memex/mail/amr.gharbeia@gmail.com/new/1709248325.M152127P170046Q773R601ba59101337f63.lilitop

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Message-ID: <f40304379c946fcf9905543c8271@google.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Jul 2017 00:55:46 +0000
Subject: Biogas Production
From: HUMAN POWER PLANT <noreply+feedproxy@google.com>
To: amr.gharbeia@gmail.com
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<a style=3D"color:#888;font-size:22px;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-se=
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plant.be/" title=3D"(http://www.humanpowerplant.be/)">Biogas Production</a>
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<a name=3D"1" style=3D"font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:1=
8px;" href=3D"http://www.humanpowerplant.be/2017/07/biogas-production.html"=
>Biogas Production</a>
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<span>Posted:</span> 13 Jul 2017 05:06 AM PDT</p>
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height:140%;font-size:13px;color:#000000;">
<div xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><p><span style=3D"font-size: 12=
pt;"> <a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"display: inline;" href=3D"http:/=
/krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e8883301b7c90ae903970b-pi"><img cl=
ass=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e0099229e8883301b7c90ae903970b image-f=
ull img-responsive" title=3D"07 BIOGAS NEW small" src=3D"http://krisdedecke=
r.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e8883301b7c90ae903970b-800wi" alt=3D"07 BIOGAS=
 NEW small" border=3D"0" /></a></span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: left;"><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The food wa=
ste from the kitchen and the excrements of 750 students are used to produce=
 biogas that supplies the thermal energy for cooking.</span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"><strong>W=
hy Biogas?</strong><br /></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Biogas involves the generation of a com=
bustible gas from biomass digestion in the absence of oxygen. The waste is =
mixed with water to create the right environment for the bacteria to decomp=
ose the biomass. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">A biogas installation can convert any b=
iodegradable material into biogas, which can be used in similar ways as nat=
ural gas for cooking, space heating, or water heating. The residue of the d=
igestion can be used as a fertiliser, replacing industrial fertilisers made=
 from fossil fuels.</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Humans are an excellent source of low t=
emperature heat, especially when they are exercising. However, they are muc=
h less efficient in generating the higher temperatures that are required fo=
r cooking. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Producing electricity for an electric c=
ookstove involves dozens of students generating power. </span><span style=
=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Converting human waste and food waste into biogas pro=
mises to be a more energy efficient way. </span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"><strong>H=
ow Much Biogas can 750 Students Produce? </strong></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">It=E2=80=99s surprisingly difficult to =
find reliable data about the quantity of feces that humans produce =E2=80=
=93 estimates vary by an order of magnitude. Our calculation is based on a =
conservative 25 litres of biogas production per person per day.&nbsp; <br /=
></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Assuming 280 grams of food waste per st=
udent per day (which is the figure for the UK according to a recent study),=
 we obtain another 100 litres of biogas per student. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Combining food waste and excrements, ea=
ch student thus provides on average 125 litres of biogas per day, which cor=
responds to the thermal energy of 608 grams of firewood. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">At first sight, this seems to be hardly=
 sufficient for cooking. Boiling one litre of water requires 30-40 litres o=
f biogas, while cooking half a kilogram of rice requires 120-140 litres of =
biogas. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">A biogas cookstove consumes 200 to 450 =
litres of biogas per hour and the biogas consumption for cooking lies betwe=
en 300 and 900 litres per person per day (assuming two warm meals per day).=
 </span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"><strong>F=
ireless Cookers </strong></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">However, energy use for cooking can be =
reduced substantially. First of all, communal cooking is more energy effici=
ent than individual or family cooking, therefore we assume that we need onl=
y 300 litres of biogas per person per day. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Second, the communal kitchens are equip=
ped with <a href=3D"http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2014/07/cooking-pot-insu=
lation-key-to-sustainable-cooking.html" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener">=
fireless cookers</a>, which can halve the energy use of the cooking process=
. After food is brought to a boil on a biogas fire, cooking pots are placed=
 in a heavy insulated container, which keeps the cooking process going with=
out the need for additional energy. </span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><a style=3D"display: inline;" href=3D"http=
://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e8883301a73dd31481970d-pi"><img =
style=3D"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title=3D"F=
ireless cooker with attributes" src=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6=
a00e0099229e8883301a73dd31481970d-500wi" alt=3D"Fireless cooker with attrib=
utes" /></a><span style=3D"font-size: 8pt;">A fireless cooker with associat=
ed cooking pots. Image: Wikipedia Commons.</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Thanks to the large-scale use of firele=
ss cookers, the thermal energy needs in the kitchen can be entirely supplie=
d by what the students provide themselves, in terms of both human waste and=
 food waste. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">There are multiple variables that can i=
nfluence this calculation, both for better or for worse. Further reductions=
 in energy use could be obtained by low temperature cooking methods, by eat=
