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1353 lines
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<title>The theory of quantum matter</title>
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#993366"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>T<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAF4AAAAcCAMAAADfnPg7AAAAYFBMVEXjx5vVu5HHroi4on6qlXSciWqOfGF/cFdxY01jV0MybUFVSjpGPjA4MSZ+AAAqJR0cGBMNDAkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAudIAeAAABs0lEQVR4nMWWjZLbIAyEV/zKAyrE7/+wXbCbtLnLDXetr5qxYwvxGYS0E/y41LBfatfjcZkd+DANm1+ZIsWW4h54VTNVWFiZUjLkc3jwA7xZrtXx2YqDqKlwWyllutJcryuW4HrRVfoTfkMu2BTRQIYWaN8S3+U219uD1CQtL23yHXxAMNxUld4xON2uI5URy7FxraXwJX6fx/zAo6bm/x3eMuDP5+kO3WasdMFyAbzES22twpux/qYbPR7BsbUiX8J/ZEz+V20Fz0K/Ev8X9p/xi58ex/1e6IkPVtWBZcKKD9VYHyGWUUi7JrrGSIq1UimOcxijPhq7LVGtplCMUPhK2YA6wn7Du+6kzVZiJXo3pEFNfIfbgx/FuR+K0bz0OXGM3iIbDkFwCMUIdc0JF7XXP/F5m/s78JJrOxpqx+ma+NkUZ9WfPv44ta6/kpOpu9zM/pScEX3HtyxhGe/YcnrHa6GeuDd4KiRGcmQIJe/pgacObMzRK3xoGHMsztBA2aCgPONRWu2B8lurInUrd7y2zXXT18kpjVVBubARitSsxbd44FNSsmzfhr/EvuN/zpX2E5pJN+fWQ1lbAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" name="TtsOtkCLQm_08" align="right" hspace="5" width="200" height="59" border="0">he
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theory of quantum matter.</b></font></font> In order to show the
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possibility of a spatiomaterialist explanation of quantum mechanics,
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I will describe one way that the relevant phenomena might be
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constituted by space and matter as substances enduring through time.
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This will require a refinement of the assumptions made thus far about
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the natures of both matter and space. It is a refinement is a basic
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aspect, because it has to do with how these substances <i>endure
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through time</i>.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><span lang="en-US">Space
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and matter were postulated in </span></font></font></font><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/LoOtfS.htm" target="Lo"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="en-US"><u>Spatiomaterialism</u></span></font></font></font></a><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><span lang="en-US">
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as substances with essential natures that are opposite in a most
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fundamental way. The parts of space all have essential natures that
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include geometrical relationships to one another, so that the
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existence of one depends on the existence of all the others. But the
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parts of matter can all exist independently of one another. Being
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opposite in that way, it was possible to explain why bits of matter
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have spatial relations to one another and how change is possible by
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assuming that bits of matter exist together with space as a world by
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each coinciding with some part of space or another. These are the
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basic assumptions of spatiomaterialism, and it is possible to make
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further assumptions about the natures of space and matter, as long as
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they are consistent with these basic assumptions. </span></font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">I made
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further assumptions about the nature of space and matter in order to
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explain how the laws of classical physics are true. I assumed that
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the nature of matter coincides with space in all the forms that are
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counted by physics in its principle of the conservation of mass and
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energy: rest mass, kinetic energy, two kinds of force-field matter
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(electric charges and gravitational fields), and two kinds of waves
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of forces (electromagnetic waves and gravitational waves). </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">I made
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another assumption about the nature of space and matter in order to
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explain Einstein’s special theory of relativity ontologically. I
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assumed that space has an inherent motion (or “ether”) which
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determines the velocity of light), and that material objects suffer
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Lorentz distortions as a function of their velocity relative to the
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inherent motion. (In order to suggest the inevitability of the
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Lorentz distortions, I anticipated a conclusion that I will defend
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here, namely, that material objects are constituted by unit-like
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interactions that are equivalent to the two-way electromagnetic
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interactions involved in the an interferometer.)</font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">I made yet
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another assumption about the nature of space and matter in order to
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explain Einstein’s general theory of relativity. I assumed that
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centers of matter exert a force on the surrounding space that
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accelerates the inherent motion (or ether) and, thereby, accelerates
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all the bits of matter that coincide with space by way of it. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In order to
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explain ontologically the truth of the laws of quantum mechanics, I
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will make further assumptions about both space and matter. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">S<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAC8AAAAOCAMAAACICbUNAAAAYFBMVEXjx5vVu5HHroi4on6qlXSciWqOfGF/cFdxY01jV0MybUFVSjpGPjA4MSYqJR17AAAcGBMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAC+ZdJaAAAAiUlEQVR4nJ2S4QoEIQiEp8vUqLz2/V92jd3jYOlH7RCD0KeoiO+xJbzgsaw/T6pxg0+FkmzwcsG9GiFayxheEJvJlA/ZWgIMoTqqHSgfBJRE9uCP37zBf9p4XOkK3VR1yosSe+VOWTxOXl8zybAnf/fDysH7ER7JPJzHwljTlL/VVvezqHf3sKMTrCMSyUdX+SQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" name="TtsOtkCLQm_09" align="right" hspace="5" width="125" height="37" border="0">pace.</font>
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As we have already assumed, space has an inherent motion. This aspect
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of the nature of space determines the velocity of light. This
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assumption about the motion of electromagnetic waves (or photons) is
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crucial to the spatiomaterialist explanation of relativity theory,
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because it is the motion of objects with rest mass relative to the
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inherent motion that gives rise to the Lorentz distortions which
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explain the phenomena of special relativity. And the acceleration of
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the inherent motion itself relative to space is what explains the
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gravitational phenomena covered by general relativity. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
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inherent motion of space is what plays the role that the ether was
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supposed to play in classical physics. The inherent motion mediates
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all the motion and interactions among bits of matter, because it is
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the aspect of space by which bits of matter coincide with parts of
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space. Since the inherent motion goes both ways in every direction of
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three dimensional space, there is a certain velocity at any point
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that is at “rest” relative to the inherent motion itself (that
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is, at rest in the ether). Relative to that inertial frame, light has
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the velocity, c, <i>both ways </i>in every direction in three
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dimensional space. But rest relative to the inherent motion may not
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be rest relative to space, because in gravitational fields, the
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inherent motion (or ether) is in motion relative to space and even
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accelerating. That aspect of its nature can, however, be set aside
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for now, because the inherent motion in substantival space that is
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the relevant aspect in explaining the quantum nature of matter.</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">To
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make it concrete, consider what the inherent motion must involve in
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order to explain electromagnetic waves. It must exist at every
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location in space at every moment. It must always have the same
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velocity in space (except, of course, for the changes that occur in
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gravitational fields). In each part of space, it must sweep through
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space in every possible direction, that is, both ways in every
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direction in three dimensional space. And it must be able to carry
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electromagnetic waves of every possible wavelength and every possible
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phase of every wavelength across every point in space, preserving
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their wavelengths and phases. (And as we shall see, it must do this
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for photons of two kinds, one of each possible orientation of spin.) </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since the
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inherent motion is sweeping through every part of space at the same
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time, what is sweeping through any part of space in any given
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direction is like of a wave front. The same motion sweeps through all
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the points in every two dimensional plane of which it is part.
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Indeed, there is such a wave front sweeping in every direction
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through every point of space. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Nor is it
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inappropriate to speak of the inherent motion as having waves, since
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it carries every possible wavelength of light, and as we shall see,
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the wavelengths of those wave fronts make a difference in what
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happens. It takes a certain period time for a photon (a complete
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cycle of electromagnetic radiation) to pass any given point, and
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since the photon is carried along by the inherent motion, such a
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cycle marks out a certain distance (its wavelength) over and over
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along its path. Indeed, since this is always happening, there is
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always already a series of wavelengths implicitly marked out in space
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by the inherent motion at any given wavelength, each going through a
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cycle at the same time as all the others, that is, at the present
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moment. This pattern holds for every wavelength and for every phase
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of each wavelength both ways in every direction. And it holds both
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ways in every direction for each point in space. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">I
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elaborate this implication of postulating the inherent motion in
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order to make explicit what all I will <i>not </i>try to explain
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about the nature of space. By calling it an “inherent motion in
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space”, I mean that it is an aspect of the nature of space itself.
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That means, at a minimum that it is occurring at every location in
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space, whether there is any light there or not. But what is more, it
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means that space is what <i>causes </i>light to move as it does. The
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inherent motion at any location <i>in space carries </i>light along
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with it, when matter of that kind happens to coincide with that part
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of space. Unless the inherent motion of space were responsible for
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the velocity of light, it would not be possible to explain
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relativistic phenomena ontologically. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">The
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inherent motion, therefore, marks out distances in space according to
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any cycle of changes occurring locally as time passes. This is to
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talk about the inherent motion as if it were a real set of events
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taking place in space, and as I said earlier, it may be possible to
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formulate a simpler spatiomaterialist explanation in which the
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inherent motion is merely a spatio-temporal aspect of the nature of
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space as a substance, that is, a geometrical structure about space
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</span></font></font><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US"><i>and
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time</i></span></font></font><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">.
