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memex/0_inbox/books/TWOW/html/65 The evolution of rational spiritual animals on earth.html

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<title>The evolution of rational spiritual animals on earth</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#993366"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS09_09" align="right" hspace="5" width="250" height="31" border="0">he
evolution of rational spiritual animals on earth. </b></font></font>Three
evolutionary stages have been mentioned in this explanation of the
origin of spiritual animals. The first was the evolution of animal
societies of hominids; the second was the evolution of primitive
spiritual animals; and the third was the evolution of rational
spiritual animals. </font></font></font>
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" name="Stages" align="bottom" width="600" height="350" border="0"></font></p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Here
is a brief review. (See the diagram of stages of evolution.) Although
the first stage (stage 7) is just part of the radiation of primates,
both subsequent stages require higher levels of part-whole complexity
in the behavior guidance system than the previous stage. Each stage
is predicted by the further relevant condition that a higher level of
part-whole complexity enables the primary structure to control,
though the evolution of primitive spiritual animals (stage 8) also
involves a higher level of biological organization as well. The use
of natural sentences evolves in hominid societies, because that makes
it possible to generate social level behavior as the result of a
shared intention in which different members make different
contributions to a common plan. But since as population grows and
resources become scarce, they use war to obtain energy, spiritual
animals live in a dangerous world where another behavior guidance
system is needed to make the momentous choice between war and peace.
The use of psychological sentences evolves (stage9), because it makes
explicit the reference to psychological states that is implicit in
the input to the rational behavior guidance system. The choice
between war and peace depends on the intentions of the other
spiritual animals, and rational imagination enables them to represent
psychological states as causes of behavior (and beliefs). The ability
to infer the intentions of other spiritual animals from observations
of the behavior of their members — that is, to see into their minds
— makes it possible to choose between war and peace earlier and
more reliably than primitive spiritual animals. Thus, these stages of
evolution are inevitable, if evolution is the global regularity about
change over time caused by how reproductive cycles add up in space
over time, as we have found holds necessarily in a world of matter
and space in time. </font></font></font>
</p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">All
three evolutionary stages are inevitable, but it is not clear from
the data accumulated by paleontology and archeology which species are
at which stages. Between hominids (stage 7) and reflective subjects
(stage 9), there are linguistic subjects, or primitive spiritual
animals (stage 8). The first and last of these stages are relatively
clear. But it is not entirely clear when spiritual animals first
evolved, and thus, neither is it clear when they first became
rational. </font></font></font>
</p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">If
reason explains human nature, the third of these three stages,
rational spiritual animals (stage 9), is represented by Cro Magnon
Man (modern humans or <i>Homo sapiens sapiens</i>), because
apparently nothing basic distinguishes us from them. Cro Magnon Man
is the species that replaced Neanderthal Man (archaic humans or <i>Homo
sapiens</i>) in Europe about 35,000 years ago. Not only are they
anatomically indistinguishable from modern humans as far as fossils
reveal, but judging by the wealth of artifacts that remain, ranging
from finely chipped stone tools and weapons to jewelry and works of
art, they also had a rich culture, like modern humans. </font></font></font>
</p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">We
have considered the possibility that <i>Homo erectus</i> had the use
of a primitive language of natural sentences, but as we have seen, it
is by no means required to explain what is known about them. And
there is much to suggest that they were merely exploiting the limited
capacity of animal cries and screams to serve as signs in
coordinating behavior, comparable to wild dogs of Africa, except that
they had new kinds of behavior make possible by structural
imagination. </font></font></font>
</p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
archaic humans, such as Neanderthal Man, by contrast, there is
evidence of a dramatic change in both the tools used and the capacity
for verbal behavior. Flint tools and hafted stones indicate that
archaic humans had a more advanced (Mousterian) culture, as we would
expect of animals with the greater understanding of causal
connections that comes with having a conception of states of affairs.
