1246 lines
128 KiB
HTML
1246 lines
128 KiB
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<title>Acceleration of the inherent motion in space</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#993366"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>A<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCLGtr_03" align="right" hspace="5" width="200" height="53" border="0">cceleration
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of the inherent motion in space. </b></font></font>How can
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gravitation be explained in a spatiomaterial world? To be adequate,
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it must explain not only the acceleration due to gravity that Newton
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recognized, but also all the new phenomena predicted by the general
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theory of relativity. That is a challenge, because it must do so
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without appealing to spacetime. How can gravitation be explained with
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nothing but two opposite substances that exist only at the present
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moment? </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">As
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in the reduction of special relativity, there is no need to reject
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the mathematical equations or the interpretations by which they are
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tested empirically. All that needs to change is what we take them to
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refer to. Since we shall be starting from the assumption that space
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is absolute, this is to take an approach opposite to Einstein, just
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as we did in explaining special relativity. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Einstein
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called his explanation of gravitation a general “theory of
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relativity” because he assumed that gravitational phenomena, like
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all other phenomena, must obey the same laws in every reference
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frame, and his strategy was to explain gravitation by describing a
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way of transforming coordinates assigned by observers on different
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reference frames into one another that leaves the laws of physics
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unchanged. He assumed that the velocity of light has the same value
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in every reference frame, and a tensor calculus was required to
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formulate the mathematical transformation. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">As
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ontologists, however, we start by assuming that space and matter are
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substances existing in time, and since that means that light may have
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different (one-way) velocities, different reference frames are not
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ontologically equivalent. Thus, it is not appropriate to call it a
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theory of relativity. On the contrary, it will explain the general
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equivalence of reference frames, or the premise of Einstein’s
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argument, as an <i>appearance </i>constituted by space and matter as
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ontological causes, much as it did in explaining the premises of
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Einstein’s argument in STR. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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key to the spatiomaterialist theory of gravitation is its explanation
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of the apparent truth of STR. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In its
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ontological explanation of the truth of the special theory,
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spatiomaterialism rejects Einstein’s assumption that the velocity
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of light is the same relative to every inertial frame and assumes,
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instead, that it is due to an inherent motion in space. It also
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assumes (or shows) that the motion of material objects through space
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causes four Lorentz distortions in them. The Lorentz distortions
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enable it to explain why inertial frames are empirically equivalent
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locally, and by taking into account how clocks are mis-synchronized
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on moving reference frames by adhering to Einstein’s definition of
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simultaneity at a distance (that is, ignoring the difference between
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the one-way velocities of light in each direction), they also explain
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why inertial frames appear to be equivalent globally, that is, why
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the (net) Lorentz distortion always seem to be occurring in the other
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member of any pair of inertial frames. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">These
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assumptions and conclusions are all taken for granted in explaining
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the truth of the general theory of relativity, and only one
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additional ontological assumption is required to explain gravitation.
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That is the assumption <i>that the accumulation of matter at certain
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locations in space has an effect on space, mediated by the inherent
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motion in space, that, in effect, accelerates the inherent motion in
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the nearby space toward it.</i> </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">There are
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various consequences of this assumption. They are described in the
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following sections, including their role in explaining the new
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phenomena predicted by Einstein. One consequence has to do with the
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velocity of light. Another has to do with effect on material objects
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that are forced to remain at rest relative to space itself in a
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gravitational field. The third is a result of how the effect of
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matter accumulation on space is mediated by the inherent motion
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itself. Finally, I will show how it explains the special phenomena
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that occur in very strong gravitational fields, such as black holes.
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At the end, I will return to the issue about the nature of the
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argument and show how this ontological explanation of gravitation
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explains “general relativity” in the sense of the observational
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equivalence of different models of GTR, which Einstein used to derive
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his conclusions. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
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constructing its theory of gravitation, spatiomaterialism takes its
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lead, as Einstein did, from the assumption that reference frames
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free-falling in gravitational fields are equivalent (locally) to
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reference frames in inertial motion. Einstein called this the
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“principle of equivalence.” But given its explanation of the
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truth of STR, this principle has a somewhat different meaning, for
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spatiomaterialism holds that different inertial frames, despite being
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<i>observationally equivalent</i>, are <i>ontologically different.</i>
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</font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">When
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inertial frames have different velocities relative to one another, at
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least one must be moving relative to space, and since that means
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having a velocity relative to the inherent motion in space, we had to
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assume that material objects suffer Lorentz distortions as a result
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of their motion relative to the inherent motion in space, in order
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explain why they appear equivalent (locally and globally). Now, in
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order to explain all the old and new gravitational phenomena, we must
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assume yet <i>another interaction between space and matter — </i>an
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interaction that makes it appear that free falling frames are
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observationally equivalent, locally, to inertial frames outside
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gravitational fields. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Whereas
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Einstein took gravitation to involve an interaction between matter
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and spacetime, spatiomaterialism takes gravitation to involve an
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interaction between matter and space. Spatiomaterialism assumes that,
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instead of curving spacetime, accumulations of matter (mass and
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energy) <i>change the velocity of the inherent motion in space. </i></font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">I am
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speaking as if the inherent motion were something actually moving
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though space while space endures, as a substance, through time, but I
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have admitted that, if you prefer, it can be taken as just a
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spatio-temporal aspect of substantival space having to do with how
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fast what occurs in one location in space can affect what happens
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elsewhere. If space is to mediate the relations and interactions
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among bits of matter, some such limit on the velocity of their
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effects on one another is necessary, because otherwise
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spatiomaterialism would have to give up its assumption that space is
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a substance made up of many particular substances (one for each
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location in space and all connected as described by Euclidean
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geometry). There is no doubt that space involves an “inherent
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motion” in the sense of having a spatio-temporal aspect about how
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parts of space are related. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The only
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issue is whether there is anything actually moving through space
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other than bits of matter. That can be doubted, because, thus far, at
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least, the only candidates for what moves across space are bits of
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matter. Setting material objects aside (because the move slower than
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the inherent motion), we have, thus far, come across nothing that
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actually moves across space at that maximum velocity except light
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(and the forces exerted by material objects with an electric charge),
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which are forms of matter. The gravitational force is not an
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exception, for even though it also propagates at the velocity of the
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inherent motion, it is also a form of matter even on this theory (as
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I suggested in <font face="Arial, sans-serif">Forms of matter</font>).