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The inherent motion is, after all, basically a relationship between
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distances in space and periods of time that are built into the
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essential nature of space. That is to add a temporal aspect to the
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spatial relationships that space was originally assumed to have in
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</span></font></font><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/LoOtfS.htm" target="Lo"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="1" style="font-size: 1pt"><span lang="en-US"><u>Spatiomaterialism</u></span></font></font></font></a><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">
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in order to explain the three-dimensional geometrical structure of
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space. </span></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Each part
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of space has not only an essential geometrical relationship to every
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other part of space at the present moment, but also an essential
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relationship to future and past moments in the existence of every
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other part of space. To be sure, the past and future states of parts
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of space do not exist, because nothing exists but what exists at
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present, if substance endure through time. That means that one
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location’s relationship to future or past states of another
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location is a temporally complex property of space, which determines
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the maximum velocity with which what happens in one part of space and
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affect what happen in other parts of space. But that temporally
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complex property corresponds to a temporally simple relationship that
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actually exists among the parts of space as time passes. That is what
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I mean to emphasize by talking about the wave patterns set up in
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space by the inherent motion sweeping though every part of space,
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both ways, in every direction. These patterns may be nothing more
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than simply how all the parts of space endures through time, but
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speaking of these patterns as being laid out by the inherent motion
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in real time dramatizes the role they play in explaining the
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regularities described by quantum mechanics. And at this point,
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clarity about what is being assumed is more important than
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simplicity, since it is not necessary to have the simplest
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ontological explanation in order to show that there is such an
|
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explanation. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">M<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAC8AAAAPCAMAAABDVWaoAAAAYFBMVEXjx5vVu5HHroi4on6qlXSciWqOfGF/cFdxY01jV0MybUFVSjpGPjA4MSYqJR17AAAcGBMNDAkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADSUW97AAAAkklEQVR4nLXS6wqDMAwF4NyWHWmjne//sEvZdIOJqLD8SOnhawmlNJ0rmuZTdcXT4Vq9gIixxJob2fXWnNCWODLAvkfwkKxEKPkjtLQgrlHzcIlvP789qmXOXrDe77CqFExbnktno98/HgUQiu15XmOPNqB30XojC3Pd9mLZPF8GZv205DB9de7prz9Y1/w//88T9OAWuSz2HGAAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" name="TtsOtkCLQm_10" align="right" hspace="5" width="125" height="39" border="0">atter.</font>
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In order to give a deeper explanation of the nature of matter, we
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must distinguish between two kinds of matter, which I will call
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“force-field matter” and “quantum matter.” Three of the six
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forms of matter that were distinguished in order to explain the truth
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of classical mechanics are forms of force-field matter (electric
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fields, gravitational fields, and gravitational waves), and three are
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forms of quantum matter (rest mass matter, kinetic energy matter, and
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photons). Force-field matter has already been explained ontologically
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as involving a property (or temporally variable condition) of parts
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of space (though there is more to be said about it). And it is the
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nature of quantum matter that will bear the major burden of this
|
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ontological explanation of the quantum mechanics. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>F<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFAAAAAQCAMAAAC2lwjzAAAAYFBMVEXjx5vVu5HHroi4on6qlXSciWqOfGF/cFdxY01jV0MybUFVSjpGPjA4MSZ+AAAqJR1mAAAcGBNMAAA9AAAzAAANDAkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAnEMXAAABA0lEQVR4nLWT25bDIAhFERFxCWOd2/9/6qBm2rQrj/Y8qOGy1zEk8LFZ8LtZ7wDCRh1AFBG6ykdjXqdyX87CAAEvgFSJ8LV4yALE43RfznIbJFfAEWSzCF1LbFaDmg6DPxbNE42cxc0msGurasHLCvRWajco1gKZ8QPYvbYBqi9QEQILaVyWDIySju1w2IDKsBalHw5RSTKVV4ereXVJFcH/WBfhE9BGuRArtQNI5iNYV38CJpHRIoUyGfHDIVMeW+IzMEvqkIWiptBSSk9AHCMO2d/BmClL9B4OMB/ZEx7wzV3BjHm5zzAzzx72O0vGyYB3fYebgdt/vc3A2+3z63uj/gDEtjGnJhScSgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" name="TtsOtkCLQm_11" align="right" hspace="5" width="175" height="35" border="0">orce-field
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matter.</b></i> By “force-field matter,” I mean forms of matter
|
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that are constituted by a changeable property or condition of parts
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of space. The property of space acts like a force, because it changes
|
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the way in which bits of matter coinciding with that part of space
|
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move and interact. Consider the three forms of force-field matter:</font></font></font></p>
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<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Gravitational
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fields.</i> Gravitational matter is one kind of force-field matter,
|
||
and we can set it aside, because it has already been explained.
|
||
Gravitational matter is the matter that exists as the force field
|
||
that gravitating bodies impose on the surrounding space, accelerating
|
||
the inherent motion (the ether) toward themselves. Like any form of
|
||
potential energy, the quantity of matter involved in a gravitational
|
||
field is already counted in the rest masses of the objects exerting
|
||
the forces. That is, their rest masses decline as the bodies attract
|
||
one another, acquiring kinetic energy at the expense of potential
|
||
energy (though as we shall see, force-field matter is not actually
|
||
converted to kinetic <i>quantum matter </i>until the material objects
|
||
acquire kinetic energy <i>relative to the inherent motion</i> by
|
||
colliding with other material objects near the center). </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Gravitational
|
||
waves.</i> Since gravitation is a force that propagates with the
|
||
inherent motion of space, gravitating bodies can set up gravitational
|
||
waves, which exist independently of material objects with rest mass,
|
||
for example, from binary stars, which are in orbit around one
|
||
another. But this is still a form of force-field matter, not quantum
|
||
matter, because the gravitational force propagating at the velocity
|
||
of light acts on space, not on bits of matter directly. It is by
|
||
accelerating the inherent motion in the parts of space it encounters
|
||
that gravitation accelerates bits of matter, not by interacting with
|
||
bits of matter directly. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Electric
|
||
fields.</i> An electric charge also imposes a force field on the
|
||
space surrounding the material objects that has the charge, and that
|
||
is another form of force-field matter. The electric field is another
|
||
property (or variable condition) of space which affects other
|
||
material objects with electric charges. Electromagnetic matter
|
||
contained in electric charges is already counted in the rest masses
|
||
of the objects that have the charge, and matter is conserved, because
|
||
as we have seen, the consumption of potential energy is counted as a
|
||
negative quantity.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
electric field is more complex than the gravitational field, as we
|
||
have seen, because changes in the electric field cause magnetic
|
||
forces. But that connection between electric and magnetic forces,
|
||
which is described by Maxwell’s equations, can be explained as
|
||
another aspect of the nature of space. That is, changes in the
|
||
electric field caused by the motion of an object with rest mass
|
||
propagate as a result of the inherent motion in space, and thus, the
|
||
electromagnetic interactions are relative to the inherent motion (as
|
||
we have assumed in explaining Einsteinian relativity). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">Quantum
|
||
electrodynamics is the gauge field theory that is currently accepted
|
||
by physics as an explanation of the electric charge and its behavior,
|
||
and such a theory lends itself to a spatiomaterialist ontological
|
||
explanation, because it portrays forces as being exerted by the
|
||
exchange of particles, called the "boson" of the gauge
|
||
field. In this case, it is a virtual photon. The electric charge is
|
||
described as having a certain orientation in a complex vector plane,
|
||
and the forces exerted on the charged particle by the virtual photons
|
||
are just what is required for the orientation of the charge to be
|
||
unchanged in that complex vector plane by its change of location.
|
||
Those forces turn out to the forces described by Maxwell’s law. But
|
||
since the force field is explained as virtual photons emerging from
|
||
space as a result of the charged particle's motion at its location in
|
||
the field, the gauge field theory is the kind of explanation that can
|
||
be given an ontological explanation by spatiomaterialism. (More will
|
||
be said about the nature of the electric charge and the gauge bosons
|
||
that mediate interactions among charged particles as required as we
|
||
go along and, more completely, when we take up the basic particles.