There is also fossil evidence of changes in the larynx that suggest a
much increased reliance on highly modulated sounds. Moreover, if
archaic humans did have a primitive language of natural sentences,
their capacity to coordinate behavior would explain why <i>Homo
erectus</i> became extinct about the time that Neanderthal Man and
other species of archaic humans showed up. That is, <i>Homo erectus</i>
were the societies of hominids on which archaic humans preyed, before
they took up war against one another.</font></font></font></p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Thus,
it seems likely that that archaic humans were the first spiritual
animals (stage 8). Given the ontological cause of revolutionary
evolution, the replacement of Neanderthal Man by modern humans was
inevitable, because Neanderthal Man would have to make choices about
war and peace like animals, acting on the strongest immediate desire
caused in the leader by instinctive or learned cues. Without the
capacity for reflection, they could not see into the minds of other
spiritual animals.</font></font></font></p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Neanderthal
Man had occupied Europe since at least 200,000 years ago, but even
though they had robust, muscular bodies, they were wiped out by
slighter-bodied Cro Magnon Man within a few thousand years about
35,000 years ago. Warfare is an extremely strong form of group-level
natural selection, and it would have given Neanderthal Man a great
facility at the use of natural sentences. But if they were only
primitive spiritual animals, they would be no match for the invaders,
because without the use of psychological sentences, they could not
figure out the intentions of Cro Magnon Man. On the other hand, Cro
Magnon Man, as rational spiritual animals, could see into the
Neanderthal mind. Thus, not only could they defend themselves against
Neanderthal attack, but they could also intentionally deceive or
trick Neanderthals, for they could understand the linguistic and
other instinctive signs Neanderthals used to tell friend from foe and
turn them to their own advantage. </font></font></font>
</p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">It
might be argued that Neanderthal Man and Cro Magnon Man cannot
represent successive stages in the evolution of spiritual animals,
because Cro Magnon Man could not have evolved from Neanderthal Man.
There is some evidence (from their mitochondrial DNA) that modern
humans had a common ancestor in Africa about 200,000 years ago or
more, about the time archaic humans, such as Neanderthal Man,
evolved. Furthermore, there is evidence of modern humans existing
side by side with Neanderthal Man (archaic humans) in the Middle East
some 90,000 years ago, long before their invasion of Europe, and the
remnants of their technology at the time indicate roughly the same
level of culture as Neanderthal Man. </font></font></font>
</p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">These
objections are not, however, decisive, because it is not necessary
for Cro Magnon Man to have evolved from Neanderthal Man for them to
represent a later stage of evolution. There were probably several
species of archaic humans in existence 200,000 years ago, not only
Neanderthal Man, but also other species of spiritual animals, and one
of those others could have been the ancestors of modern humans. Since
they must all have had the use of natural sentences, what made the
ancestors of modern humans different may have been something about
their neurological mechanism for using natural sentences that made it
easier for them to try out the higher level of part-whole complexity
required for the use of psychological sentences. Thus, the somewhat
greater brain size of Neanderthal Man (about 1500cc on average, as
op&shy;posed to 1350cc for modern humans) may indicate, not greater
intelligence, but just a more cumbersome mechanism for using natural
sentences.</font></font></font></p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Furthermore,
it is possible that reason had already evolved 90,000 years ago, when
both modern humans and archaic humans existed side by side in the
Middle East, because this was during the last great ice age. The
robust bodies of Neanderthal Man were well adapted to the harsh
climate in Europe, whereas modern humans, with slighter bodies, were
confined to the more temperate region of the Middle East. Thus, the
greater capacity of rational spiritual animals to make choices about
war and peace may have been used almost exclusively to kill
Neanderthal Man only when Neanderthal Man ventured into their more
energy-rich territory. </font></font>
</p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Indeed, the
presence of Neanderthal Man may have enabled modern humans to live at
peace with one another, because at those times when resources became
scarce and war was a means of expanding the supply, modern humans
could increase the territory from which they gathered energy by
waging war against archaic humans, rather than against other modern
humans. Modern humans may even have hunted archaic humans for food.
In any case, the balance between archaic and modern humans could have
been maintained for many thousands of years, because as long as the
ice age continued, modern humans were unable to invade very deeply
the territory occupied by Neanderthal Man. Thus, their radiation
would have been stymied, like mammals who could not dislodge
dinosaurs from the rich ecological niches to which they had become
well adapted. </font></font>
</p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This would
explain why Cro Magnon Man replaced Neanderthal Man suddenly 35,000
years ago, for there was a brief respite from the last great ice age
at that time, which lasted for a few thousand years. The change in
climate enabled modern humans, for the first time, to overcome the
scarcity caused by their population growth by invading Neanderthal
territory, and their greater skill at making war meant the extinction
of Neanderthal Man. </font></font>
</p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">That is, it
would be analogous to the extinction of the dinosaurs. Although
dinosaurs were so well adapted to their energy-rich ecological niches
that they were invulnerable to invasion by mammals, the impact of an
asteroid changed the environment so radically that dinosaurs and
mammals had to complete in a new environment, and the inherent
superiority of subjective to telesensory animals made it inevitable
that mammals would replace the dinosaurs. In a similar way,
Neanderthal Man was invulnerable to replacement by modern humans
until a break in ice age occurred and modern humans could take