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But it does no harm to think of this aspect of the nature of space as
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an inherent motion, for we have already recognized that space is a
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substance enduring through time and seen that it must have a
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spatio-temporal aspect to the relations of its parts. Moreover, in
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explaining how quantum mechanics can be true in a spatiomaterial
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world, we will find that something other than matter also moves
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across space with the inherent motion. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Thus, I
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will continue to speak of space as if there were an inherent motion
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through every location, moving at the same velocity both ways in
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every direction in three dimensional space. It is something we can
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imagine, because as rational beings, we are able to think about
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space, time and motion, and thus, it will enable me to describe the
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effect of matter accumulation on space in a qualitative way, in terms
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of its effect on the inherent motion and, thereby, on all the
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electromagnetic interactions that are mediated by it. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Those with
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a more reactionary bent may, however, want to call the inherent
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motion in space by its traditional name. It is actually an
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ontological explanation of the ether. The luminiferous ether was
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supposed to be a material substance of some kind at rest in absolute
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space that mediated electric and magnetic forces like a very elastic
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material substance. To be sure, we have no need to postulate any form
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of matter to play the role of the ether, because we take space to be
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a substance, and its inherent motion can mediate electromagnetic
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interactions. But on the other hand, it would be appropriate to speak
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of the inherent motion in space as the ether, and that means that the
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new assumption being made here could be described just as well as an
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<i>acceleration of the ether</i>. (I would use this term, except that
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it is likely to inflame the antagonism of Einsteinians, who sometimes
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like to portray their denial of absolute space as merely discrediting
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a foolish metaphysical belief in unobservable entities.) </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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assumption that spatiomaterialism makes in order to explain
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gravitation, therefore, is that <i>the accumulation of matter exerts
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a force on other nearby bits of matter by way of its effect on the
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inherent motion in space that changes the velocity of the inherent
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motion in space as if the inherent motion itself were being
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accelerated toward the center of gravity at the rate described by
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Newton’s law.</i></font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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inherent motion flows both ways in every direction, and the
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gravitational change in the velocity of the inherent motion is
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different in opposite directions. The inbound velocity of the
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inherent motion is greater than it would be outside the gravitational
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field, and the outbound velocity is correspondingly less than it
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would be outside. Thus, it is as if the inherent motion itself had an
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inbound velocity.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since the
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inherent motion is a velocity both ways in every direction at every
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location in space, there is always some pathway for material objects
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relative to it in which the two one-way velocities of inherent motion
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are equal in both directions. Let us call that motion relative to
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space “rest relative to the inherent motion” (or for
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reactionaries, “rest relative to the ether”). The effect of the
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force of gravity is, therefore, equivalent to accelerating rest
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relative to the inherent motion in space, so that it has velocity
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relative to space in a gravitational field. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">(It might,
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therefore, be better to describe the effect of the force of gravity
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as accelerating the ether, because it is rest relative to the ether
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that is undetectable. But that could be misleading. It might suggest
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that ethereal matter is accumulating at the center of gravity,
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whereas the inherent motion is just the way in which bits of matter
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coincide with space, and thus, the acceleration of the inherent
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motion is just a change in how bits of matter coincide with space.
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But it is useful to keep in mind that there is an inertial frame at
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rest relative to the inherent motion, and it is, in effect, what is
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accelerated by the accumulation of matter.) </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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inbound velocity of the inherent motion at any point depends on how
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much it has increased as a result of accelerating all the way in from
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infinitely far away as a result of its acceleration. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The amount
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of acceleration varies directly as the product of the amount of
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matter (mass and energy) making up the objects accelerating one
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another and inversely as the square of the distance between them in
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space (though the force is exerted by way of the inherent motion).</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">At any
|
||
point in a gravitational field, therefore, the increase in the
|
||
inbound velocity of the inherent motion is equal to the escape
|
||
velocity at that point. That is, relative to space, the inherent
|
||
motion is moving toward the concentrated matter at the velocity of
|
||
light plus a velocity that is equal to the outbound velocity a
|
||
material object would have to have at that point relative to space to
|
||
escape gravity and eventually come to absolute rest outside its
|
||
influence. The decrease in the outward-bound velocity of the inherent
|
||
motion in space is likewise the escape velocity, making the outward
|
||
bound velocity of the inherent motion the velocity of light minus a
|
||
velocity equal to the velocity a material objects would have to have
|
||
to move outward and just escape the gravitational filed. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Since
|
||
the gravitational variation in the velocity of the inherent motion at
|
||
different points in space is equivalent to the acceleration of the
|
||
inherent motion, any matter that coincides with space by way of the
|
||
inherent motion also accelerates at the same rate. That includes, as
|
||
we shall see, all forms of matter. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Photons are
|
||
accelerated because they coincide with space in such a way that they
|
||
are carried along by the inherent motion in space. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Material
|
||
objects also coincide with space by way of its inherent motion. This
|
||
is implicit in the spatiomaterialist explanation of the truth of STR.
|
||
What makes it impossible to detect its velocity relative to the
|
||
inherent motion experimentally are Lorentz distortions that material
|
||
objects suffer because of their motion relative to the inherent
|
||
motion. Indeed, some of those distortions depend on the difference in
|
||
the one-way velocities of light in opposite directions in the
|
||
direction of its motion relative to the inherent motion. Thus, when
|
||
the inherent motion itself is accelerating inward, any material
|
||
object that coincides with space by way of the inherent motion is
|
||
also accelerated in the same way. And since electric charges move
|
||
with the material objects and exert their forces by way of the
|
||
inherent motion, their electric fields are accelerated along with
|
||
them.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since
|
||
acceleration of matter by way of the acceleration of the inherent
|
||
motion is a form of potential energy, the gravitational field is
|
||
itself a form of matter. It is the form of matter I called
|
||
“gravitational matter” at the beginning of the ontological
|
||
explanation of the truth of the laws of physics (see <font face="Arial, sans-serif">Forms
|
||
of matter</font>), and the quantity of matter involved in
|
||
constituting the potential energy of gravitational field is counted
|
||
as part of the total matter (mass and energy) accumulated at the
|
||
center of accumulation. Thus, as the kinetic energy of material
|
||
objects increases because of their acceleration, the potential energy
|
||
not only declines, but becomes less than zero (or maximum potential
|
||
energy), and the total quantity of mass and energy is, thereby,
|
||
conserved. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">If
|
||
the center of matter accumulation itself is in motion relative to
|
||
space, then it already has a velocity relative to the inherent motion
|
||
in space and all the effects of its gravitational field are affected
|
||
accordingly. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Gravitation
|
||
involves, according to this ontological explanation of the truth of
|
||
the general theory, a second interaction between space and matter.