|
||
See </span></font></font><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/L/LoOtkCaLeCosGaugeField.htm" target="Lo"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="1" style="font-size: 1pt"><span lang="en-US"><u>Change:
|
||
Basic Objects</u></span></font></font></font></a><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">.)</span></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Q<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCLQm_12" align="right" hspace="5" width="175" height="32" border="0">uantum
|
||
matter. </b></i>The nature of quantum matter is the basis of this
|
||
ontological explanation of quantum mechanics, and the remaining three
|
||
forms of matter (rest mass matter, kinetic energy matter, and
|
||
electromagnetic waves) are all forms of quantum matter. Like the new
|
||
assumption about the nature of space, this new assumption about
|
||
quantum matter recognizes a temporal aspect to the nature of matter,
|
||
though it is a temporal property suited to the opposite nature of
|
||
matter. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Parts
|
||
of space are all connected geometrically, and since the inherent
|
||
motion connects them all temporally as well, the endurance of space
|
||
through time is characterized by the inherent motion (or the
|
||
spatio-temporal geometry) described above. Much the same way of
|
||
enduring through time also characterizes force-field matter, since
|
||
force-field matter is spread out continuously in regions of space
|
||
through which the inherent motion is constantly flowing. But since
|
||
bits of matter can exist independently of one another, there is
|
||
another way in which they can have a further temporal aspect to their
|
||
nature. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
new assumption is that quantum matter is just a series of cyclic
|
||
events that occur over time. That is, bits of quantum matter endure
|
||
through time as a series of unit-like events whose cyclic nature
|
||
entails that each event gives rise to another event of the same kind
|
||
(unless it interacts with another bit of matter in some way and
|
||
another kind of cyclic event ensues). Since these events follow one
|
||
another as time passes, cycles of events (of the same kind) are a way
|
||
of counting time, much as the inherent motion in space allows periods
|
||
of time to be counted by the distance it crosses. These events will
|
||
be called “quantum event,” because these are the smallest changes
|
||
that can take place in a spatiomaterialism world (except for the
|
||
inherent motion itself in smaller parts of space). Quantum events
|
||
cannot be divided up in to smaller events, and so they are elementary
|
||
units. But since they are <i>cyclic </i>events, each gives rise to
|
||
another event, and since they reproduce in time, they explain the
|
||
endurance of bits of (quantum) matter through time. The way that
|
||
matter endures through time as a series of cyclic quantum events is
|
||
mainly what the “quantum” in quantum mechanics is referring to,
|
||
according to this spatiomaterialist explanation of quantum mechanics.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">An
|
||
“event” has both a spatial and a temporal dimension. It begins at
|
||
some place and time and ends at some place and time. What happens in
|
||
a quantum event is that a force is exerted and change is caused. The
|
||
force may cause a change in another force, as illustrated by the
|
||
photon, in which electric and magnetic forces are coupled in cycles.
|
||
Or the quantum event may be a force that changes the motion of an
|
||
object with rest mass, as we shall see holds in the case of the
|
||
motion of an object with rest mass.. Different forms of quantum
|
||
matter are constituted by different kinds of quantum events, as we
|
||
shall see. But since they are elemental events, they all have the
|
||
same, smallest size. That size is what is represented by “Planck’s
|
||
constant”, <i>h</i>. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Planck’s
|
||
constant is a certain size in a parameter called “action”. Though
|
||
action was recognized early in the Newtonian era as one kind of
|
||
physical quantity, it has nearly dropped out of contemporary physics
|
||
(except for the constant <i>h</i>), apparently because it need not be
|
||
mentioned in describing efficient causes. Action is, however, defined
|
||
in terms of a certain physical quantities that are mentioned as
|
||
efficient causes (such as spatial relations, mass, force, velocity,
|
||
acceleration, momentum, and energy). For our purposes, the most
|
||
useful way to think of action is as the <i>product of force times
|
||
distance times time</i>, as if a force were acting on something (such
|
||
as a unit mass) for a certain distance over a certain period of time.
|
||
</font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In units
|
||
that physicists take to be basic, action has the dimensions of <i>mass
|
||
</i>times <i>distance </i>squared per unit <i>time </i>(or mass times
|
||
distance squared per unit of time squared, all times time). And in
|
||
addition to thinking of it as force times distance times time, it can
|
||
be seen as <i>momentum (or mass times velocity) times distance </i>(that
|
||
is, as the integration of a change in momentum over the distance it
|
||
occurs). Alternatively, it can be seen as <i>energy (mass times
|
||
velocity squared) times time </i>(that is, as the integration of a
|
||
change in energy over the period of time it occurs). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In speaking
|
||
of momentum and kinetic energy, I assume that we are talking about
|
||
matter that is nearly at rest in the ether, where Newtonian laws hold
|
||
and momentum is approximately equal to mass times velocity and
|
||
kinetic energy is approximately equal to one-half of mass time the
|
||
square of velocity. This is not quite true, because according to the
|
||
special theory of relativity, mass increases with velocity. However,
|
||
by starting with rest mass as the quantity of matter constituting
|
||
particles at rest in the inherent motion, it will be possible to
|
||
explain why mass increases with velocity, because we will be able to
|
||
explain the extra mass as the matter making up its kinetic energy. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The idea
|
||
is, therefore, to interpret the quantum of action as an <i>event</i>,
|
||
that is, as a change of some kind that takes place in the world as a
|
||
result of something being done. This may be a little vague, but
|
||
remember that we are taking now about the most basic elements of what
|
||
exists in the world, and the nature of quantum events can be made
|
||
clear only by considering their various kinds. But since action is
|
||
measured in units that include both space and time, it is possible to
|
||
think of these events as having determinate boundaries in space and
|
||
time, that is, as beginning at some place and time and ending at some
|
||
place and time. That gives these events determinate locations in the
|
||
geometry of space and time as determined by the velocity of light,
|
||
that is, by the inherent motion. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Planck’s
|
||
constant is a certain size of action, and we can explain why it
|
||
appears in all the equations of quantum theory, if we assume that
|
||
quantum events have an all-or-nothing character about them. Bits of
|
||
quantum matter endure, we assume, because they are constituted by
|
||
quantum events with a cyclic nature. Although cycles of quantum
|
||
events may follow one another continuously in time and space, there
|
||
is a unit-like nature about them, so that either a whole quantum
|
||
event occurs, or it does not occur at all. This means, on the one
|
||
hand, that nothing can happen that involves less than a unit of
|
||
action (except possibly the inherent motion), and on the other, that
|
||
everything that does happen to quantum matter is made up in some way
|
||
of a certain number and kinds of these elemental units of action. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
assumption that quanta all have the same amount of action is not as
|
||
restricting as it may seem, because quanta have widely varied
|
||
temporal and spatial dimensions. They can take place in a short
|
||
distance in a brief period of time, if the force is great enough, or
|
||
they can take place over a longer distance in a longer period of
|
||
time, when the force is weaker. But in order to spell out the
|
||
assumption that they have a unit-like nature, let us think of quanta
|
||
as having end points in space and time, so that quantum events can be
|
||
fit together as complete cycles in the spatio-temporal geometry of
|
||
the inherent motion of space in different ways. This model may be too
|
||
crude. It is unlikely that quantum events have anything as abrupt as
|
||
definite points at which one cycle ends and another begins. But that
|
||
is a way of keeping in mind the unit-like nature of these events,
|
||
even if it is just a place-holder to be replaced by a better
|
||
explanation of where and how one quantum event ends and another
|
||
quantum event begin. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">For
|
||
example, a better model of their unit-like nature would, perhaps, be
|
||
one in which interactions between different bits of matter can occur
|
||
only when whole cycles of the different bits of matter are lined up
|
||
somehow according to the spatio-temporal geometry of the inherent
|
||
motion in space. That is, given their precise locations in space and
|
||
time, the points at which quantum cycles stop and start would depend
|
||
on what they are interacting with and the direction from which they
|
||
are interacting, so that different starting points and stopping
|
||
points might hold if they were interacting with quantum cycles of
|
||
bits of matter from different directions in space, of different
|
||
kinds, or with different phases to their cycles. (Lining particles up
|
||
in this way could be, as we shall see, the role of their intrinsic
|
||
spin and its magnetic moment in mediating interactions of bits of
|
||
quantum matter.)</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Matter
|
||
is a substance, because it exists continuously over time, never
|
||
coming into existence nor going out of existence. We are assuming
|
||
that one form of matter can be converted into another, including
|
||
conversions between quantum matter and force-field matter (that is,
|
||
between potential and kinetic energy). But when matter exists in the
|
||
form of quantum matter, the endurance of bits of matter through time
|
||
is explained by the cyclic nature of the quantum events that
|
||
constitute their existence. That is, given that the quantum event
|
||
starts at some place and time, there is a certain place and time
|
||
where the cycle is complete, and at that point, another quantum event
|
||
begins. Since quantum events are related cyclically, they can
|
||
reproduce themselves in time. However, quantum cycles succeed one
|
||
another not only temporally, but also spatially, so that nothing is
|
||
flitting about discontinuously from place to place in space. Other
|
||
things being equal, quantum events give rise to other quantum events
|
||
of the same kind and dimensions as themselves. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Bits
|
||
of matter do, however, interact. I will say more about how they
|
||
interact in a moment, but in general, what happens is either the
|
||
conversion of matter between quantum forms and force-field forms of
|
||
matter and/or changes in the kinds of quantum matter. Force-field
|
||
matter is laid out in space, changing its shape with the motion of
|
||
the material objects that are imposing the forces. And since material
|
||
objects, their motion and photons are just cycles of quantum events
|
||
reproducing themselves in time, what changes are the kinds, numbers,
|
||
and dimensions of the quantum events constituting them. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since the
|
||
quantum events have a unit like nature, what happens to bits of
|
||
quantum and force-field matter in space involves fitting quantum
|
||
events together in space and time according to certain laws as if the
|
||
endurance of the world through time were the result of building a
|
||
brick wall into the future. Some bricks are simply stacked on top of
|
||
one another, as quantum cycles reproduce themselves in time. But when
|
||
bits of matter interact, the bricks fit together in more complex
|
||
ways, changing the sizes and locations of the bricks in the next row.
