memex/mail/amr.gharbeia@gmail.com/new/1709248386.M9778P170431Q1014Rc2fc6b8f70d0cff8.lilitop

Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of
 3y3v9whekdjydeh4fbo+5443fheno6ee6b4.2ec0ch.670h14806c08b.2ec@feedburner.bounces.google.com
 designates 209.85.220.69 as permitted sender) client-ip=209.85.220.69;
MIME-Version: 1.0
Reply-To: HUMAN POWER PLANT <kris.de.decker@skynet.be>
Sender: noreply+feedproxy@google.com
Precedence: bulk
Message-ID: <0000000000003b237b056c665aa5@google.com>
Date: Thu, 17 May 2018 12:55:39 +0000
Subject: How to Dredge Out the Netherlands without Fossil Fuels
From: HUMAN POWER PLANT <noreply+feedproxy@google.com>
To: amr.gharbeia@gmail.com
Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="0000000000003b90eb056c665ab6"

--0000000000003b90eb056c665ab6
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8"; format=flowed; delsp=yes
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
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--0000000000003b90eb056c665ab6
Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.=
w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<META http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; charset=3DUTF-8">
<title>HUMAN POWER PLANT</title>
</head>
<body>
<style type=3D"text/css">

                        h1 a:hover {background-color:#888;color:#fff ! impo=
rtant;}

                        div#emailbody table#itemcontentlist tr td div ul {
                                        list-style-type:square;
                                        padding-left:1em;
                        }
       =20
                        div#emailbody table#itemcontentlist tr td div block=
quote {
                                padding-left:6px;
                                border-left: 6px solid #dadada;
                                margin-left:1em;
                        }
       =20
                        div#emailbody table#itemcontentlist tr td div li {
                                margin-bottom:1em;
                                margin-left:1em;
                        }


                        table#itemcontentlist tr td a:link, table#itemconte=
ntlist tr td a:visited, table#itemcontentlist tr td a:active, ul#summarylis=
t li a {
                                color:#000099;
                                font-weight:bold;
                                text-decoration:none;
                        }      =20

                        img {border:none;}


                </style>
<div xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id=3D"emailbody" style=3D"margi=
n:0 2em;font-family:Georgia,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-Serif;line-height:140%;fon=
t-size:13px;color:#000000;">
<table style=3D"border:0;padding:0;margin:0;width:100%">
<tr>
<td style=3D"vertical-align:top" width=3D"99%">
<h1 style=3D"margin:0;padding-bottom:6px;">
<a style=3D"color:#888;font-size:22px;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-se=
rif;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:none;" href=3D"http://www.humanpower=
plant.be/" title=3D"(http://www.humanpowerplant.be/)">How to Dredge Out the=
 Netherlands without Fossil Fuels</a>
</h1>
</td>
<td width=3D"1%" />
</tr>
</table>
<hr style=3D"border:1px solid #ccc;padding:0;margin:0" />
<table id=3D"itemcontentlist">
<tr xmlns=3D"">
<td style=3D"margin-bottom:0;line-height:1.4em;">
<p style=3D"margin:1em 0 3px 0;">
<a name=3D"1" style=3D"font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:1=
8px;" href=3D"http://www.humanpowerplant.be/2018/05/how-to-dredge-out-the-n=
etherlands-by-hand.html">How to Dredge Out the Netherlands without Fossil F=
uels</a>
</p>
<p style=3D"font-size:13px;color:#555;margin:9px 0 3px 0;font-family:Georgi=
a,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-Serif;line-height:140%;font-size:13px;">
<span>Posted:</span> 16 May 2018 04:25 PM PDT</p>
<div style=3D"margin:0;font-family:Georgia,Helvetica,Arial,Sans-Serif;line-=
height:140%;font-size:13px;color:#000000;">
<div xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p><span style=3D"font-size: 12=
pt;"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e0099229e888330224df32d858=
200b img-responsive" alt=3D"6a00e0099229e888330224e03945d7200d-500wi" title=
=3D"6a00e0099229e888330224e03945d7200d-500wi" src=3D"http://krisdedecker.ty=
pepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e888330224df32d858200b-800wi" border=3D"0" style=
=3D"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The dredging industry has been the back=
bone of the Dutch economy for centuries. If canals, harbours and rivers wer=
en't dredged out for a few years, the whole country would literally grind t=
o a halt. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Today, dredging happens with oil powere=
d ships. However, t</span><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">he Dutch waterwa=
ys were dredged mostly by hand for centuries, using simple but ingenious to=
ols. Could it be done again?</span></p>
<hr />
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Siltation is a serious problem in the L=