|
||
The first was the reaction of space to material objects that acquire
|
||
a high constant velocity relative to the inherent motion: it imposes
|
||
the Lorentz distortions on such material objects. The second is more
|
||
complex, because matter first causes a change in space, and then
|
||
space, in turn, causes a change in matter. That is, accumulations of
|
||
matter accelerate the inherent motion in space toward themselves, and
|
||
the acceleration of the inherent motion not only accelerates the bits
|
||
of matter it contains, but also changes the velocity of light at any
|
||
point in space (because the inherent motion accumulates inward
|
||
velocity over the entire gravitational field). It is as if space had
|
||
a compound effect on the matter it contains, because either effect
|
||
can occur separately, and both can happen at once. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The first
|
||
effect occurs separately when material objects have a constant
|
||
velocity relative to the inherent motion outside of a gravitational
|
||
field. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The second
|
||
effect occurs separately when material objects are at rest relative
|
||
to the inherent motion being accelerated into a center of mass that
|
||
is at rest in absolute space. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Both
|
||
effects occur either when material objects have a constant finite
|
||
velocity relative to an inherent motion that is being accelerated
|
||
into a center of gravity that is at rest, or when the accumulation of
|
||
matter itself has a constant velocity relative to the inherent motion
|
||
in space outside gravitation. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Let
|
||
us consider the consequences of this additional assumption about the
|
||
nature of space and matter. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">This
|
||
ontological assumption explains why Newton’s law is approximately
|
||
true in all those areas where it is recognized to be a good
|
||
approximation, because it differs from Newton’s theory only in its
|
||
assumption that gravitation acts by way of the inherent motion, that
|
||
is, that it accelerates the surrounding inherent motion in space and
|
||
that it does so as a force that is itself propagated by that inherent
|
||
motion. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">It
|
||
also explains Einstein’s equivalence principle ontologically. It
|
||
entails that local experiments on free falling frames come out the
|
||
same as on inertial frames outside gravity, for in both cases they
|
||
have a constant velocity relative to the ether. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">But
|
||
the spatiomaterialist theory also explains intuitively certain new
|
||
phenomena used to confirm Einstein’s GTR, including the three new
|
||
kinds of phenomena that have been used to confirm the general theory
|
||
as well as the predictions about black holes. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">V<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCLGtr_04" align="right" hspace="5" width="300" height="30" border="0">ariation
|
||
in the velocity of light.</font> The most immediate effect of the
|
||
acceleration of the inherent motion is on the velocity of light. The
|
||
photon coincides with space by having some direction in the inherent
|
||
motion wherever it is located and being carried along by the inherent
|
||
motion in space. Thus, the motion of the photon relative to space
|
||
manifests the inherent motion in space any motion that the inherent
|
||
motion itself has relative to space because of the gravitational
|
||
field.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Since
|
||
the inherent motion is different at different locations in space as a
|
||
function of the force of gravity, a photon traveling inward toward
|
||
the center of matter will accelerate as it moves, acquiring a
|
||
velocity relative to space that is higher than the velocity of light
|
||
outside of the influence of gravitation. Correspondingly, a photon
|
||
moving outward will leave the center of mass with a velocity relative
|
||
to space that is less than it would have outside of gravitation, and
|
||
it will accelerate all the time it is moving outwards until it
|
||
reaches the velocity of light outside gravitation just as it escapes
|
||
the gravitational field. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
quantity of the increase (decrease) in the velocity of light at any
|
||
point in space relative to what it would be if there were no
|
||
gravitational force depends on the escape velocity, that is, how much
|
||
velocity a bit of matter would acquire as a result of being acted on
|
||
by the gravitational force as it moves across the gravitational
|
||
field. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Consider
|
||
for simplicity’s sake a center of matter (mass and energy) that is
|
||
at rest in absolute space. The theory is that when matter accumulates
|
||
in space, it acts on the surrounding space in a way that is
|
||
equivalent to accelerating the inherent motion in space toward it,
|
||
giving the inherent motion itself a velocity relative to absolute
|
||
space. The rate of acceleration is determined by the force of gravity
|
||
(which declines as the square of the distance from the center of
|
||
gravity), and that means that the photon starts accelerating
|
||
infinitely far away from the gravitating body and accumulates speed
|
||
as it continues to accelerate inward (with its rate of acceleration
|
||
becoming greater as the gravitational force increases), so that at
|
||
points nearer the center of gravity, the photon has an instantaneous,
|
||
inward velocity that is equal to the velocity of light outside
|
||
gravitation plus the escape velocity at that point in the
|
||
gravitational field. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">If the
|
||
gravitating body is not at rest in absolute space, but is itself
|
||
moving relative the inherent motion in space, that will also alter
|
||
the velocity of light the same way at every point throughout its
|
||
gravitational field. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">When
|
||
enough matter accumulates to accelerate the inherent motion itself to
|
||
a velocity in space that is faster than the velocity of light outside
|
||
any gravitational field, it is called a “black hole.”<a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote1anc" href="#sdendnote1sym"><sup>i</sup></a>
|
||
The so-called Schwartzschild radius of a black hole at rest in space
|
||
is the surface in space at which the inward velocity of the virtual
|
||
inherent motion equals the velocity that light would have in that
|
||
direction at that location, if the inherent motion were at absolute
|
||
rest. Inward-bound light crossing that surface would have a velocity
|
||
relative to space twice what light would have outside of gravitation,
|
||
and thus, it is impossible for light being carried in the opposite
|
||
direction by the inherent motion to cross that surface. Outward bound
|
||
photons at the Schwartzschild radius of a black hole would be at rest
|
||
relative to space.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Gravitational
|
||
bending of light rays.</b></i> The effect of the acceleration of the
|
||
inherent motion on the velocity of light explains the most famous new
|
||
prediction of the general theory, namely, the bending of light rays
|
||
in a gravitational field. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Given
|
||
that light, as a form of energy, has a mass and exerts a
|
||
gravitational force, Newton’s law can be used to predict that light
|
||
will be bent from its straight path by the force of gravity, much
|
||
like a material object. But the general theory of relativity predicts
|
||
that the light ray will be bent at about twice the rate predicted by
|
||
Newton’s theory. And in a famous expedition in 1918, Eddington
|
||
found that Einstein was correct by measuring the direction of a ray
|
||
of light from a distant star as it passed behind the sun during an
|
||
eclipse and the distant star could be seen. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
greater effect of gravitation predicted by Einstein is what would be
|
||
expected on the spatiomaterialist explanation of gravitation, because
|
||
two factors are involved in determining the pathway of the photon. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">First, as
|
||
the light ray passes the gravitating body, it is pulled sideways into
|
||
the center of gravity by the inward acceleration of the inherent
|
||
motion in the transverse direction, which diverts it from a straight
|
||
path, much as expected on Newtonian grounds. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Second, as
|
||
the photon is approaching the center of gravity, the inward
|
||
acceleration of the inherent motion gives light an inward velocity
|
||
higher than it would have outside the gravitational field. But since
|
||
the inherent motion on the other side of the center of gravity has
|
||
been accelerated in the opposite direction, the photon slows down as
|
||
it passes the gravitating body to a velocity that is lower than it
|
||
would be outside gravitation, and then it gradually speeds it up
|
||
again to the normal velocity of light relative to space as it moves
|
||
out of the gravitational field on the other side. The result of these
|
||
changes in the velocity of light is that the photon spends a
|
||
disproportionately longer period of its entire trip near the center
|
||
of gravity where the sideways acceleration of the inherent motion
|
||
toward the center is greatest than it does farther away when the
|
||
sideways acceleration of the inherent motion is minimal. That
|
||
explains the higher value of bending predicted by Einstein.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote2anc" href="#sdendnote2sym"><sup>ii</sup></a></sup></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Time
|
||
delay in radar signals.</b></i> The effect of the acceleration of the
|
||
inherent motion on the pathways of photons can also explain the time
|
||
delay in radar signals reflected back to earth from planets on the
|
||
far side of the sun when the paths of those signals lie near the sun.