|
||
The space on which the wall is being built also plays a role, because
|
||
the sizes of the brick may also change with their locations (as in
|
||
force fields), and the effects of space on their sizes changes with
|
||
the locations of the bricks affecting space (as in changing location
|
||
in a force field). Nature is a master mason, never failing to lay in
|
||
the next layer of bricks according to fixed rules, and thus, there
|
||
are regularities about change as the brick wall is built into the
|
||
future. And the structures formed by them can be quite stable over
|
||
time. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In order to
|
||
spell out the details of these “rules of quantum masonry,” I will
|
||
describe each of the forms of quantum matter and then take up the
|
||
issue about how they interact with one another. Some of the quantum
|
||
puzzles will be explained along the way, and in the end will, we will
|
||
see how their interactions explain the structure of the atom, the
|
||
Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and the Bell correlations. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">To
|
||
explain the endurance of matter by the cyclic nature of quantum
|
||
events may, however, make it seem that matter is not a substance at
|
||
all. If quantum events are ultimately just the exertion of a force in
|
||
some part of space making some other event occur that is also
|
||
constituted by forces, it is conceivable that quantum matter is just
|
||
a property of parts of space, much like force-field matter. Could
|
||
matter be entirely reducible to space? This is not what we assumed
|
||
when we took spatiomaterialism as the foundation for this ontological
|
||
way of doing philosophy. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
reduction of matter to space is, however, something that ontologists
|
||
should welcome, if it is possible, for it would be just as complete
|
||
as spatiomaterialism, but a simpler, and, thus, better ontological
|
||
explanation of the natural world. It is more or less what Einstein
|
||
was trying to do during the latter part of his life in attempting to
|
||
construct a unified field theory. He wanted to describe matter
|
||
another kind of curvature of spacetime, along with gravitation. If
|
||
something like that comes of this ontological explanation, then
|
||
spatiomaterialism will turn into spatialism.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">However, I
|
||
will put this possibility aside. In the first place, we would be
|
||
getting ahead of ourselves to assume at this point that spatialism is
|
||
true. We have yet to see how matter can be explained by cycles of
|
||
quantum events. And second, even if an ontological explanation of
|
||
quantum mechanics like this stands up in the end, it does not seem to
|
||
me that that would make spatialism true. You may be able to reduce
|
||
the inherent motion in space to spatio-temporal geometry, but the
|
||
unit-like nature of quantum events will keep them from being
|
||
reducible to properties in space. Each quantum event occurs over a
|
||
period of time, and since quantum events cannot exist unless the
|
||
whole event occurs, to postulate their existence is tantamount to
|
||
holding that what exists includes entities with a temporal dimension
|
||
to their essential nature. Bits of matter-time may be less
|
||
problematic than spacetime, but in a world in which nothing exists
|
||
but the present moment, they are, strictly speaking, not possible.
|
||
Thus, this unit-like nature can be explained only by postulating the
|
||
existence of a substance with a part-whole relationship of some kind
|
||
that make it appear to be made up indivisible cycles of events.
|
||
Whatever its nature, it basically different from the essential nature
|
||
from space. Space is incapable of explaining the unit-like nature of
|
||
quantum events, because it must exist only at the present moment in
|
||
order to have an inherent motion that flows continuously. The only
|
||
plausible way of explaining the all-or-nothing character of quantum
|
||
events is to postulate another kind of basic substance, distinct from
|
||
space, which can coincide with parts of space, for in that case, we
|
||
can believe that, despite seeming to have a temporal dimension to
|
||
their nature, quantum events also exist only at the present moment.
|
||
There is, however, no need to settle this issue now. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">F<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCLQm_13" align="right" hspace="5" width="125" height="85" border="0">orms
|
||
of quantum matter. </font>I will focus first on the nature of quantum
|
||
matter, since force-field matter depends on the existence of the bits
|
||
of quantum matter constituting a particle with rest mass in nearby
|
||
parts of space and it is fairly clear how it can be explained.
|
||
Quantum matter includes electromagnetic waves, material objects with
|
||
rest mass, and their kinetic energy. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
total matter is ultimately equal to the total quantum matter.
|
||
Force-field matter is already counted in the masses of the objects
|
||
exerting the forces, and gravitational waves eventually die out as
|
||
they are converted into other forms of matter. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
quantity of quantum matter in any region of space is measured by the
|
||
number of quantum events per unit time, for that is equal to the
|
||
quantity of energy, given the definition of “action.” Since we
|
||
will assume that all quantum matter is constituted by quantum events,
|
||
the equivalence of energy and mass by Einstein’s equation, <i>E = mc</i><sup><i>2</i></sup>,
|
||
implies that each unit of mass must be equivalent to a certain number
|
||
of quantum events per second. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
quantity of force-field matter involved in constituting the electric
|
||
charge can be measured as potential energy, that is, in terms of the
|
||
number of quantum events per second that can be converted from it,
|
||
and that quantity must be subtracted from the total quantum cycles
|
||
constituting rest mass. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">After
|
||
describing the nature of each form of quantum matter, I will take up
|
||
the nature of electromagnetic interactions, bringing force-field
|
||
matter back into the picture. But along the way, I will point out how
|
||
this theory explains the peculiar nature of matter at the scale of
|
||
the quantum and solves certain quantum puzzles. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>L<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAEUAAAAQCAMAAAB3EEJfAAAAYFBMVEXjx5vVu5HHroi4on6qlXSciWqOfGF/cFdxY01jV0MybUFVSjpGPjA4MSYqJR17AABzAABmAAAcGBNMAAA9AAAzAAANDAkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAKqgzAAAAAiElEQVR4nK3TSQ6AIAwF0AoVahCc9f43tQanjYkU/uIvmvSFpAG6fsgPdFuBlFMgM7eikMvEodHHoBIoSFw6DgmvEikedGhXoNY7GEMjVpziovqotLdsb8VDBKSKQ1S8a+sxKjaBeW5ERMg3ssYDKr5WZU26ckaH8H/5U5Gl5A8oofTDNC+Z2QEK3CmatGOzUwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" name="TtsOtkCLQm_14" align="right" hspace="5" width="150" height="34" border="0">ight.
|
||
</b></i>Light is the easiest form of matter to explain on the
|
||
assumption that “quantum” refers to elementary events with the
|
||
size indicated by Planck’s constant, for light can be explained as
|
||
being made up of photons, each of which is the size of a quantum.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Light
|
||
was understood as a wave in classical physics. According to Maxwell’s
|
||
equations for electromagnetism, the change in the electric force has
|
||
as its effect a magnetic force, and the change in the magnetic force
|
||
has as its effect an electric force. Thus, the two forces interact,
|
||
and their interaction can couple them in cycles of changing electric
|
||
and magnetic forces that propagate through space at a fixed velocity,
|
||
the velocity of light. Its wave-like nature is apparent in such
|
||
phenomena as diffraction and interference. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">As we
|
||
assumed in explaining Einsteinian relativity, the velocity of light
|
||
is explained ontologically by the velocity of the motion inherent in
|
||
space itself. Let us, therefore, think of the electric and magnetic
|
||
forces involved in electromagnetic waves as being carried along with
|
||
the inherent motion in some direction. That will allow us to explain
|
||
electric and magnetic forces as properties of parts of space, except
|
||
for the way that they are coupled together in units as photons (or
|
||
rather aspects of the inherent motion in space). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
particle-like nature of light waves can be explained on the
|
||
assumption that each cycle of electric and magnetic forces is a
|
||
single quantum event that occurs as a whole, if it occurs at all.