ow Countries, because of the low flow rate of the water. The Netherlands is=
 located in the delta area of various rivers, which supply an estimated 10 =
million of m3 of silt and clay particles per year. The country also has man=
y waterways and is home to the largest port in Europe, Rotterdam.&nbsp;</sp=
an></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Each year, some 30 to 35 million m3 of =
mud are dredged out in the maintenance of the Dutch waterways. Approximatel=
y 75% comes from salty waters. In the port of Rotterdam alone, 20 million m=
3 of mud is collected each year.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The demand for dredging keeps increasin=
g. Ships keep getting bigger -- both inland and seagoing vessels -- requiri=
ng ever deeper and wider waterways. A "modal shift", in which cargo transpo=
rt moves from the road to the water, means more larger ships and therefore =
wider and deeper canals -- and thus more dredging.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"> <a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"d=
isplay: inline;" href=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e88=
8330224df32d259200b-pi"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e009922=
9e888330224df32d259200b image-full img-responsive" alt=3D"Scheepsmakerij de=
lft" title=3D"Scheepsmakerij delft" src=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/=
.a/6a00e0099229e888330224df32d259200b-800wi" border=3D"0" style=3D"display:=
 block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"><span sty=
le=3D"font-size: 10pt;">Dredging by hand in Delft, the Netherlands. Source:=
 <a href=3D"http://www.maritiemdigitaal.nl/index.cfm?event=3Dpage.home" tar=
get=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer">Maritiem Digitaal</a>.</span><br=
 /></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Although most of the mud is dumped into=
 the sea, each year 3.5 to 5 million m3 of contaminated sediments must be l=
andfilled. Then there is the dependency on fossil fuels.&nbsp;</span><span =
style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">A typical suction hopper dredger has a pumping p=
ower of 2,500 kW and removes&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">1=
00 m3 of sediments per minute. The largest dredgers have 30,000 kW engines =
and 6,000 kW of pumping power. At full power, these ships consume 3,000 lit=
res of oil per hour.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 13pt;"><strong>D=
redging a Country by Hand</strong></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Silting is a very old problem in the Ne=
therlands, so how did this job happen before the arrival of fossil fuel pow=
ered dredging machines and boats? </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">For centuries, the Netherlands were mai=
nly dredged out by hand. Dredgers stood on a small boat and scraped mud fro=
m the bottom with their "dredge bag" ("baggerbeugel").&nbsp;</span><span st=
yle=3D"font-size: 12pt;">In an alternative configuration, the dredger stood=
 on a wooden board that was supported by the river bank on one side, and by=
 a floating container on the other side.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid=
-6a00e0099229e888330224df32c63f200b image-full img-responsive" alt=3D"Bagge=
rbeugel" title=3D"Baggerbeugel" src=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6=
a00e0099229e888330224df32c63f200b-800wi" border=3D"0" /></span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 10pt;">A dredgin=
g bag: <a href=3D"http://www.maritiemdigitaal.nl/index.cfm?event=3Dpage.hom=
e" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer">Maritiem Digitaal</a></spa=
n></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"> <a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"d=
isplay: inline;" href=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e88=
8330223c84b2243200c-pi"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e009922=
9e888330223c84b2243200c image-full img-responsive" alt=3D"De beugelaar" tit=
le=3D"De beugelaar" src=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e=
888330223c84b2243200c-800wi" border=3D"0" /></a><br /></span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 10pt;">Dredging =
by hand, standing on a boat. <a href=3D"https://www.yumpu.com/nl/document/v=
iew/18609381/pre-industrial-dredging-rosmolens-en-krabbelaars-baggeren-vssd=
/2" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer">Source</a>.</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid=
-6a00e0099229e888330224e039c04b200d image-full img-responsive" alt=3D"Giete=
rse_methode" title=3D"Gieterse_methode" src=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.=
com/.a/6a00e0099229e888330224e039c04b200d-800wi" border=3D"0" /><br /></spa=
n></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The dredge bag, a tool that was also us=
ed for peat cutting, was a long stick (up to 6 metres long) with an annular=
 metal scraper and a net at the end. There were different types of nets and=
 bags, depending on the composition of the sediment. Working with the dredg=