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
|
||
is a <i>spatial </i>symmetry about the velocity changes that occur
|
||
both times the radar signal approaches and recedes from the sun. The
|
||
signal gains velocity as it approaches the sun, because the inherent
|
||
motion is accelerating under gravity in that direction. But it
|
||
quickly comes to have a lower velocity than light outside of
|
||
gravitation as it passes by the sun, because of the inbound
|
||
acceleration of the inherent motion on the other side of the sun. And
|
||
then the signal regains velocity as it recedes, because the inward
|
||
velocity of the inherent motion on the other side is lower the father
|
||
away from the sun. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">It
|
||
might seem that there should be no net effect on the total time it
|
||
takes for the light signal to pass by the sun, because the higher
|
||
velocity of its approach to the sun will be canceled out by the lower
|
||
velocity of its retreat from the sun on the opposite side. After all,
|
||
the approaching signal travels just as <i>far </i>at each higher
|
||
velocity as the receding signal travels at comparably lower
|
||
velocities. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
|
||
is, however, a net slowing down of the period required for the entire
|
||
trip, because the equal distance on each side of the sun entails that
|
||
the light signal spends more <i>time </i>traveling at slower
|
||
velocities than it does traveling at faster velocities. Hence, it
|
||
cannot make up all the time it loses going slower in the time it
|
||
spends going faster. This happens both ways on its round-way trip to
|
||
the distant planet, causing an overall delay in the radar signal’s
|
||
return that does not occur when its path is not near the sun.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote3anc" href="#sdendnote3sym"><sup>iii</sup></a></sup></font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCLGtr_05" align="right" hspace="5" width="300" height="32" border="0">ime
|
||
dilation caused by acceleration relative to the inherent motion.</font>
|
||
Another famous prediction of Einstein’s general theory of
|
||
relativity is the so-called “gravitational red shift,” or a time
|
||
dilation in gravitational fields. That is, all physical processes on
|
||
material objects are slowed down at a rate that depends on the
|
||
potential energy of the gravitational field (which would vary
|
||
directly with the altitude, if the force of gravity were constant).
|
||
It predicts that such a time dilation will be observed both in
|
||
objects at rest in a gravitational field and in objects in free fall
|
||
in a gravitational field. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Gravitational
|
||
time was observed by Pound and Rebca (1960) demonstrating a
|
||
difference in the rate of oscillation of iron nuclei at the top and
|
||
bottom of a tower at Harvard.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">It was also
|
||
observed in signals sent by a hydrogen maser shot up above the earth
|
||
and allowed to fall back by Vessot (1980). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Gravitational
|
||
time dilation can be explained by the spatiomaterialist theory of
|
||
gravitation, but it implies that physical processes are actually
|
||
slowed down only when material objects are at rest in a gravitational
|
||
field. Objects in free fall in a gravitational field are not
|
||
affected. But there is an appearance of a time dilation in objects in
|
||
free fall that is caused by the change in the velocity of the light
|
||
by which the speed of falling clocks is observed. Let us, therefore,
|
||
consider each case separately. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>R<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADYAAAAPCAMAAACY7syKAAAASFBMVEUAAAAcGBMzAAAqJR04MSZBAABPAABGPjBmAABwAAB6AABjV0NxY01/cFeOfGGciWqqlXS4on7HrojVu5Hjx5v8A/sAAAD////BH3lpAAAAFnRSTlP///////////////////////////8AAdLA5AAAAGlJREFUeJzFjksOgDAIBavFL9iPffc/qxh1YdIF3eiQEAJMwLmPQY1c7d48WurI768JmTRBFGCXoHdkK1aNNXT3zCnFyaoR8/WqaE1kf5IjsqoFVNCggTLYU0DwbNUa+UH7knWZx6Fv5QBPcSUGvSam4QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" name="TtsOtkCLGtr_06" align="right" hspace="5" width="125" height="34" border="0">eal
|
||
gravitational time dilation.</b></i> The principle of equivalence
|
||
implies that material objects at rest in a gravitational field will
|
||
suffer a time dilation, and the ontological explanation of the
|
||
equivalence principle according to the spatiomaterialist theory of
|
||
gravitation implies that the rate of time dilation is proportional to
|
||
the energy that would be required to accelerate the object to keep in
|
||
at rest given its velocity relative to the inherent motion. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">This
|
||
distortion is like the Lorentz time dilation, except that it depends
|
||
on resisting the gravitational acceleration of the inherent motion
|
||
rather than having a constant velocity relative to it. According to
|
||
the spatiomaterialist theory, a clock at rest in a gravitational
|
||
field, for example, will be slowed down compared to a clock in free
|
||
fall. If a free falling clock happened to have an initial upward
|
||
velocity in a gravitational field like a ball thrown into the sky and
|
||
it was synchronized with a clock at rest on its way up, then, when it
|
||
passed the same rest clock again on its way down, the rest clock will
|
||
have fallen behind by an amount that depends on the period between
|
||
the measurements and the energy required each unit of time to resist
|
||
the acceleration of the inherent motion and keep it from falling in
|
||
gravity, given the velocity of the accelerated inherent motion at
|
||
that point. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
“gravitational red shift” in objects at rest is usually explained
|
||
as a consequence of Einstein’s equivalence principle. Consider two
|
||
clocks at rest at different altitudes in a gravitational field and
|
||
what happens to a regular signal (such as photons of a certain
|
||
frequency) sent between them, say from the upper rest clock to the
|
||
lower. (See Diagram of Gravitational red shift.) The equivalence
|
||
principle implies that, when this interaction is observed from a free
|
||
falling frame, it must obey the same laws that hold for inertial
|
||
frames outside gravitational fields.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Consider,
|
||
therefore, a free falling frame as long as the distance between the
|
||
two rest clocks, and suppose that it had been shot upwards so that
|
||
its inertial motion brings the top of the free falling frame
|
||
momentarily to rest in space alongside the upper rest clock just as
|
||
it sends a photon of a certain frequency toward the bottom rest
|
||
clock. If the photon were intercepted by the bottom free falling
|
||
clock, it would have the same frequency observed when it left,
|
||
because that is what would be observed if the inertial frame were
|
||
outside the gravitational field. But that is not how the photon would
|
||
appear to the bottom rest clock, as can be predicted by observers on
|
||
the free falling frame. All the time that the photon is traveling
|
||
downward, the free falling frame is also accelerating downward, and
|
||
thus, when the observer at the bottom of the free falling frame sees
|
||
the photon being received by the bottom rest clock, that clock will
|
||
be moving upward toward the photon. Such motion would cause a Doppler
|
||
effect, and so the free falling observer predicts that the photon
|
||
will be measured by the bottom rest clock as having a higher
|
||
frequency than the photon sent by the upper rest clock. Indeed, this
|
||
is what the rest observer does find, according to GTR and actual
|
||
experiment. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="GravRedShift" align="bottom" width="369" height="443" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In this
|
||
case, it is a gravitational blue shift, but if the signal had been
|
||
sent upward, it would be a red shift. (By the time the photon arrived
|
||
at the top rest clock, the free falling frame whose bottom clock was
|
||
momentarily at rest beside the bottom rest clock when the signal was
|
||
sent would have accelerated down­ward, and so the top free
|
||
falling observers would see the top rest clock as receding upward
|
||
when the signal arrives, entailing the prediction of a Doppler red
|
||
shift, that is, a lower frequency of light received by observer
|
||
located by the top rest clock.)</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">What
|
||
is the cause of the red/blue shift observed by the receiving rest
|
||
clock? </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">GTR
|
||
explains the frequency change by the spacetime curvature between the
|
||
two clocks, but it does not say whether it results from a change in
|
||
the frequency of light signals during the flight or a difference in