|
||
Since these quantum events are cyclic, when one event does occur, it
|
||
is followed, other things being equal, by another quantum event of
|
||
the same kind. But since these quantum events coincide with space by
|
||
way of the inherent motion, the next cycle of electric and magnetic
|
||
forces occupies the next part of space in its direction. As the
|
||
cycles reproduce themselves in time, therefore, they move across
|
||
space, constituting an electromagnetic wave in time and space. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This
|
||
ontological explanation of light accounts for the quantum equations
|
||
used to describe the energy and momentum of photons. Energy is
|
||
proportional to the number of quantum cycles per unit time, and that
|
||
is what the equation for the photon’s energy says: <i>E = hf</i>
|
||
(where <i>f</i> is the frequency of the light). The shorter the
|
||
period of each quantum cycle, the more units of action that can occur
|
||
in a unit of time, and thus, the more energy it carries. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
momentum of the photon can be explained in a parallel way, except
|
||
relative to the direction of space in which the photon is moving. The
|
||
dimensions of the quantum as a unit of action implies that the
|
||
momentum of a quantum cycle is proportional to the number of quantum
|
||
cycles per unit distance (in the direction of motion), and that is
|
||
what the equation for the momentum of the photon says: <i>p =</i> <i>h/</i><font face="Symbol, serif"><i>l</i></font>,
|
||
where <font face="Symbol, serif"><i>l</i></font> is the wavelength of
|
||
the light and <i>1/</i><font face="Symbol, serif"><i>l</i></font> is
|
||
the number of cycles per unit length). In other words, the momentum
|
||
is inversely proportional to the wavelength. Photons with shorter
|
||
wavelengths have more momentum. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Since the
|
||
velocity of light is constant, <i>f</i><font face="Symbol, serif"><i>l</i></font> <i>= c
|
||
</i>(where <i>c</i> is the velocity of light), and thus, the energy
|
||
and momentum of the photon are proportional to one another: <i>E = pc</i>.
|
||
In other words, the shorter the photon’s quantum cycle in time and
|
||
space, the higher its energy and momentum, respectively. But since it
|
||
is still the size of a quantum, the decreased size of the event in
|
||
space and time means that the forces involved in each cycle are
|
||
greater (since action is the product of force, space and time). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Since
|
||
each cycle of electric and magnetic forces is a quantum event, no
|
||
part of it can exist unless the whole cycle does. This unit-like
|
||
nature to the events that constitute the existence of a photon is
|
||
explained ontologically by how bits of matter coincide with space,
|
||
and so it depend as much on the nature of space as it does not the
|
||
nature of matter. (More precisely, the energy of the photon depends
|
||
on the bit of matter apart from space, whereas its momentum also
|
||
depends on space, because momentum is a result of the interaction of
|
||
electric and magnetic forces being carried along by the inherent
|
||
motion.) This suggests a straightforward ontological explanation of
|
||
the phenomena that led to the recognition that light is made up of
|
||
particle-like units. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Planck</i>.
|
||
What Planck discovered about blackbody radiation can be explained
|
||
ontologically as a discovery about how photons coincide with the same
|
||
part of space. What he discovered is that photons of different
|
||
frequencies can all coincide with the same part of space as long as
|
||
there their frequencies differ from one another by at least one
|
||
quantum of action per second. This limitation on the frequencies that
|
||
can exist in the same part of space avoids the so-called ultraviolet
|
||
catastrophe, that is, why the total energy of photons at higher
|
||
frequencies does not become infinite. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">On this
|
||
ontological explanation, what coincides with space are not just the
|
||
changing electric and magnetic forces of electromagnetic waves, but
|
||
rather complete cycles of such forces. And since the inherent motion
|
||
contains each quantum of action is part of a wave pattern of a
|
||
certain size that extends though the space in its direction, this
|
||
limitation is a minimum difference that holds for the sizes of the
|
||
wave patterns that can exist in that region of space. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Though this
|
||
is a limitation on the variety of possible photons that can coincide
|
||
with any part of space, the inherent motion in space is still
|
||
handling a lot of different kinds of photons. In addition to all the
|
||
frequencies of light in any direction that can exist at any part of
|
||
space, photons of each frequency can have different phases (that is,
|
||
different points in space where the cycle begins) as well different
|
||
orientations of spin. Not only must the inherent motion be able to
|
||
carry photons of all these kinds at once in any given direction, but
|
||
it must also be able to carry the complete variety of photons <i>in
|
||
every direction </i>in three-dimensional space. Indeed, at any given
|
||
location it must be able to carry photons of all kinds <i>both ways
|
||
</i>in every direction, and it must do so <i>at every location</i> in
|
||
the region of space <i>all the time</i>. That is just how the parts
|
||
of space are connected (though the inherent motion itself may be
|
||
moving across space and being accelerated in a gravitational field). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Einstein.</i>
|
||
Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect was that in
|
||
order for light to free electrons from matter, the light had to have
|
||
a high enough frequency, because the electron had to receive all the
|
||
energy it needed to overcome the force binding it to the atom from a
|
||
single photon. Lots of low frequency photons would not work. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This
|
||
particle-like behavior of light is just what would be expected, if
|
||
light is constituted by cycles of quantum events, because in order
|
||
for light to interact at all, a whole quantum event of one kind must
|
||
become a quantum event of another kind, in this case, it is the kind
|
||
of quantum event that constitutes kinetic energy. And a single photon
|
||
can supply the force needed to accelerate the electron, because
|
||
photons with a higher frequency have smaller temporal and spatial
|
||
dimensions and, given that each photon is a quantum of action, the
|
||
forces constituting them must be correspondingly greater.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Compton.
|
||
</i>When a photon does interact, it is the whole photon that
|
||
interacts. When a photon is scattered by an electron, for example, a
|
||
whole photon is absorbed and a whole new photon is generated (one
|
||
that is 180<sup>o</sup> out of phase with the original). The Compton
|
||
effect has a straightforward ontological explanation, because the
|
||
scattering of the high energy photon by an electron, like an elastic
|
||
collision between two material objects, conserves both energy and
|
||
momentum. The mass of the electron limits how much energy and
|
||
momentum can be carried away, and that can be confirmed by measuring
|
||
the direction and wavelength of the reflected photon. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>R<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCLQm_15" align="right" hspace="5" width="150" height="36" border="0">est
|
||
mass. </b></i>Material objects with rest mass are another form of
|
||
matter that was recognized in explaining the truth of classical
|
||
physics, and our reason for thinking that rest mass is just another
|
||
form of the substances that are counted in the principle of the
|
||
conservation of energy was the equivalence of mass and energy (<i>E =
|
||
mc</i><sup><i>2</i></sup>) entailed by Einstein’s special theory of
|
||
relativity. But having set aside force-field matter, we are now
|
||
explaining those forms of matter as forms of quantum matter, and that
|
||
requires us to hold that material objects with rest mass are
|
||
constituted by quantum events in some way. And there is an obvious
|
||
way to do so. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
rest mass of a particle can be explained as the number of cycles of
|
||
quantum rest mass events per second, just as for the energy of
|
||
photons. Such quantum cycles would, of course, have to coincide with
|
||
space in a different way from photons, because objects with rest mass
|
||
can remain at rest (or more precisely, have a constant velocity
|
||
relative to the inherent motion in space). The simplest way to
|
||
explain why such objects can be at rest is to hold that the quantum
|
||
cycles constituting them go around in circles (or some such closed
|
||
path), instead of moving across space with the inherent motion like
|
||
photons. Moreover, since such quantum events would follow a closed
|
||
path, like a circle, which brings the action back to where it began
|
||
to start the next cycle, it is clear how quantum rest mass cycles can
|
||
succeed one another in time. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">In
|
||
order to show that objects with rest mass can be explained as form of
|
||
quantum matter, it will be necessary to show how all the basic
|
||
particles recognized by physics can be explained by quantum rest mass
|
||
cycles in this way. But that is a task that will not be taken up
|
||
until the next chapter on contemporary physics, </span></font></font><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/L/LoOtkCaLeCosBasObj.htm" target="Lo"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US"><u>Cosmology:
|
||
Basic Objects</u></span></font></font></a><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">.
|
||
For purposes of explaining quantum mechanics proper, we shall need
|
||
only three kind of basic particles with rest mass: electrons, protons
|
||
and neutrons. They are the near basic constituents of ordinary
|
||
material objects of all kinds, and together with the electromagnetic
|
||
force, including the photon, they can explain all the processes that
|
||
occur in ordinary objects, from atoms to human beings. That is the
|
||
range of phenomena covered by the quantum mechanics of
|
||
electromagnetism. </span></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">Such
|
||
ordinary phenomena do not include, of course, the sun, radioactivity,
|
||
nuclear power and the like. These other phenomena depend on
|
||
interactions among more basic particles than nucleons and their
|
||
electromagnetic interactions with electrons. These more basic
|
||
particles are recognized by physics, and they must all be explained
|
||
as cycles of quantum events (and how quantum cycles coincide with
|
||
space) in order for this ontological explanation of quantum matter to
|
||
be complete. There is a way of doing that in which even the electron
|
||
does not turn out to be basic, as explained in </span></font></font><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/L/LoOtkCaLeCosBasObj.htm" target="Lo"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US"><u>Cosmology:
|
||
Basic Objects</u></span></font></font></a><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">.
