allznlalively,
slrrnillrrudrrl rrlossrrnlrreus (50%), Heloslamr nil-7.»,
arreoeinlvs llsael, Fuulmx um, and Cyrrlrlrs rrrprr
”11%? Ire sallslarlory, mle pereenlages are nurse oi iry
or llngerllngs oi lbese speensl sllell pclymhnms are
rile resull rl a series oi lrials ln padl, and all use
wudqalingspec and predalorsloeenbol srnall urn
Crayllsn lcmbrrlls elurlllrl are also sroelred in rire pa ,
a dilllcull and speoalrsed pond syslrnl, bul llnel ll
yleldsrllere nlay adda erirleal elelnenr Io nnmllml

We generally elasslly warers land in parlieular
sewage lagoorlsl as

. AERDBIC' when oxygen ls well—supplled by wlm
avznum. eurbulenl now, aeralors, or rapids, and where
mere is r liglll load ul delaylng organlelnalerial.

- rllcuumve: lrnany swalnps and weed-elugged
ponds, seeondary lmalmzm sewage ponds) wilere llle
suriare may be armed, bul wilene sedlnlenr or sludge
eollecls in rold periods and llle pond base becomes
anaeroblr lsulpnurearlng baelerin alerl demupwe ille
sedirnenlsl,

e ANAERDBXC‘ pl-inlary sewage ponds and overe
rerllllsed shallows wbero rilere is a low (I ppm or less)
oxygen srarus

As less oxygen ean be ssolved in warrn waler lban
lo oold waler, and as line planrs lbar produee oxygen by
day consume ll oi nlglu. (hue ls a danger lnal hunky,
weedenlled shalluw ponds may develop severe oxygen
delie ney on warrn summer nlgllls ll valuable llsll
§|D(ki are lneld lbere, rare should be lalren lo bolll
reduee rne level oi wasles ln llle pond. and lo arrange
ler aulorrlarle aerallun al rrrlieally low levels» Such
dangers are less ln elearwaler, told, and open or
nowrng pond syslenls whelv lllls laelor earl sunlenrnes
be lgnored However, oxygen supply berornes a
llrnlllng iaelor m llsll sloer densiry or levels above soon
kg/ha or lbereabouls. and linen oxygen as an bubbles
needs lo be supplied lbigore 13.7),

nlere are several eornrnelrral aeralors on llne rnarkel,
and many ran be solakpuwfld. mrr wnerever waler
ean be led lrorn a ilead ol 1 in ur nlure, lonnlains,
sllowers. and ‘Fluwtnmls“ lrigure ml WIII orygenale
ponds. A considerable energy savlng I5 aellleved ll only
pan oi me pond ls aelaled ar trilkdl peoods, hsh wrll
gather llselrlel llneru ln lloles oi need For eels. rnis
aeraled seenon is bulll wirn a narrow pass lo IN rnaln
pond lo prevenr aeraled walereseaplng

ll ls ollen ldeal lo eonrblne rile leeding srabon wirn
rile uxygenikd area so llnar rood wasles are also
oxidised and wasle eonlrol slnlplllled, some suen
arrangenlerll is llluslraled ln rlgure 13.3

 

AClDrflvALKALINlTY

Funds in areas oi pears, mangroves, eordgrass liars,
sarnplllres, and mm Malt: derlved lruln lleallns and
granules, or sllleeous soils, an be very and in reaellon
lpl-l w 0:155), lhe ands being llunue aelds, rannlns,
and nllnor organle aelds. in sueil eases. nydrogen

sulplllde may also be released by ponded peels or
swarnpr lo ereare sulpnurie and real slrlpplng,
rnounding, besil—waler or raln leaelllng, and llrrung are
all ulcd lo bring and. ponds lnro produerlon. Below lne
penis, and espeelally in basalllr soils, blulsll elays
produeed under reduelng condlllens ulay oeeur (ans
aerobie or low prll. Fish wlll rilrlve ln oulle re
lnnrurall walers ll ealelunl rsavailable

I! we drain pears, me organle rnnrerial drles onl.
uxldlsh, and relearrs errbon diqxide, gradually loslng
bullr so am some fields ln lens slnwly Sink below dram
or even sea level Fens arederlved irool nllralrne walers,
bogs and peals ilorn andle warers Marshes, lens, and
bogs eonlaul uninue planl speeles and are rien wrldlrre
lnabrlalsi bopelully, lne era 0! ien drainage ls dmwmg lo
a close, as rile preservallon oi welland nabllal ls a
prlorrly or all enligblened governrnonls and
Iandawnm

As pond pl-l ls ideally 6H1) or even lo 5.5, and only
a low llsn gmw well below lllese levels lnolably
salrnonids, wruch are also one 0! rlle lew saosloelory
fish irl mwlllum). rnosl eullureponds are roulinely
llrned wllen llley are made. mey ere also regularly
clleeked lor pH levels, wilial areadlusled willl unburnl
llnle alrer rile irlioal bul-nr llnle dressing. Thus, in rive
rnaner oi sire selemon, ll ls ol greal advanrage lo sue
ponds where runalll lrorn llrnesrone areas can be
ponded, or wilere mluul pH levels are already rugn
Lerllal lirnlls ior rnosr llsll are pH 3 7 laeldl and “1.5
lallorllnrl

in pracllse, we ean alrn lora pH rnosaie in ponds and
pond senes, as enany valuable lood organlslns preler
soil laeidl waler, wlliln llsrl, rnolluses, and l-resnwaler
lobslers rnd prawns preler bard lallrallnel walers
Crushed dolonllle, nlorble enlps, nurd llnleslone
gravels, and oysler or rnursel shells glue a slow release
0! ralourn in unlls small ponds, lnlalle llller syslenls.
and me upper sedlons or eanal syslenls,

Thzrv is an lnleraellon wrrn pH, resplrarlorl, and
plan denslry; pH may rise al niglll or in dogged edasral
walers wi|h clear. and nth! algal lonns, or tall as pears
form-Ml anaerobieron - onsdrveloo

Nol all organlsrns appreeirle bard waler lsalrlurrl
mill, and ll aeeessory ponds ore lo be developed [0
breed soil—waler llsh, lorages, or rnaln erop, only
organlr arms :Iv used, smelly ilydroenlorie, bonus, or
pllospnorls acids. The sarne ellecl earl be somerirnrs
pmdueed by using a pal or dense [IN/pea? are. ln
llller warer. by laylng peals on line pond base, and by
eleallng . swarnpy eondroon around lbe eullure pond

 

 

MUD. 5m, rluMUs, AND WASTE REMOVAL

Wasles oi any nalune in ponds reduce waler quallly ll
llley oodlr ln exeess, or ll they oeeur as dead rnaredrl.
We n in sorne wlys dislingulsil mung wasles hum
lerrl lsers, as me laller need nol ereare erosslve gromll
ll hubivomus rlslo nuoia la laege lquan: modem), or
shrimp are ave lable lo eal lbe den-nus or weeds lllar
would orberwrse die and oroarr arueroble eorvdruons

 

465