|
||
the intrinsic rates of rest clocks at different altitudes. Will
|
||
(1986, p. 49-50) says that “it doesn’t matter” whether the
|
||
“light signal changes frequency during the flight” or the
|
||
“intrinsic rate . . of the clocks change”, because there is “no
|
||
operational way to distinguish between the two descriptions”.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Spatiomaterialism,
|
||
however, cannot be indifferent, for it assumes that space and matter
|
||
are substances that exist only at the present moment, and that means
|
||
that the red/blue shift cannot involve any actual change in the
|
||
frequency of signals as they travel across space through time. The
|
||
frequency, or period between signals, cannot change, regardless how
|
||
the velocity of light may change along the path, as long as each
|
||
signal follows <i>the same path </i>in real time. The only possible
|
||
spatiomaterialist explanation is that the frequency shift is an
|
||
appearance due to an actual slowing down of the rest clock (and all
|
||
processes involving material objects at rest). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Spatiomaterialism
|
||
explains why the clocks at rest are slowed down by their relationship
|
||
to the inherent motion. The inherent motion is accelerating at the
|
||
location of the clock, which is evident in the free falling frame,
|
||
and thus, the rest clock must be accelerated relative to it in order
|
||
to keep it at rest. In order to understand the relationship between
|
||
these two reference frames, let us consider the equivalent situation
|
||
outside of gravitation according to the spatiomaterialist theory. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
relationship between these two reference frames in the gravitational
|
||
field is not equivalent to one reference frame being accelerated
|
||
relative to some inertial reference frame outside gravitation unless
|
||
both frames are also in motion relative to the inherent motion in
|
||
space, because at any point in a gravitational field, the inherent
|
||
motion has acquired a certain velocity relative to absolute space.
|
||
Thus, let us consider two reference frames outside of gravity that
|
||
have the same velocity relative to the inherent motion as those in
|
||
the gravitational frame, and let us suppose that one of them is
|
||
accelerated relative to the other. In such a case, the Doppler effect
|
||
would cause the same red (or blue) shift, depending on which way one
|
||
frame was accelerated relative to the other during the brief interval
|
||
of measurement. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Outside a
|
||
gravitational field, the Doppler effect would not be interpreted as a
|
||
time dilation, because it would be explained by the change in the
|
||
velocity of one of the frame relative to the inherent motion due to
|
||
its acceleration during the interval of measurement. The situation in
|
||
the gravitational field is different because the acceleration of one
|
||
frame relative to the other does not change the velocity of either
|
||
one of them relative to the inherent motion.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote4anc" href="#sdendnote4sym"><sup>iv</sup></a></sup>
|
||
Instead, it is the inherent motion itself that is being accelerated.
|
||
Thus, the red (or blue) shift cannot be explained as a result of the
|
||
change in velocity relative to the inherent motion due to the
|
||
acceleration of the frame at rest in gravitation, as it is outside
|
||
gravitation. It can only be the result of a slowing down of physical
|
||
processes on the reference frame at rest in gravitation. Thus, it is
|
||
a real time dilation.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Rest clocks
|
||
at different altitudes in a gravitational field suffer different
|
||
rates of time dilation, even though they may be resisting the same
|
||
rate of acceleration in the inherent motion (as in a uniform
|
||
gravitational field). This can be explained on the spatiomaterialist
|
||
theory, because they have different velocities relative to the
|
||
inherent motion. Outside a gravitational field, according to
|
||
Newtonian physics, different amounts of energy are required for the
|
||
same acceleration in objects when the objects have different
|
||
velocities. The force per unit time is the same, but since at higher
|
||
velocities, the force must be exerted over a greater distance, and
|
||
thus, the energy consumed in exerting the force over that period of
|
||
time is greater. That is, the rate of gravitational time dilation is
|
||
proportional, not the force required to accelerate the rest clock,
|
||
but to the amount of energy required. (At lower altitudes, the force
|
||
has to act over a greater distance relative to rest in the inherent
|
||
motion in order to keep the clock at rest.) This explains why the
|
||
rate of time dilation is proportional to the potential energy for its
|
||
location in the gravitational field (or the kinetic energy an object
|
||
falling from outside the gravitational field would have at that
|
||
point).</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>A<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAADYAAAAQCAMAAABqbnzEAAAAS1BMVEUAAAANDAk9AAAqJR04MSZBAABJAABVAABGPjBmAAByAAB7AABjV0NxY01/cFeOfGGciWqqlXS4on7HrojVu5Hjx5v8A/sAAAD///90C4AqAAAAF3RSTlP/////////////////////////////AOZA5l4AAAC0SURBVHicvZLRDoMgDEVl7ZRNWijQ///VFeJ0mizRF28KAW4PNMAwv1/T+Hxc1DA3bhovarhbelkb5vhEeo4HLDK0PnLVktjcTDbUmMk6Kt1SJaQ95mvIdmRiUgEJoiLJqyKJMreRS8QazfjFKggHy2oh1AOxz6whum19h3EgguaV0LwYFasumC9a/2DN5qTOQ7Yi0ZgIYcEy4LeKCnC4ya6WtW556gG6+v0WuYqd1U3/cNUHqaglwVATM+YAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" name="TtsOtkCLGtr_07" align="right" hspace="5" width="125" height="37" border="0">pparent
|
||
gravitational red shift.</b></i> An actual gravitational time
|
||
dilation occurs only when the clock is being accelerated against the
|
||
acceleration of the inherent motion. A clock in free fall in a
|
||
gravitational field will actually tick away at the same rate as a
|
||
clock outside of the gravitational field. But a clock free falling in
|
||
a gravitational field will appear to suffer a gravitational time
|
||
dilation, because the motion of the clock across the gravitational
|
||
potential means that any signals it sends out at regular intervals
|
||
will be received later than they are expected, making it seem like
|
||
the clock is slowed down. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Consider
|
||
a clock in free fall sending signals out of a gravitational field. To
|
||
observers outside the gravitational field, those signals will make it
|
||
appear that the clock is suffering a time dilation, though it is not,
|
||
because in addition to the normal Doppler shift expected from the
|
||
velocity it acquires from free fall, signals sent back from lower
|
||
altitudes will also travel the additional distance <i>at lower
|
||
velocities of light </i>because the outbound velocity of light is
|
||
lower (because the inbound velocity of the inherent motion is greater
|
||
the closer it is to the center of gravity). Each signal will be
|
||
delayed a bit longer than expected. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Or
|
||
consider a clock shot upwards in a gravitational field that sends
|
||
regular signals to earth (Vessot’s experiment). The signals
|
||
received from the clock on earth will be affected by several factors
|
||
apart from gravitation, including its location at the moment the
|
||
signal is sent and its instantaneous velocity. These factors can be
|
||
calculated and compared with the signals actually received. The
|
||
actual signals will seem to be arriving sooner that expected the
|
||
higher the clock goes, making it seem that the clock must be speeding
|
||
up as it rises out of the gravitational field. But that is not proof
|
||
that objects in free fall suffer a time dilation. Instead, it merely
|
||
indicates that the light signal is traveling faster toward earth than
|
||
the velocity of light outside of gravitation, and the higher the
|
||
clock rises, the more different this factor makes (though the effect
|
||
decreases as the altitude increases, because the signal travels the
|
||
additional distance at a velocity that is closer to what it is
|
||
outside gravitation).</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
spatiomaterialist explanation of gravitational time dilation in
|
||
general relativity resembles its explanation of the global
|
||
equivalence of inertial frames in special relativity, because in both
|
||
cases it recognizes both real and apparent distortions. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In special
|
||
relativity, the Lorentz distortions are real in inertial frames that
|
||
are moving relative to the inherent motion. But to observers on such
|
||
a moving inertial frame, the inertial frame at rest relative to the
|
||
inherent motion <i>appears </i>to be suffering Lorentz distortions.