|
||
</span></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">For
|
||
the present, we shall simply take it for granted that electrons and
|
||
nucleons can be explained ontologically as objects constituted by
|
||
quantum rest mass cycles. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Visible
|
||
light is made up of photons with frequencies of about 10<sup>15</sup>
|
||
cycles per second and energies about a few electron volts. Electrons
|
||
have an energy of about one half million electron volts, and thus,
|
||
the frequency of its quantum rest mass cycles must be on the order of
|
||
10<sup>21</sup> cycles per second. And since protons have a rest mass
|
||
about two thousand times that of electrons (or about 938 million
|
||
electron volts), the frequency of their quantum rest mass cycles must
|
||
be on the order of 10<sup>24</sup> cycles per second. However,
|
||
nucleons have a complex structure, and on this ontological
|
||
explanation of them, their quantum rest mass cycles do not follow a
|
||
circular pathway. It is a more complex pathway that may involve three
|
||
or six quantum events to complete. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">Electrons
|
||
and protons carry an electric charge, as well as rest mass. The
|
||
conservation of electric charge is explained by the gauge field
|
||
theory for electromagnetism, and though what I will say about the
|
||
electric charge is compatible with that theory, I will not try to
|
||
explain it until we take up the basic particles. (See </span></font></font><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/L/LoOtkCaLeCosGaugeField.htm" target="Lo"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><span lang="en-US"><u>Change:
|
||
Basic Objects: Gauge Field</u></span></font></font></a><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">.)
|
||
We shall just take the electric charge for grated. </span></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>K<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCLQm_16" align="right" hspace="5" width="150" height="34" border="0">inetic
|
||
Energy. </b></i>The assumption that kinetic energy is a form of
|
||
matter was made in order to explain ontologically the basic laws of
|
||
classical physics. We explained the principle of the conservation of
|
||
mass and energy ontologically by the endurance of material substance,
|
||
and that forced us to recognize that kinetic energy is a form of
|
||
matter. What needs to be shown here is how kinetic energy matter can
|
||
be explained as a form of quantum matter.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
received view is that the motion of a material object is nothing but
|
||
its change of location in space over time. But that is not possible
|
||
for an ontological explanation of the world that explains change by
|
||
the endurance of substances through time, that is, as “real
|
||
change,” because it must assume that nothing exists but what exists
|
||
at the present moment. However, if nothing exists but the present
|
||
moment, material objects are never in motion, and so wherein does its
|
||
motion consist? To call motion “instantaneous velocity” is merely
|
||
to name what needs to be explained. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Thus,
|
||
ontology must recognize that the motion of objects with rest mass is
|
||
not just their change of location over time, but rather is due to
|
||
another form of matter that endures through time. That is, we must
|
||
think of motion as an additional bit of matter that coincides with
|
||
the material object and the part of space where the object is
|
||
located. But it is a different form of matter, because it coincides
|
||
with space in a way that moves the rest mass along in a certain
|
||
direction at a certain rate. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This is to
|
||
resurrect the notion that inertia is a kind of force that keeps the
|
||
object with rest mass moving, and it explains, as we shall see, the
|
||
difference between the rest mass of a material object and its
|
||
inertial mass. But since heat is known to be the kinetic energy of
|
||
material objects at the micro level, it is also, in effect, to
|
||
vindicate the notion that heat is a caloric fluid, as we shall see in
|
||
explaining <font face="Arial, sans-serif">Material global
|
||
regularities</font>. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>De
|
||
Broglie’s equation. </i>Kinetic energy can be explained in terms of
|
||
quantum cycles by supposing that there are quantum events that change
|
||
the locations of material objects by a certain distance in a certain
|
||
time. Newton’s first law of motion requires that material objects
|
||
in motion continue in motion, and in order to explain why that law is
|
||
true, we assumed that kinetic energy matter endures through time like
|
||
any other form of material substance. But now we are explaining how
|
||
quantum matter endures through time by the cyclic nature of quantum
|
||
events, and so we must explain kinetic energy as a series of cyclic
|
||
changes, each step of which can exist only as a whole. Let us call
|
||
them “quantum kinetic cycles.” They will explain ontologically
|
||
the truth of the de Broglie equations for the momentum and kinetic
|
||
energy of particles with rest mass, which parallel the equations for
|
||
photons.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">De Broglie
|
||
first proposed that particles with rest mass have a wave-like nature,
|
||
much like photons. His equation, <i>p = h/</i><font face="Symbol, serif"><i>l</i></font>,
|
||
which was derived from the equation for photons, described the
|
||
momentum of the particle as being inversely proportional to its
|
||
wavelength, and that can be explained ontologically by the nature if
|
||
the cyclic quantum events that constitute kinetic energy. The
|
||
wavelength of the particle can be explained ontologically as the
|
||
distance that the quantum kinetic cycle moves the particle during
|
||
each kinetic cycle. And we can explain ontologically why the de
|
||
Broglie equation is true, if we assume that for a unit mass, the
|
||
length of the quantum kinetic cycle in the direction of its motion is
|
||
inversely proportional to the momentum of the material object. Like
|
||
photons, therefore, momentum is proportional to the number of quantum
|
||
kinetic cycles that occur within a unit of space (in the direction of
|
||
motion). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Just as the
|
||
momentum is related to the spatial dimensions of the quantum events
|
||
constituting kinetic energy matter, so the kinetic energy itself is
|
||
related to their temporal dimension. The kinetic energy of the
|
||
particle is inversely proportional to the period of its quantum
|
||
kinetic cycle, so that its kinetic energy would be proportional to
|
||
the number of cycles that occur in a unit of time, also like photons.
|
||
In this case, <i>E = hf</i>, where <i>f</i> is the frequency of the
|
||
kinetic cycle, or the inverse of its temporal size. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In sum, the
|
||
faster the particle with rest mass moves, the shorter the distance
|
||
covered by each quantum kinetic cycle, and the shorter the period
|
||
required for each quantum kinetic cycle that moves it across space.
|
||
But since each quantum kinetic cycle is a quantum of action, the
|
||
shorter its temporal and spatial dimensions, the stronger the force
|
||
that is acting to move the rest mass across space in each cycle, that
|
||
is, the more inertia it has. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Quantitative
|
||
relationship of momentum and kinetic energy. </i>The cycles of
|
||
quantum events that are responsible for the motion of objects with
|
||
rest mass explain their momentum and energy, therefore, in much the
|
||
same way as the momentum and energy of photons. But there is an
|
||
important difference. In photons, there is a constant relationship
|
||
between energy and momentum (described by the Einsteinian equation,
|
||
<i>E = pc</i>), but no such relationship holds for
|
||
particles with rest mass. Unlike photons, rest masses can have
|
||
various velocities in any direction, and their momentum and kinetic
|
||
energy do not have a constant relationship. On this ontological
|
||
explanation, that means that the temporal and spatial dimensions of
|
||
the quantum kinetic cycles by which the rest masses change location
|
||
in space do not have a constant relationship. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">From the
|
||
equations for classical physics, we know that the momentum of a
|
||
moving object is proportional to its velocity (<i>p = mv</i>),
|
||
while the energy of its motion is proportional to the square of the
|
||
velocity (<i>E = ½mv</i><sup><i>2</i></sup>), and as
|
||
promised when the laws of classical physics were being reduced to
|
||
spatiomaterialism, this kinetic theory of matter explains why
|
||
momentum and energy are related in this way. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="MomentumKE" align="bottom" width="476" height="252" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">To go
|
||
faster, a particle with rest mass must have shorter quantum kinetic
|
||
cycles in space, because their wavelength varies inversely with
|
||
momentum. But with greater speed, therefore, quantum kinetic cycles
|
||
carry the particle a shorter distance across space during each
|
||
quantum event. In order for the velocity to be higher, the particle
|
||
must cover more space in the same length of time, and that means that
|
||
the <i>period </i>of each quantum kinetic cycle in time must decrease
|
||
even faster than its length decreases in space. In fact, it is only
|
||
possible if the <i>period </i>of the quantum kinetic cycle decreases
|
||
in proportion to the <i>square </i>of velocity. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">For
|
||
example, if the velocity of a unit mass is doubled, the wavelength of
|
||
each quantum kinetic cycle is cut in half. But that means that the
|
||
period of each quantum kinetic cycle must be one-fourth as long as
|
||
the previous quantum kinetic cycles, for otherwise the object will
|
||
not travel twice as far in the same period of time. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Thus, the
|
||
way kinetic quantum events must fit together in space over time in
|
||
order to explain the motion of particles with rest mass explains why
|
||
the kinetic energy increases with the square of the velocity, while
|
||
momentum increases directly with velocity. It is a result of how the
|
||
change in the spatial dimensions of quantum kinetic cycles must
|
||
affect their temporal dimensions in order for momentum to be
|
||
inversely proportional to their de Broglie wavelength. (And the
|
||
reason that the kinetic energy of a particle is not equal to the
|
||
frequency of its quantum kinetic cycles, but only half, is that only
|
||
half that much energy is required to accelerate a particle to that
|
||
“frequency.” More energy is required to accelerate objects at
|
||
higher velocities, as we noted in explaining why the gravitational
|
||
time dilation varies with altitude in a gravitational field, not with
|
||
the strength of the force.)</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Rest
|
||
mass. </i>This description of quantum kinetic cycles has assumed that
|
||
the particle being moved has one unit of rest mass, but particles of
|
||
different kinds have different masses and according to classical
|
||
physics the mass of the particle helps determine its momentum. Its
|
||
momentum is the product of its mass and velocity. For example, when
|
||
two material objects have the same velocity, but one has twice the
|
||
mass of the other, the one has twice the momentum and twice the
|
||
kinetic energy of the other object. This can be explained
|
||
ontologically on the assumption that the particle’s motion is due
|
||
to quantum kinetic cycles, but it will require us to take into
|
||
account the relationship between the quantum cycles making up the
|
||
rest mass and the quantum cycle constituting its motion. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">We are
|
||
assuming that the rest mass of a particle is proportional to the
|
||
frequency of the quantum cycles constituting its rest mass. In an
|
||
object with twice the rest mass, there are twice as many quantum rest
|
||
mass cycles per second. Though rest mass and kinetic energy are both
|
||
a series of cycles of quantum events, and though the total matter is
|
||
equal to the total of both kinds of quantum cycles per second, they
|
||
are different forms of matter and each has an existence that is
|
||
distinct from the other. But in order to explain the role of rest
|
||
mass in determining momentum, we must assume that the quantum rest
|
||
mass cycles determine a scaling factor for quantum kinetic cycles.