ing fewer warm meals and more raw foods, salads and sandwiches (very common=
 in the Netherlands), or by making cold soups. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">On the other hand, the students could r=
educe their food waste, which would lower the biogas production. Pets could=
 also influence the calculation. Their excrements could be used for biogas =
production, but if they eat all the food waste, biogas production would dec=
rease substantially. </span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"><strong>V=
acuum Toilets </strong></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The use of excrements for biogas produc=
tion requires the installation of vacuum toilets. These toilets separate th=
e solid waste from the urine and transport it to the biogas installation in=
 the basement with the use of very little water. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The vacuum toilet was developed in 1866=
 by Dutch engineer Charles Liernur. In the 1870s, several Dutch cities were=
 equipped with a <a href=3D"http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2010/09/recyclin=
g-animal-and-human-dung-is-the-key-to-sustainable-farming.html" target=3D"_=
blank" rel=3D"noopener">city-wide vacuum sewer system</a>. This avoided the=
 dilution of human waste by the admixture of water, thus preserving its val=
ue as a fertiliser. </span><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Today, the tech=
nology is still used on planes, trains and boats. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The <a href=3D"http://www.humanpowerpla=
nt.be/human_power_plant/human-powered-student-building-plans.html">human po=
wered student building</a> has shared toilet facilities throughout the buil=
ding, all with vacuum toilets. A vacuum toilet requires roughly 2 watt-hour=
 per flush. The energy use for flushing is generated by the <a href=3D"http=
://www.humanpowerplant.be/2017/06/power-generation-floors.html">communal po=
wer generating floors</a>. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Assuming 5 flushes per day per person, =
this comes down to 10 watt-hour per person per day, or 7,500 Wh per day for=
 750 students. This means we need only 7.5 people exercising for 10 hours t=
o power the toilet flushing system. </span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"><strong>T=
he Biogas Digester</strong></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">We also need to take into account the i=
nefficiencies of the system. Biogas production is most efficient in the (su=
b)tropics, because the ideal process temperature for the fermentation proce=
ss is at about 35 degrees Celsius. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">In countries like the Netherlands, this=
 requires additional heating, insulation of the digester, and/or building a=
 larger digester with a longer digestion (or =E2=80=9Cretention=E2=80=9D) p=
eriod. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Obviously, we don=E2=80=99t want to spe=
nd more human power for heating the digester so we build a heavily insulate=
d digester in the basement of the building, and we make it as large as poss=
ible. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"><a class=3D"asset-img-link" style=3D"di=
splay: inline;" href=3D"http://krisdedecker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e888=
3301b7c90b4f9a970b-pi"><img class=3D"asset  asset-image at-xid-6a00e0099229=
e8883301b7c90b4f9a970b img-responsive" style=3D"display: block; margin-left=
: auto; margin-right: auto;" title=3D"Biogas detail" src=3D"http://krisdede=
cker.typepad.com/.a/6a00e0099229e8883301b7c90b4f9a970b-500wi" alt=3D"Biogas=
 detail" /></a></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">There=E2=80=99s ample space for that, b=
ecause with a retention time of 60 days, the digester only needs 50 to 110 =
m3 =E2=80=93 the volume of a large shipping container. We have a lot more s=
pace in the basement so we can make it much larger.<br /></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">In principle, a larger biogas installat=
ion could also provide the energy for space heating and water heating, but =
that would require food waste, agricultural waste, green waste or excrement=
s from outside the student building. Since we want to be self-sufficient in=
 terms of energy, this is not an option.</span></p>
<p style=3D"text-align: center;"><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;"><strong>O=
perating the Biogas Digester </strong></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Biogas is not a =E2=80=9Cset-and-forget=
=E2=80=9D technology. Operating a biogas digester is labour-intensive: food=
 waste needs to be collected, and all biodegradable material needs to be mi=
xed with water, fed in the digester, and stirred. The slurry that can be us=
ed as a fertiliser must be removed every few days. </span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Skills, know-how, discipline and routin=
e are required both to maintain a high gas production and to ensure a long =
lifespan of the biogas unit =E2=80=93 which is essentially a living thing. =
</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The biogas organisations we consulted a=
ll discouraged the use of biogas in the context of a student community, mai=
nly because of safety issues. </span><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Bioga=
s hazards are fire and explosion, asphyxiation, and disease. To address som=
e of these issues, we have encapsulated the digester to limit the damage in=
 the case of an explosion.<br /></span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">A biogas installation can be completely=
 automated, but in our case humans would need to generate the electricity f=
or the machines and computers anyways. This is why we follow the manual app=
roach to biogas, which is common in developing countries. This involves the=
 manual labour of students, who all have to operate the biogas plant during=
 certain periods of the year.</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">The biogas installation remains the big=
gest technical challenge for the <a href=3D"http://www.humanpowerplant.be/h=
uman_power_plant/human-powered-student-building-plans.html">human powered s=
tudent community</a> -- all advice is welcome.</span></p>
<p><span style=3D"font-size: 12pt;">Thanks to <a href=3D"http://www.biogas-=
e.be/?language=3Den" target=3D"_blank" rel=3D"noopener">biogas-e</a>.</span=
></p></div>
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