|
||
(The appearance is caused, as we have seen, by the
|
||
mis-synchronization of clocks on the moving inertial frame and how
|
||
that combines with its real Lorentz distortions.)</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In general
|
||
relativity, the gravitational time dilation is real material objects
|
||
that are at rest in a gravitational frame, because that is how
|
||
accelerate reference frames are related to the inherent motion. But
|
||
free falling clocks appear to be suffering a time dilation, because
|
||
as the clock falls, the signals travel pathways from the clock to the
|
||
stationary observer at various velocities that are either faster or
|
||
slower than the velocity of light outside of gravitation, depending
|
||
on where the is located when the signal is sent. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">P<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCLGtr_08" align="right" hspace="5" width="300" height="32" border="0">ropagation
|
||
of the gravitational force through the inherent motion.</font> The
|
||
final famous prediction of Einstein’s general theory of relativity
|
||
is precession of the perihelion of Mercury’s orbit around the sun
|
||
As Mercury orbits the sun, the main axis of its elliptical orbit
|
||
rotates slowly around the sun (in the same direction as Mercury
|
||
itself). It is a very small rotation (about 43 seconds of an arc per
|
||
century, setting aside the other perturbations that Newtonian physics
|
||
can also explain. This phenomenon also has an explanation in terms of
|
||
the acceleration of the inherent motion in space according to the
|
||
spatiomaterialist explanation of gravitation. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
gravitational force is exerted by a center where matter has
|
||
accumulated by way of the inherent motion, that is, at the outbound
|
||
velocity of light in the inherent motion it affects. The force is
|
||
like a pulse of attraction propagating outward from the gravitating
|
||
body, accelerating the inherent motion toward itself wherever the
|
||
pulse reaches. The force is steady, because one pulse follows another
|
||
continuously. But the gravitational force exerted anywhere in the
|
||
field imposed by these pulses is exerted locally, by the inherent
|
||
motion though which matter of any kind coincides with space at that
|
||
point. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Gravitational
|
||
waves.</b></i> It helps to have a concrete model of how the
|
||
gravitational force is exerted, and so let us think of it as being
|
||
exerted by a flow of outbound pulses through the inherent motion
|
||
affecting the velocity of inherent motion itself that it passes
|
||
through. That will enable us to see why there are gravitational
|
||
waves, as predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">When a
|
||
gravitating body is at rest in space, its force field is basically
|
||
spherical. The center of matter exerts a gravitational force on the
|
||
surrounding space by way of the inherent motion (at the velocity of
|
||
outbound light in it), and the acceleration it imposes on the
|
||
inherent motion itself falls off at the square of the distance.
|
||
Though the acceleration felt at any point in the gravitational field
|
||
depends on a force that started propagating from the central body
|
||
earlier, the acceleration at that point does not change over time,
|
||
because each pulse of gravitational force is followed by another
|
||
pulse the next moment. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">At any
|
||
point in the field, the arrival of a gravitational pulse accelerates
|
||
the inherent motion inward (increasing its inbound velocity as it
|
||
pulls it inward), but the pulse then moves on to the next location in
|
||
space and does the same thing to the inherent motion located there.
|
||
At each moment at any point in space, the inherent motion itself that
|
||
arrives from farther out (because of the last pulse) is subject to
|
||
the next pulse of gravitation, and so the inherent motion itself is
|
||
accelerated inward, giving it a higher inbound velocity as it moves
|
||
closer to the gravitating body. The gravitational field is,
|
||
therefore, like a flow of gravitational pulses outward in the
|
||
inherent motion everywhere pulling the inherent motion itself toward
|
||
the gravitating body. Thus, it is a steady gravitational force field,
|
||
which would affect objects in the way Newton’s law predicts.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">However,
|
||
when a gravitating body is moving back and forth across space (for
|
||
example, when a pair of dense astronomical bodies are in orbit around
|
||
one another), the pulses of forces propagating outward from the
|
||
gravitating body come from different locations from one moment to the
|
||
next, and thus, there is a wavelike change in the acceleration of the
|
||
inherent motion at a distance. Thus, any material objects located
|
||
there will feel a gravitational force that is changing directions
|
||
from moment to moment. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since the
|
||
gravitational wave can accelerate material objects, it carries
|
||
potential energy across space, and thus, it is a form of matter
|
||
(which we are calling “gravitational matter”). If the
|
||
gravitational field were imposed by a gravitating body at rest in
|
||
space, the gravitational matter constituting it would be counted as
|
||
part of the total quantity of matter (mass and energy) accumulated at
|
||
its center (because the gravitational force is accelerating the
|
||
inherent motion toward itself). But the gravitational matter making
|
||
up waves is not counted in the rest masses of the gravitating bodies
|
||
generating it (because the gravitational force is not accelerating
|
||
the inherent motion toward itself. Thus, gravitating bodies lose
|
||
energy as they exert gravitational waves. (The astronomical bodies
|
||
orbiting one another will slow down and eventually fall into one
|
||
another.)</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Precession
|
||
of the perihelion of Mercury.</b></i> This explanation of how the
|
||
force of gravitation is exerted can explain the precession of the
|
||
perihelion of Mercury (or any planet around a star). The inherent
|
||
motion itself is accelerated by gravitation, and thus the force of
|
||
gravitation that is felt by any bit of matter depends on the
|
||
acceleration of inherent motion in the part of space where it is
|
||
located at the time. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since the
|
||
sun is so much more massive than Mercury, we can treat it as if it
|
||
were at rest in space. Thus, although it is sending out pulses of
|
||
gravitation through the inherent motion that accelerate the inherent
|
||
motion it reaches towards itself, the gravitational field is
|
||
basically spherical, with the strength of the gravitational force
|
||
falling off at the square of the distance. This is the gravitational
|
||
field through which Mercury moves.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Mercury is
|
||
moving roughly perpendicular to the sun’s radial force field, and
|
||
if that were all that determined the gravitational force that Mercury
|
||
feels, Mercury would follow the pathway predicted by Newton’s law
|
||
of gravitation (because its being the result of a pulse of
|
||
gravitation propagating from the sun does not make any difference to
|
||
the force that Mercury feels). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Mercury is
|
||
also, however, another gravitating body. It is sending out pulses of
|
||
gravitational attraction radically in the inherent motion,
|
||
accelerating the inherent motion itself towards itself. Insofar as
|
||
its pulses are oriented in the same direction as those propagating
|
||
radially from the sun, this will make no difference, because
|
||
Mercury’s force will be acting on an inherent motion that is
|
||
everywhere being accelerated toward the sun. However, Mercury will
|
||
also be accelerating the inherent motion toward itself in directions
|
||
perpendicular to the sun’s radial forces. And since the sun’s
|
||
radial pulses of gravitational forces travel by way of the inherent
|
||
motion, they follow the path of light rays, and since Mercury will be
|
||
bending light rays that pass by it (just as the sun does; see