e bag, the handle was rested against the shoulder, so that the net could be=
 dragged over the bottom with two hands.</span>&nbsp;</p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The mud was pulled ashore or deposited =
in a flat barge. </span><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">For large dredging=
 works, such as the construction of the Northern Holland Canal in 1822-1825=
, thousands of workers with dredging bags were deployed. Until about 1960, =
contractors of dredging works employed men with dredging bags for the maint=
enance of shallow ditches and canals. The tool is still for sale.&nbsp;</sp=
an><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 13pt;"><strong>D=
redge Mills</strong></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Manual dredging is heavy and time-consu=
ming work, so people designed technology that could ease and speed up the t=
ask. Furthermore, ships became ever larger.&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"font=
-size: 12pt;">In the last quarter of the sixteenth century, the "dredge mil=
l" was introduced. It was still based on human power, but now people were o=
nly the source of energy for a machine.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Several people worked large treadmills =
or capstans driving a paddle wheel that scooped the mud from the bottom and=
 threw it into a barge that was moored across. The dredge mill was usually =
made up of two flat barges with the rotating wheel in between. It worked up=
 to a depth of two metres.&nbsp;These machines were often operated by priso=
ners.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"> <a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"d=
isplay: inline;" href=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e88=
8330223c84b2385200c-pi"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e009922=
9e888330223c84b2385200c image-full img-responsive" alt=3D"Baggermolen" titl=
e=3D"Baggermolen" src=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e88=
8330223c84b2385200c-800wi" border=3D"0" /></a><br /></span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 10pt;">Dredge mi=
ll. Source: <a href=3D"https://beeldbank.rws.nl/MediaObject/Details/331290"=
 target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer">Beeldarchief Rijkswaterstaat=
</a>. &nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The depth of a merchant ship in the sev=
enteenth century, depending on the cargo, was between 3.5 and 5 metres -- t=
oo deep for the dredge mill. In 1622, the first horse-powered dredge mill w=
as built. Three to six horses ran a pivot which set in motion a bucket chai=
n. </span><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Because of the heavy work the ho=
rses had to be changed every hour. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">In 1829, this technology could be used =
to dredge up to a depth of 5-7 metres. Working at a depth of 3.2 metres, wi=
th three to six horses, approximately 20 m3 of mud could be collected each =
hour. By comparison, the average modern suction dredger -- which removes 10=
0 m3 of mud per minute -- is as powerful as 300 horse powered dredge mills.=
</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"> <a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"d=
isplay: inline;" href=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e88=
8330223c84b2403200c-pi"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e009922=
9e888330223c84b2403200c image-full img-responsive" alt=3D"Ponton met bagger=
beugels en lieren" title=3D"Ponton met baggerbeugels en lieren" src=3D"http=
://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e888330223c84b2403200c-800wi" bo=
rder=3D"0" /></a><br /></span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 10pt;">Mechanica=
l dredge bags on a pontoon.&nbsp;<a href=3D"https://www.yumpu.com/nl/docume=
nt/view/18609381/pre-industrial-dredging-rosmolens-en-krabbelaars-baggeren-=
vssd/2" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer">Bron</a>.</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The original dredging techniques were a=
lso improved in later centuries. Mechanical dredge bags emerged in the sixt=
eenth century, when someone got the idea to pull the dredging bag with a ro=
pe over a winch. Mechanical dredge bags could be mounted on ships, but seve=
ral dredge bags and winches could also work side by side on a pontoon.</spa=
n></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">During the first half of the nineteenth=
 century the valve barge was invented. The bottom of this small boat could =
be opened without causing it to sink. In this way, time could be saved with=
 the removal of the mud.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"> <a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"d=
isplay: inline;" href=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e88=
8330223c84b24f9200c-pi"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e009922=
9e888330223c84b24f9200c image-full img-responsive" alt=3D"Model van een kle=
pbodemschouw" title=3D"Model van een klepbodemschouw" src=3D"http://krisded=
ecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e888330223c84b24f9200c-800wi" border=3D"0"=
 style=3D"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></s=
pan></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;">Valve barge with dredge bag. <a href=3D"ht=
tp://www.maritiemdigitaal.nl/index.cfm?event=3Dpage.home" target=3D"_blank"=
 rel=3D"noopener noreferrer">Maritiem Digitaal</a>.<span style=3D"font-size=
: 12pt;"><br /></span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 13pt;"><strong>S=
cratchers</strong></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">Dutch dredgers also took advantage of r=
enewable energy sources to lighten the work. In particular wind and tide en=
ergy were used. From the fifteenth century onwards, the "scratcher" ("krabb=
elaar") was used, a scraper that could dredge out gullies if there was enou=
gh current. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">With a strong current, dredging becomes=
 easier, because the mud only needs to be loosened. The tide ensures the di=
scharge of the material to the sea.</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;"> <a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"d=
isplay: inline;" href=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e88=
8330224df32d5f8200b-pi"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e009922=
9e888330224df32d5f8200b img-responsive" alt=3D"6a00e0099229e888330223c84aaa=
4f200c-500wi" title=3D"6a00e0099229e888330223c84aaa4f200c-500wi" src=3D"htt=
p://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e888330224df32d5f8200b-800wi" b=
order=3D"0" style=3D"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;=
" /></a></span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;">Hand powered scratcher. Source: <a href=3D=
"http://www.maritiemdigitaal.nl/index.cfm?event=3Dpage.home" target=3D"_bla=
nk" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer">Maritiem Digitaal</a>.</p>
<p><a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"display: inline;" href=3D"http://kr=
isdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e888330224e039c271200d-pi"></a><span =
style=3D"font-size: 16px;">Simple scratchers were a kind of large rakes tha=
t were dragged across the bed of the water body. They were pulled by horses=
 or people -- some were pulled by a rowing boat.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">In harbours with strong winds and tides=
, scratchers were rigged with sails. These triangular sailing ships had a b=
road back and a flat bottom. Attached to the bottom was a harrow with iron =
spikes. At mid tide, the scratcher was placed just before the lock gates of=
 a scouring basin, which was filled during high tide.</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;"> <a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"d=
isplay: inline;" href=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e88=
8330223c84b25d8200c-pi"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e009922=
9e888330223c84b25d8200c image-full img-responsive" alt=3D"KRABBELAAR" title=
=3D"KRABBELAAR" src=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e8883=
30223c84b25d8200c-800wi" border=3D"0" style=3D"display: block; margin-left:=
 auto; margin-right: auto;" /></a></span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;">1699 model of a scratcher rigged with sail=
s. Credit:&nbsp;<a href=3D"http://www.maritiemdigitaal.nl/index.cfm?event=
=3Dpage.home" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener noreferrer">Maritiem Digita=
al</a><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;"><br /></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">At low tide, the sluice gates of the ba=
sin were opened and the scratcher was pushed through the harbour with great=
 force as the iron teeth scraped across the bottom. The ship gathered extra=
 speed through the wide back and, if the wind was good, the use of sails. H=
orses could also be used, pulling the ship in the absence of good winds.&nb=
sp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">Wind powered scratchers&nbsp;</span><sp=
an style=3D"font-size: 16px;">were in use at least since 1435 in the southe=
astern part of the Netherlands.&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;=
">The flat bottom of the scratcher hinged and could sink with the help of c=
ables to improve the draft. Two revolving doors, which could make a sharp a=
ngle of about 45 degrees with the ship, increased the reach of the barge.&n=
bsp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;"> <a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"d=
isplay: inline;" href=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e88=
8330224df32d6e9200b-pi"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e009922=
9e888330224df32d6e9200b img-responsive" alt=3D"6a00e0099229e888330224df325a=
96200b-500wi" title=3D"6a00e0099229e888330224df325a96200b-500wi" src=3D"htt=
p://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e888330224df32d6e9200b-800wi" b=
order=3D"0" style=3D"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;=
