142 lines
5.5 KiB
Plaintext
142 lines
5.5 KiB
Plaintext
solid iludge led lo worms, which eonveri ii in rich
|
||
hordelillural WIL Founh|yr ihe wan‘M lhemselvls oan
|
||
beusedloleed hahorpouliry,
|
||
llireh siaies six principles oi nalural sysleois.
|
||
I. -Nolhing ui namre grows loiever -
|
||
mereisalonslam cycle oldeeay and rebiriiii
|
||
z ~Cernlinualron oiliie depends on ihe rnainrenariee oi
|
||
ihe global biosgeoehernieal eysles oi esienlral ele-
|
||
menls, in panreular carbon. oxygen, nllrogen, sulphur,
|
||
and phosphorus,
|
||
mm we need lo eyele ihese and olher mlnor
|
||
nulr nls lo slrmulrle growlh, and is keep ihe
|
||
amiosprrere and walers o1 earrh unpolluoed l
|
||
3. "Die probabiliry or exlrncrion o1 populalions or a
|
||
species is grealesl when ihe densiry ii very high or
|
||
very 10w,"
|
||
lboih crowding and loo iew individuals oi a
|
||
species may resull in reaching lhresholds oi
|
||
exiinelieni
|
||
a, The chance ihal species have lo survive and
|
||
reproduce is dependenl prlmanly upon one or rwo key
|
||
lesions in ille complex web oi relarrons oi ihe organism
|
||
la ils environmen -
|
||
lli we can deieianme whai ihese eddeal [mars are,
|
||
we can exclude, by design some lilaullng laciors,
|
||
eg. lrosr, and increase orhers, e g shelter, nesi
|
||
silesl
|
||
5. Our abiliry lo drange ihe tree bl ihe eanh inereases
|
||
or a lasier rare lilan our abiliiy lo loresee the
|
||
eonsequenee oi such ehange:
|
||
lHence rho lolly ol desiroying lile syslems lor
|
||
shon-ienn prolir.l
|
||
rig organisms are mil only means bul ends ln
|
||
lo lheir inslrumenlal value lo humans and
|
||
olher ving organisms, iheyliave aniriirins wonh-
|
||
mus is ihe lr/e ruin lhesrs so ollen missing lroiai
|
||
oiherwise flhlnl sysiems.)
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
Allhnngh ihese principles are basic and inescapable.
|
||
wlrar we as designers have lo deal wiih is survival on a
|
||
pilmculir sire, here and now Thus, we rnusl siudy
|
||
whenler lire resourves and energy consumed can be
|
||
derived iiom renewable or non—renewable resourees,
|
||
and how non—renewable resollrees can besa be used in
|
||
conserve and generale energy in living lrenewablel
|
||
syslems Famnulely lor us, ihe long-leern energy
|
||
derived from lire sun is available on earlh, and can be
|
||
used lo renew our resources illilerysielais are oarehllly
|
||
eonsiruned and preserved.
|
||
|
||
'niere are lhur several praerical design eonsidera-
|
||
|
||
lions lo observe
|
||
|
||
- The sysiems we eonslrusi should lasi as long as
|
||
possible, and lake leasl rnainlenaiiee.
|
||
|
||
. Th5: sysrems, hreled by the sun, should produce
|
||
nol only lhelr own needs, bur «he needs oi ihe people
|
||
clearing or cenrrolling rheln. 1hus, lhey are susrarn-
|
||
able, as ihey susrarn boih lbeniselves and ihose who
|
||
what! lherri.
|
||
|
||
- We can use energy lo conslruel irreso syslerns,
|
||
providing lhal in iheir lilelmie, mey slore or eonserve
|
||
|
||
more energy lhan we use in eonslruer rhem or lo
|
||
mamiain lhern.