|
||
<font face="Arial, sans-serif">Gravitational bending of light rays</font>),
|
||
Mercury will be bending the sun’s pulses of gravitational forces
|
||
toward itself as they pass by.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img 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" name="Precession" align="bottom" width="425" height="300" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
acceleration of the inherent motion toward Mercury changes the
|
||
location of the sun’s gravitational forces, but not the direction
|
||
in which those forces accelerate bits of matter. As radial forces,
|
||
they are normally pointing at the sun. But consider what happens to
|
||
the inherent motion ahead of Mercury as it moves perpendicular to
|
||
those radial forces. As it accelerates the inherent motion toward
|
||
itself, it shifts the location of the inherent motion itself (the
|
||
bending of the light rays), and thus, the gravitational force that
|
||
would be exerted in those parts of space are no longer directed at
|
||
the sun, but are slightly offset. They point to a location relative
|
||
to Mercury that the sun would otherwise have only later in its orbit.
|
||
Thus, when Mercury coincides with the part of space in which the
|
||
displaced inherent motion is located, the force of gravitation will
|
||
not be in the direction of the sun, but slightly offset.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">To be sure,
|
||
there is a symmetry about the acceleration of the inherent motion in
|
||
front of Mercury and behind in its direction of motion. After all,
|
||
light rays are bent towards it as they pass either in front or behind
|
||
Mercury. But there is an asymmetry caused by Mercury’s motion. It
|
||
is moving toward the inherent motion accelerated towards it in front,
|
||
and it is moving away from the inherent motion accelerated towards it
|
||
from behind. Thus, Mercury is affected by the displaced gravitational
|
||
forces ahead of it, because it is moving into the parts of space
|
||
where they are located. And it is moving away from the parts of space
|
||
where the displaced gravitational forces behind it are located. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The net
|
||
effect of the asymmetry caused by Mercury’s motion into the
|
||
inherent motion it has accelerated towards itself in front of it as
|
||
it moves is that its change of location relative to space amounts to
|
||
a greater change of location relative to the inherent motion. The
|
||
gravitational pulses, like light rays, are pulled closer together in
|
||
front of it, so that its velocity relative to space makes a greater
|
||
change in the direction of the gravitational force it feels than
|
||
would otherwise be the case.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since
|
||
through its orbit, the direction of the sun’s force is always
|
||
displaced in the same direction (as if Mercury were farther along in
|
||
its orbit than it actually is), the sun’s gravitational force is
|
||
always making Mercury change direction faster than it would
|
||
otherwise, and thus, the orbit as a whole precesses around the sun in
|
||
the same direction as Mercury itself.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
alteration in the direction of the effective gravitational force of
|
||
the sun on Mercury is the major factor accounting for the precession,
|
||
but there are two additional factors making it different from
|
||
Newtonian expectations, which are relatively minor. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">First, the
|
||
propagation of Mercury’s pulses of gravitational attraction outward
|
||
in the inherent motion is not quite at the velocity of light, because
|
||
its acceleration of the inherent motion has given it an inbound
|
||
velocity. In front of Mercury as it is moving though the inherent
|
||
motion perpendicular to the sun’s radial acceleration, Mercury’s
|
||
outbound pulses of gravitation have a velocity that is less than the
|
||
velocity of light outside of gravitation by the escape velocity at
|
||
each point in its outbound propagation. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Second,
|
||
since Mercury itself is a material object, its motion relative to the
|
||
inherent motion subjects it to Lorentz distortions, including a
|
||
relativistic mass increase. Thus, it takes a greater gravitational
|
||
force to change its direction. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">P<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCLGtr_09" align="right" hspace="5" width="300" height="30" border="0">henomena
|
||
in Strong Gravitational Fields.</font> The acceleration of the
|
||
inherent motion in space is what replaces the curvature of spacetime
|
||
in the spatiomaterialist explanation of gravitation. But we have
|
||
considered mainly phenomena involving weak gravitational fields and
|
||
velocities much slower than light, and its assumption about the
|
||
nature of the gravitational force also explains other new GTR
|
||
phenomena involving strong gravitational fields and high velocity.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
strong gravitational fields, for example, the velocity of the
|
||
inherent motion itself (the ether) relative to space can approach the
|
||
velocity of light mediated by the inherent motion, and thus,
|
||
spatiomaterialism implies that a time dilation will occur even in
|
||
free falling clocks, if they have a sufficient high velocity relative
|
||
to the inherent motion in space. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Consider,
|
||
for example, a free falling clock that is shot upwards out of a
|
||
gravitational field so that it rises and falls back. At the top of
|
||
its trajectory, the cock will be momentarily at rest relative to
|
||
space, and even though it is not being accelerated against the
|
||
gravitational attraction, it may be suffering a Lorentz time
|
||
dilation. In this case, it would be caused by its constant velocity
|
||
relative to rest in the inherent motion, which is rushing inward
|
||
because of its acceleration by the gravitating body. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This
|
||
Lorentz time dilation is different from the gravitational time
|
||
dilation discussed above, which is caused by being accelerated in a
|
||
gravitational field. But both factors may be contributing to the red
|
||
shift that observers outside the gravitational field observe in light
|
||
signals sent outward by such objects.<sup><a class="sdendnoteanc" name="sdendnote5anc" href="#sdendnote5sym"><sup>v</sup></a></sup>
|
||
But since the Lorentz time dilation is a second order effect (a
|
||
function of <i>v</i><sup><i>2</i></sup><i>/c</i><sup><i>2</i></sup>),
|
||
while the gravitational time dilation is a first order effect (a
|
||
function of <i>v/c</i>), it doesn’t become significant until the
|
||
emitter’s velocity relative to the inherent motion approaches that
|
||
of light itself in the inherent motion. In strong fields, however,
|
||
the Lorentz time dilation may be a more significant cause of red
|
||
shift than the gravitational time dilation. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Indeed,
|
||
material objects in strong gravitational fields with very high
|
||
velocities relative to the inherent motion will suffer all the
|
||
Lorentz distortions: length contraction, mass increase, and
|
||
flattening of electric force fields, as well as time dilation. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">I
|
||
have already mentioned that the acceleration of the inherent motion
|
||
can give the inherent motion itself (the ether) a velocity relative
|
||
to space that is as great as the velocity of light outside
|
||
gravitation (that is, in the ether). This is what happens at the
|
||
Schwartzschild radius of a black hole. No light can escape a black
|
||
hole, because everywhere on that spherical surface surrounding the
|
||
black hole the outbound velocity of light mediated by the inherent
|
||
motion is canceled out by the inbound velocity of the inherent motion
|
||
itself. Any such photons would be at rest in space, even though they
|
||
are moving at the velocity of light in the inherent motion. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Nor could
|
||
anything else escape the black hole, since doing so would require
|
||
moving through the inherent motion faster than the velocity of light.