advantage of their inherent superiority to invade Neanderthal
territory and replace them. Then, when the ice age returned a few
thousand years later, Neanderthal Man was already gone, and modern
humans could learn how to survive in the colder climate without
competition from archaic humans. On this account, therefore, the
sudden appearance of Cro Magnon Man in Europe about 35,000 years ago
would be just another instance of catastrophic changes “shaking
out” the natural kinds of organisms according to their inherent
superiority.</font></font></p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Cro
Magnon culture differed from Neanderthal culture in just the ways
that we would expect reflective spiritual animals to differ from
primitive spiritual animals. As rational animals, they could not only
see into other minds, but also reflect on the causes of their own
conclusions about how to behave and what to believe in the process of
drawing them. Thus, instead of a language of just natural sentences
for coordinating behavior and passing technology on by imitation, the
culture passed down from generation to generation by Cro Magnon Man
was an accumulation of arguments about what to do in certain
situations and what to believe (as will be explained more fully in
the next section). And their culture would reflect the danger of
living in a world where war was always possible. </font></font></font>
</p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Once
Neanderthal Man was no longer around to prey on, it was inevitable
that modern humans would resort to war against one another, since the
growth of their population caused scarcity and they knew the value of
war from battles with Neanderthal Man. But when reflective spiritual
animals turned the weapon of war against one another, they had to
determine, as primitive spiritual animals did, whether other groups
they encountered were of the same tribe, for there were normally at
least some other groups with which they had friendly, in-group
relations. Tribal membership was the main way of telling whether
other groups they encountered were one of <i>Us </i>or one of <i>Them
</i>in choosing between war and peace, but tribes of reflective
spiritual animals were based on sharing a culture of accumulated
arguments, including legends and myths, rather than simply use of the
same language. But when they decided to treat the other group as part
of their tribe, they made themselves vulnerable, and thus, there was
always the danger that other groups were gaining an advantage over
them in war by pretending to share their culture. This was a trick
that had probably worked well against Neanderthal Man. By pretending
to speak their language of natural sentences, primitive spiritual
animals would have been deceived into treating their enemies as
friends. More subtle forms of deception might be used against other
rational spiritual animals.</font></font></font></p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
danger of war would explain, therefore, the sudden appearance of
highly refined artifacts, such as the ivory figures of animals which
were apparently worn as jewelry, after Cro Magnon Man invaded Europe.
It would provide credible evidence of their tribal membership. Groups
in a tribe might identify with different kinds of animals, and thus,
tribal membership could be represented by groupings of animals and,
within tribes, nomadic bands could keep track of their relationships
to one another by passing down stories about the animals with which
they identified from generation to generation. Groups could give
credible evidence of which group they were and which tribe they
belonged to by the kinds of animals depicted in their jewelry. The
ornaments were credible, because the art involved in creating them
made it too difficult to fake them. Thus, highly refined works of art
were good evidence about one another’s tribal membership, and that
made it easier for groups from the same tribe to establish trust.
Considering their value in making reliable choices about war and
peace, there was a strong selection pressure at the group level,
favoring skill at art as well as facility in the use of psychological
sentences to reflect on the reasons for their behavior. </font></font></font>
</p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In other
words, the lack of highly refined ornaments and ivory figures among
the remnants of modern humans in the Middle East around 90,000 year
ago does not necessarily mean that reason had not yet evolved. Their
level of culture is what might be expected of rational beings, if
warfare was reserved for use against the easily recognized archaic
humans that were always on the frontier of the territory from which
they were excluded by their slender bodies. Under the circumstances,
all modern humans may have been able to treat one another as part of
the same tribe.</font></font></p>
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">What
ontological philosophy implies about the evolution of reason is,
therefore, consistent with what is known about the ancestry of human
beings on Earth. Indeed, it accounts for those facts better than the
theories currently being discussed by archaeologists. But it should
be emphasized that ontological philosophy would not be refuted by
evidence that contradicted the interpretation of the archaeological
evidence that has been sketched here. It is also compatible with the
hypothesis that modern humans in the Middle East some 90,000 years
ago simply had not yet evolved the use of psychological sentences. It
is, however, an empirical question which species on Earth are the
ones that represent those stages. All that we know on ontological
grounds is that there must have been a stage of evolution between
societies of bipedal hominids and rational animals, because reason
can evolve only in primitive spiritual animals, which already have
the use of natural sentences. No one denies that societies of
hominids are a late phase in the radiation of higher primates (stage
7). Nor does anyone doubt that Cro Magnon Man was a form of modern
humans, and if the nature of reason as explained here accounts for
human nature, Cro Magnon Man must represent the rational spiritual
stage of evolution (stage 9). Thus, it remains only to decide which
species represents primitive spiritual animals (stage 8). On the
basis of what is currently known about our past, I have suggested the
reasons for believing it is represented by Neanderthal Man and other
archaic humans. But new evidence might justify assigning this role to
another species. </font></font></font>
</p>
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