|
||
|
||
nre lollowlng are some design prineiples lhar have
|
||
been drslilled ior “x in pennaeullure-
|
||
|
||
l. WORK wmi NATURE, RATHER THAN
|
||
AGAINST rr. We can assisl Ill-her lhan impede narural
|
||
elernene, nines, pressures, processes, agencies, and
|
||
evoluiions ln namral sureessions, grasses slowly give
|
||
way io shrubs, which evenmally give way lo liees We
|
||
can aclively assrsl (his nalural succession nol by
|
||
slashing oiil weeds and pioneers, Inn by using iliem lo
|
||
provide microclimale, nulrienis, and wind proleerron
|
||
lor ihe exolle or naiive speeaes we wanl |o eslablrsh
|
||
|
||
"I! we lhrow naiure our ihe window, she comes been
|
||
in ihe door wilh a plkhiork" lMasanobu ruxuoxal. For
|
||
example, it we spray lor pesl iidesiaiions, we end up
|
||
desiroyirig bmh pesls and ihe predalors lhal leed on
|
||
lhzm, so lhe lollowing year we gel an explosion ol
|
||
pesis because lhere are no pmdabols lo c0nlm| irrerri
|
||
Consequenlly, we spray more heavily, pulling lhrngs
|
||
runner our oi balanee. Unlorrunalely, all ihe pesrs are
|
||
never lulled, and ihe survivors breed rnore resislenl
|
||
pnigeny lnarure's ynchlark!)
|
||
|
||
2 ma PROBLEM IS THE soumow :veryihing
|
||
wurki bolh ways ll B only how we see ihings lhal
|
||
makes «hem advanlageous or nor, li ihe wind blows
|
||
cold, lei us use boil. in slrengrh and ils coolness lo
|
||
advaniage llor example, lunneling wind lo a wind
|
||
generilor, or drreelirig cold winier wind lo a cool
|
||
cupboard in a healed housel A corollary oi rhis
|
||
principle is lhal everylhing is a posilrve resourse, ii is
|
||
up lo as m worle oul haw we may use ii as such, A
|
||
designer laiay reeognlse a speerlie sire eharaderisiie as
|
||
errher a problem or as a unique leaiure capable or
|
||
several uses, e.g laggtd ioel oulerops siieh leaiures
|
||
ean only beeome problems when we have already
|
||
derided on rrnporing a speeilrc silo panel-n lhal llie
|
||
roels oulerup rnlerlerer wilh. ii is nor a problem, and
|
||
may be an age il we ioeepl ii lor ihe niariy values ii
|
||
possesses. The problem is lire solullnn" is a
|
||
Molllsonism implying lhai only our need alliludes are
|
||
problems when dealing wllh dungs lilre luck ouleiops!
|
||
A lricnd has ineluded se‘vrral naluial boulders in her
|
||
home wiih exielleni physual, lesihelie, and eeoriornre
|
||
benelrr, ihe builder would have removed rhem u
|
||
"pmblems", at yell expense
|
||
|
||
3 MAKE THE LEAST CHANGE FOR THE
|
||
GREATEST possum EFFECT. For example, when
|
||
choosing a darn sile. seleel ihe area where you gel ihe
|
||
moss waxer ior rile leasl amounl oi earlh moved
|
||
|
||
l, THE wall) OF A svsrzM IS THEOREIICALLY
|
||
UNLIMITED monly lrmil on be number pluses or.
|
||
resourse poslble williin a syslem is in ihe limir ul ihe
|
||
iniormarion and ihe imaginalrori ol ihe designer I! you
|
||
think you have Iufly planled an area, almosl any oilier
|
||
rnnovalive designer earl see ways In add a wine, a
|
||
lungus, a benefieisl mud, or eon see a yield polerinal
|
||
lhai has been ignored, Cahan cilledder a! ihe Garden
|
||
ol Eden in Auslmhi found an unsuspeeied niarlrel lor
|
||
oneruiloya seed. required by nurseries as seed sloelc lor
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
15
|
||
|