|
||
That is why it is called an “event horizon”. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Free
|
||
falling material objects cannot even be momentarily at rest at the
|
||
Schwartzschild radius, for the Lorentz distortions caused by their
|
||
velocity relative to the inherent motion at that point would require
|
||
their lengths to be zero, their physical processes to have stopped,
|
||
and their masses to be infinite. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Inside the
|
||
event horizon, light traveling any direction in the inherent motion
|
||
would have an increasing velocity relative to absolute space toward
|
||
the center of the black hole. And any bits of matter being
|
||
accelerated by that acceleration of the inherent motion would move
|
||
and interact with one another as they do outside gravitational fields
|
||
(except for tidal forces, which bring their radial pathways closer
|
||
together), as implied by Einstein’s equivalence principle. But when
|
||
the bits of matter reach the center of the black hole, they must come
|
||
to a stop. Physics does not say what happens then. Material objects
|
||
cannot withstand the forces on them at the center, and presumably,
|
||
they would collapse spatially, making the gravitational forces
|
||
infinite. Thus, the center of a black hole is aptly called a
|
||
“singularity” in absolute space. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since
|
||
neither light nor gravitational pulses can propagate outbound from
|
||
beyond the Schwartzschild radius, the only indication of the amount
|
||
of matter that has fallen into the black hole is the size of the
|
||
Schwartzschild radius. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Spatiomaterialism
|
||
can also explain what is happening around rotating black holes.
|
||
Rotating black holes are formed by matter spiraling in, and there is
|
||
an asymmetry about the gravitational field they set up which draws
|
||
bits of matter falling toward the back hole in the direction of its
|
||
rotation. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The reason
|
||
is that the force of gravitation exerted by matter falling into a
|
||
black hole propagates outward at the velocity of light in the
|
||
inherent motion, and since at the Schwartzschild radius, the inherent
|
||
motion itself is moving inward at the velocity light would have in
|
||
the inherent motion if it were outside gravitational influences, only
|
||
the forces propagated outward just before passing across the radius
|
||
have an effect on the inherent motion outside. And since the matter
|
||
is spiraling past the Schwartzschild radius, it has a greater effect
|
||
behind than in front of its direction of motion. Thus, other bits of
|
||
matter in that region of space feel an attraction that is not
|
||
directly into the black hole, but which pulls it around the black
|
||
hole in the direction of the matter that preceded it. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote1">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote1sym" href="#sdendnote1anc">i</a>
|
||
The inherent motion in space is rather well represented by light
|
||
cones in the familiar diagrams. Each light cone represents the range
|
||
of all possible Lorentz equivalent inertial frames at its location,
|
||
and the increased tipping of light cones in the direction of the
|
||
center of gravity at locations nearer and nearer to that center
|
||
represents the increasing velocity of the inherent motion itself.
|
||
The “event horizon” around a black hole is where they tip so far
|
||
that even the far side of the light cone is inclined toward the
|
||
black hole.
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote2">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote2sym" href="#sdendnote2anc">ii</a><span lang="en-US">
|
||
Compare this with the spacetime explanation of </span><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Will"><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="en-US"><u>Will</u></span></font></a><span lang="en-US">
|
||
(1986, pp. 69-74). Will traces the light ray’s path through
|
||
spacetime by considering the series of free falling frames through
|
||
which it would pass. He recognizes that the Newtonian-like half of
|
||
the bending comes from a change in the angle of the light passing
|
||
through each frame due to the inward acceleration as it passed
|
||
through the previous frame. But in order to account for the other
|
||
half of the bending, he argues that there is a “curvature of
|
||
space” near gravitating bodies in which the number of measuring
|
||
rods needed to measure a line passing by the sun would be greater
|
||
than expected by triangulating the distance from outside the
|
||
gravitational field. Though Will does not explain why measuring rods
|
||
would be shrunken, spatiomaterialism would agree that free falling
|
||
rods momentarily at rest relative to absolute space would be
|
||
contracted, because they would be suffering a Lorentz length
|
||
contraction due to their constant velocity relative to the ether
|
||
(see page Error: Reference source not found). But that length
|
||
contraction is merely a symptom of their velocity relative to the
|
||
ether, and so the spatiomaterialist theory explains the other half
|
||
of the bending more directly. There is no need to suppose that space
|
||
itself is curved, only that the velocity of light in space is
|
||
altered. </span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote3">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote3sym" href="#sdendnote3anc">iii</a><span lang="en-US">
|
||
This is a much simpler explanation than spacetime curvature affords.
|
||
Compare with </span><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/ObjText/#Will"><font color="#0000ff"><span lang="en-US"><u>Will</u></span></font></a><span lang="en-US">
|
||
(1986, pp. 112-119). </span>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote4">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote4sym" href="#sdendnote4anc">iv</a>
|
||
Acceleration in rectilinear motion causes an apparent time dilation
|
||
whose rate continues to change as the velocity difference between
|
||
the clocks continues to increase. A constant rate of apparent time
|
||
dilation caused by the Doppler effect can occur outside gravitation
|
||
only when the two clocks are located at the center and rim,
|
||
respectively, of a rotating disk and the acceleration of the rim
|
||
clock space always results in the two clocks having the same
|
||
relative velocity in the direction of the signals between them.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div id="sdendnote5">
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="sdendnote-western" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0.25cm">
|
||
<a class="sdendnotesym" name="sdendnote5sym" href="#sdendnote5anc">v</a>
|
||
Though the two kinds of time dilation both involve the acceleration
|
||
of the inherent motion due that constitutes the force of gravity,
|
||
they combine mathematically the same way as the Doppler effect and
|
||
Lorentz time dilation due to motion outside gravitation, or the
|
||
so-called “relativistic Doppler effect”.</p>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html> |