|
||
For example, when two material objects have the same velocity, but
|
||
one has twice as many quantum rest mass cycles as the other, the one
|
||
must have quantum kinetic cycles whose wavelengths and periods that
|
||
are half the other object. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This
|
||
scaling factor would explain why the momentum and kinetic energy of
|
||
particles is proportional to the rest mass. But it is only a scaling
|
||
factor for the quantum kinetic cycles required to move the object
|
||
across space. The period of its rest mass cycles are not changed by
|
||
the motion of the particle with rest mass. Quantum kinetic cycles are
|
||
additional quantum events whose size depends on how many rest mass
|
||
cycles occur during each unit of time as well as how far the object
|
||
is moved during each unit of time. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Inertial
|
||
mass.</i> This is only a first approximation to the explanation of
|
||
how the size of the quantum kinetic cycles depend on mass as well as
|
||
velocity, because kinetic energy is an additional quantity of matter
|
||
that coincides with the object with rest mass and that kinetic matter
|
||
must itself be moved along with the object with rest mass. Thus,
|
||
since the total number of quantum cycles per second that is being
|
||
moved along by the kinetic matter includes both the quantum rest mass
|
||
cycles and the quantum kinetic cycles of the objects, the scaling
|
||
factor for quantum kinetic cycles must depend not only on the total
|
||
rest mass cycles but also on the total quantum kinetic cycles. Let us
|
||
call that combined total quantum cycles the “inertial mass” of
|
||
the material object, to distinguish it from the rest mass. And let as
|
||
refine our ontological explanation of momentum and kinetic energy to
|
||
make them proportional to the inertial mass of the material object,
|
||
rather than its rest mass.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The rate
|
||
for the conversion of matter between mass and energy is given by
|
||
Einstein’s formula, <i>E = mc</i><sup><i>2</i></sup>, and
|
||
the simplest explanation is that it describes the rate at which
|
||
additional quantum kinetic cycle contribute to the scaling factor.
|
||
That fixes the number of quantum rest mass cycles for each unit of
|
||
mass and constrains the explanation of rest mass by quantum cycles. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">[However,
|
||
the relationship may be more complex. It is possible that the quantum
|
||
rest mass cycles constituting particles have a special nature
|
||
(presumably because of how they depend on weakons and neutrinos and
|
||
the unique structures that result), and each quantum rest mass cycle
|
||
contribute more to total mass than a single quantum kinetic cycles.
|
||
Let us proceed, however, on the simple assumption.]</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">[There is,
|
||
however, no reason to doubt that the quantum kinetic cycles are
|
||
simply added to the quantum rest mass cycles in determining the total
|
||
mass (or energy, if you will) of the object. To be sure, the
|
||
Einsteinian formula, <i>E</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> <i>= p</i><sup><i>2</i></sup><i>c</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> <i>+ m</i><sub><i>o</i></sub><sup><i>2</i></sup><i>c</i><sup><i>4</i></sup>,
|
||
suggests that the contributions of rest mass ( <i>m</i><sub><i>o</i></sub><sup><i>2</i></sup><i>c</i><sup><i>4</i></sup>)
|
||
and the object’s motion (<i>p</i><sup><i>2</i></sup><i>c</i><sup><i>2</i></sup>)
|
||
to the total energy (<i>E</i><sup><i>2</i></sup>) is more like
|
||
orthogonal components of total energy as a vector sum. But this
|
||
formula represents the object’s motion in terms of its momentum,
|
||
that is, its spatial aspect, not its total energy. Energy is the
|
||
temporal aspect of the quantum cycle, and both kinds of energy are
|
||
included in this total. Furthermore, this equation merely describes
|
||
the dynamic invariant that holds among inertial frames corresponding
|
||
to the kinematic separation <i>s</i> (where <i>s</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> <i>= c</i><sup><i>2</i></sup><i>t</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> – <i>x</i><sup><i>2</i></sup>,
|
||
and the parallel is <i>m</i><sub><i>o</i></sub><sup><i>2</i></sup><i>c</i><sup><i>4</i></sup> <i>= E</i><sup><i>2</i></sup> <i>- p</i><sup><i>2</i></sup><i>c</i><sup><i>2</i></sup>).
|
||
But on the spatiomaterialist explanation of special theory of
|
||
relativity, the tradeoff between total energy and momentum (in the
|
||
temporal and spatial dimensions) that makes inertial frames
|
||
equivalent in this way is just an appearance. Not only rest mass, but
|
||
also the total energy and momentum have absolute values, though they
|
||
cannot be determined empirically, that is, measured.]</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><span lang="en-US">This
|
||
ontological explanation of inertial mass would account for the
|
||
Lorentz distortion in the masses of material objects with a high
|
||
velocity relative to the ether, or what is called the “relativistic
|
||
mass increase” (which was promised in </span></font></font></font><a href="/F:/Philosophy/Existentialism/The%20Wholeness%20Of%20the%20World/www.twow.net/Lo/L/LoOtkCaLbStrRelMass.htm" target="Lo"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Arial, sans-serif"><font size="2" style="font-size: 10pt"><span lang="en-US"><u>Change:
|
||
Special theory of relativity</u></span></font></font></font></a><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><span lang="en-US">).