" /></a><br /></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">Nevertheless, manpower was still needed=
. Five to six men kept the monster in the right lane, while two to three me=
n kept the harrow at the desired depth through pulleys and hoist blocks.&nb=
sp;</span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;"><strong>A=
lternatives to Dredging</strong></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">Dredging was not the only answer to the=
 siltification of large rivers. Until the nineteenth century, the choice wa=
s also made to make the banks or dikes even higher, so that the water level=
 was allowed to rise. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">In a report from 1825, the dredging of =
large rivers is not considered because they were too deep and too wide for =
the technology of those days. It was only with steam power that dredging wa=
s also done on major rivers.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;"> <a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"d=
isplay: inline;" href=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e88=
8330223c84b2627200c-pi"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e009922=
9e888330223c84b2627200c image-full img-responsive" alt=3D"Skutsje" title=3D=
"Skutsje" src=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e888330223c=
84b2627200c-800wi" border=3D"0" style=3D"display: block; margin-left: auto;=
 margin-right: auto;" /></a></span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 10pt;">Een Fries=
e Sk=C3=BBtsje. <a href=3D"http://skutsjelangwar.nl/" target=3D"_blank" rel=
=3D"noopener noreferrer">Foto: Sk=C3=BBtsje Langwar</a>.&nbsp;</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">The province of Friesland, in the north=
 of the country, reveals yet another alternative to dredging. The Frisians =
never used dredge mills, horse mills or other tools than dredge bags. They =
continued to dredge by hand until the arrival of the steam engine. </span><=
/p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">However, they innovated in a different =
way: from 1889 to 1933, they built 1200 large cargo ships with a very limit=
ed draft -- the so-called "sk=C3=BBtjes". </span><span style=3D"font-size: =
16px;">Boats with a smaller draft meant less dredging. </span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;"><strong>H=
ow many people do we need?&nbsp;</strong></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">In conclusion, dredging was mainly a hu=
man powered activity until the arrival of fossil fuels.&nbsp;</span><span s=
tyle=3D"font-size: 16px;">As part of the Human Power Plant project, we are =
investigating how many people would be needed if were to dredge in the Neth=
erlands by hand again.&nbsp;</span><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">To answ=
er this question, we will be <a href=3D"http://www.humanpowerplant.be/manua=
l-dredging-workshop-may-24.html">dredging a piece of Frisian waterway on 24=
 May</a>&nbsp;to find out how long it takes to collect 1 m3 of mud.</span><=
/p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;">Based on preliminary data, it's already=
 clear that many people will be needed. The aforementioned pump capacity of=
 a suction hopper dredger -- 2500 kW -- corresponds to the capacity of appr=
oximately 25,000 human dredgers. The largest dredgers have a pump capacity =
that is equal to 60,000 human dredgers. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 16px;"> <a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"d=
isplay: inline;" href=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e88=
8330223c84b26bf200c-pi"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e009922=
9e888330223c84b26bf200c image-full img-responsive" alt=3D"Baggerkolonie fri=
esland" title=3D"Baggerkolonie friesland" src=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepa=
d.com/.a/6a00e0099229e888330223c84b26bf200c-800wi" border=3D"0" /></a></spa=
n></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table style=3D"border-top:1px solid #999;padding-top:4px;margin-top:1.5em;=
width:100%" id=3D"footer">
<tr>
<td style=3D"text-align:left;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,Sans-Serif;font-si=
ze:11px;margin:0 6px 1.2em 0;color:#333;">You are subscribed to email updat=
es from <a href=3D"http://www.humanpowerplant.be/">HUMAN POWER PLANT</a>.<b=
r />To stop receiving these emails, you may <a href=3D"https://feedburner.g=
oogle.com/fb/a/mailunsubscribe?k=3DaUY4Bph5LmOsSETg1x55r_CHs6s">unsubscribe=
 now</a>.</td>
<td style=3D"font-family:Helvetica,Arial,Sans-Serif;font-size:11px;margin:0=
 6px 1.2em 0;color:#333;text-align:right;vertical-align:top">Email delivery=
 powered by Google</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan=3D"2" style=3D"text-align:left;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,Sans=
-Serif;font-size:11px;margin:0 6px 1.2em 0;color:#333;">Google, 1600 Amphit=
heatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94043, United States</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</body>
</html>

--0000000000003b90eb056c665ab6--