|
||
The reason that inertial mass increases with velocity is that the
|
||
total mass of the material object includes both its rest mass (the
|
||
quantum cycles constituting its mass when it is at rest relative to
|
||
the inherent motion) and the mass of its kinetic energy (the quantum
|
||
kinetic cycles that give the object a velocity relative to the
|
||
inherent motion).</span></font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Thus, not
|
||
only is more energy required to accelerate a material object by a
|
||
fixed amount at higher velocities relative to the ether because of
|
||
the laws of classical physics (with higher velocity the force has to
|
||
be applied over a longer distance in the same period of time to
|
||
increase its velocity the same way), but more energy is required to
|
||
accelerate a material objects by a fixed amount at very high
|
||
velocities because of the relativistic mass increase entailed by
|
||
Einstein’s special theory of relativity (with very high velocities,
|
||
the mass of the kinetic energy that must be accelerated along with
|
||
its rest mass becomes significant). As the material object approaches
|
||
the velocity of light, the mass of the kinetic energy matter (and,
|
||
thus, the inertial mass) becomes infinite. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Interference
|
||
phenomenon. </i>Finally, this explanation of kinetic energy as a form
|
||
of quantum matter affords an explanation of interference phenomena
|
||
(and diffraction) with material objects, that is, the phenomenon that
|
||
most clearly demonstrates the wave-like nature of particles.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In order
|
||
for quantum kinetic cycles to explain the wave-like nature of moving
|
||
material objects, we must take into account the role of the inherent
|
||
motion. Quantum kinetic cycles move objects with inertial mass
|
||
relative to the inherent motion in space, but they are usually much
|
||
slower than the motion that sweeps each point both ways in every
|
||
direction. Let us assume, therefore, that as that motion sweeps
|
||
through a material object in any direction, it picks up the
|
||
<i>wavelength</i> of its quantum kinetic cycle and lays out, in the
|
||
space beyond it, waves with the same wavelength (until it runs into
|
||
another object). Since the wavelength varies inversely with the
|
||
product of the inertial mass and velocity, the waves laid out in
|
||
space by the inherent motion, in effect, broadcast information about
|
||
the particle’s momentum and phase of its quantum kinetic cycle in
|
||
every direction in the ether. (Since the inherent motion flows in all
|
||
directions, waves are laid out in all directions indicating its
|
||
momentum in each direction, including those opposite to the direction
|
||
of the particle itself.) </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In order to
|
||
explain how the inherent motion picks up the wavelength of the
|
||
quantum kinetic cycle, we must assume that it interacts with the
|
||
quantum kinetic cycle as a whole. It is as if the inherent motion
|
||
timed how long it took to pass through the whole kinetic cycle and
|
||
laid down a mark in space each time the same period had passed again.
|
||
But notice that this period is <i>not </i>the period of the quantum
|
||
kinetic cycle itself. The material object takes much longer to cross
|
||
the distance covered in a single quantum kinetic cycle than the
|
||
motion inherent in space, and thus, the inherent motion will take
|
||
many trips across the distance covered by each quantum kinetic cycle
|
||
before it is succeeded by another quantum kinetic cycle. This effect
|
||
on the inherent motion would not be possible, if the kinetic cycle
|
||
did not have a quantum nature, existing as a whole or not at all, for
|
||
it must interact with both ends of the path across which the material
|
||
object is being moved during each cycle. In other words, the kinetic
|
||
energy, which is inversely proportional to the period of the quantum
|
||
kinetic cycle, is <i>not </i>broadcast to other regions of space by
|
||
the motion inherent in space. Only the momentum is. And that is
|
||
fitting, since momentum is the spatial aspect of quantum kinetic
|
||
cycles, whereas energy is the temporal aspect. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In order to
|
||
explain the interference phenomenon exhibited by objects with
|
||
inertial mass in the two-slit experiment, we must recognize that the
|
||
inherent motion sweeping through a material object in each direction,
|
||
picking up the wavelength of its quantum kinetic cycle, is part of a
|
||
wave front. When particles with a certain velocity are moving toward
|
||
the barrier with two, closely spaced slits, some particles pass
|
||
through, and their collisions with the wall lying beyond the barrier
|
||
indicates that the two pathways are interfering with one another like
|
||
waves. The particles collide with the distant wall only along certain
|
||
fringes, and not between them. This would be just what is expected,
|
||
<i>if we assume that the particle tends to move along the path of
|
||
waves that have been laid out by the inherent motion</i>. The wave
|
||
fronts broadcast by the particle are intercepted by the barrier
|
||
except for the two slits. The inherent motion stops laying out
|
||
wavelengths in space where it is intercepted by the barrier, but it
|
||
continues laying them out where it flows through the slits. Thus, on
|
||
the other side of the barrier, there are two wave fronts laying out
|
||
the same wavelengths, one emanating from each slit, and they
|
||
interfere with one another like light waves. Assuming that the
|
||
particle tends to fall in step with the waves that have always
|
||
already been laid out in the space between the barrier and the
|
||
distance wall, therefore, its path is diverted away from paths on
|
||
which the wave fronts interfere destructively toward those paths on
|
||
which the wave fronts interfere constructively. That is, the particle
|
||
always tends to be where its wave front is strongest. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">If we use
|
||
the crude picture of quantum cycles as having a definite starting
|
||
point and ending point, we can think of the particle as being
|
||
subjected to a force at the completion of each quantum kinetic cycle,
|
||
if it finds itself in a position where the waves being laid out from
|
||
the two slit are interfering destructively, which changes its
|
||
direction slightly. But when it ends a quantum kinetic cycle where
|
||
the waves from the two slits interfere constructively, it simply goes
|
||
with the flow. Thus, the effect is to channel the particle along a
|
||
certain path way. The actual path will vary from particle to particle
|
||
with the same momentum depending on the direction its emerges from
|
||
the slit it passes through, and so it results in a fringe of more and
|
||
less likely points of interception by the distant wall. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In other
|
||
words, in both photons and material objects, the cause of
|
||
interference phenomena is the inherent motion. In the case of
|
||
photons, the inherent motion carrying the relevant wavelength goes
|
||
through both slits setting up a pattern of spacetime cells where they
|
||
interfere constructively, and the direction of the photon is diverted
|
||
slightly in those regions. It is the same in the case of particles
|
||
with inertial mass, except that the relevant wavelength is due to the
|
||
quantum kinetic cycles of the particle. In both cases, therefore, the
|
||
interference phenomena also occurs when particles (photons or objects
|
||
with rest mass) are sent through the slits one at a time. It depends
|
||
on the geometry of the inherent motion moving in certain directions
|
||
laying out a waves of a certain length in space. And in both cases,
|
||
if one of the slits is blocked — or even if an apparatus is set up
|
||
that can detect which slit a particle goes through — the
|
||
interference effects disappear. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i>Schrödinger’s
|
||
equation.</i> The quantitative adequacy of the wave pattern laid out
|
||
by the inherent motion to explain interference and similar quantum
|
||
phenomena has already been demonstrated, in effect, by David Bohm
|
||
(1993), for this role of the inherent motion is an ontological
|
||
explanation of what he calls the “quantum potential.” </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">What
|
||
happens in these experiments on particles with rest mass can be
|
||
described by the Schrödinger wavefunction, and Bohm shows
|
||
mathematically how such a wavefunction can be divided into a part
|
||
that is due to the causally relevant factors described by classical
|
||
physics and another part which he calls the “quantum potential.”
|
||
The quantum potential is a rather strange force, because unlike
|
||
classical forces, its strength does not decline with distance. The
|
||
quantum force can be quite strong, but its casual role does not come
|
||
from its strength, but rather from its spatial structure. Bohm
|
||
describes the quantum potential as “active information,” for he
|
||
assumes that the particle moves with its own energy and momentum,
|
||
while the quantum potential merely <i>informs </i>it about how to do
|
||
so in detail. The particle has a definite position and momentum at
|
||
each moment, but its classically determined path is affected by the
|
||
quantum potential that exists along with it. The Schrödinger
|
||
wavefunction holds for all particles with the same momentum in the
|
||
two-slit experiment, but the effect of the quantum potential on any
|
||
particular particle cannot be predicted, because it depends on a
|
||
so-called “hidden variable”. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The quantum
|
||
potential is the key to Bohm’s explanation of how the Schrödinger
|
||
wavefunction can be understood as referring to a fully deterministic
|
||
process, and this ontological explanation of interference phenomena
|
||
is an example of how spatiomaterialism would interpret what Bohm
|
||
means by the quantum potential. The quantum potential describes the
|
||
waves laid out in space by the inherent motion for any relevant
|
||
wavelength of kinetic quantum cycles or photons. The effect of the
|
||
waves laid out by the inherent motion makes the quantum potential
|
||
look like “active information” (or a “pilot wave,” as de
|
||
Broglie called it), because the particle follows the nearest path to
|
||
its classically determined path in which the waves coming from
|
||
various directions reinforce, avoiding those in which they cancel
|
||
out. But to explain the quantum potential by the inherent motion is
|
||
to disagree with Bohm on one point, for he holds that the quantum
|
||
potential is simply a manifestation of a “nonlocality” about what
|
||
happens that simply exists in the quantum system and does not depend
|
||
on anything traveling across space over time. But on this ontological
|
||
theory, it is due to the inherent motion. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" class="western" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><span lang="en-US">Furthermore,
|
||
the inherent motion explanation of the quantum potential makes it
|
||
possible to hold that the hidden variable, which determines how any
|
||
particular particle is affected by the quantum potential described by
|
||
the wavefunction, is the particular phase of its quantum kinetic
|
||
cycle. That is, any particular particle has a definite position and
|
||
momentum at the beginning and end of its quantum kinetic cycle, and
|
||
the Schrödinger wavefunction describes precisely what happens to it
|
||
as a result of the quantum potential. But it is not possible to
|
||
measure which phase any particular particle has, and since that
|
||
wavefunction also describes what happens to all other possible
|
||
particles with the same momentum (the complex numbers enable it to
|
||
take all the different possible phases into account), the outcome can
|
||
be predicted only probabilistically. </span></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html> |