1274 lines
204 KiB
HTML
1274 lines
204 KiB
HTML
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<html>
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<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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<title>5</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="LibreOffice 4.2.8.2 (Linux)">
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<meta name="author" content="Amr Gharbeia">
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<meta name="created" content="20010831;15900000000000">
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<meta name="changed" content="20150722;135318097759">
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p.cjk { font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt }
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p.ctl { font-family: "Simplified Arabic"; font-size: 10pt; so-language: ar-EG }
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</head>
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<body lang="en-GB" text="#99ccff" dir="ltr">
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#ff0000"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>5<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS05_01" align="right" hspace="5" width="150" height="50" border="0">.
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Telesensory animals. </b></font></font>Telesensory animals are
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multicellular animals with a centralized nervous system in which the
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three basic subfunctions of the animal behavior guidance system are
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served by entire systems of neurons. They include most invertebrates
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along with non-mammalian vertebrates, and after explaining why the
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basic structure of the invertebrate nervous system limits their
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subsequent evolution, this chapter describes the structure of the
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vertebrate brain in detail and traces the actual evolution of
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vertebrates on earth. But in order to deduce this stage of evolution,
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it must first be shown to be inevitable. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#993366"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>I<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS05_02" align="right" hspace="5" width="275" height="30" border="0">nevitability
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of telesensory animals. </b></font></font>According to this
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ontological explanation of evolution as a global regularity, the
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evolution of multicellular animals with nervous systems at the
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telesensory level of part-whole complexity is inevitable, if it is
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both possible and functional. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">P<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAEUAAAAPCAMAAACFkPIRAAAAYFBMVEXjx5vVu5HHroi4on6qlXSciWqOfGF/cFdxY01jV0MybUFVSjpGPjA4MSYqJR0NDAkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADPN+G7AAAAuElEQVR4nK2T6wrDIAyFjzHGSI3b+z/tjt2g9MfWwjwKCUQ+c1E8VwirKPhXSynirueASjYaUTQY8i2KbrqVU0CSOk0SBBlxj+LcOcLQIrLRcdXRx0QFIj/CIoH7NyV8SBcMDCbfmRYpjlLflJmLmWzXFaV5NJjSKOLhO0X9oGC0r905KuL1XgJNvdZSOildI38ovWS0ftUX2SdkNaE4J+I1qQh7MwPGJXTNrih39GNOC1/dmn+0QC+3rhjemIjdOQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" name="TtsOtkCRS05_03" align="right" hspace="5" width="150" height="25" border="0">ossibility.</font>
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To be possible, the telesensory level of neurological organization
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must fall within the range of random variations being tried out in
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the evolution of somatosensory animals. And it is clearly possible,
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because somatosensory animals already have already evolved the
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mechanism of embryological development to serve as their biological
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behavior guidance system, and they have already evolved neurons for
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transmitting and regulating the signals from sensory input that
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caused behavioral output. Thus, all that was required for telesensory
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animals to evolve was a higher level of part-whole complexity in the
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organization of the nervous system, that is, a centralized nervous
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system in which neurons are organized into systems that can serve the
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basic subfunctions of an animal behavior guidance system with an
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animal system of representation. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Neurons
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generating motor output must be parts of a single system, in order
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for animal behavior to include locomotion in relation to objects at a
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distance. But since local reflexes in somatosensory animals could
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already recruit one another to generate whole body behavior, control
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of locomotor behavior could be supplied by neurons that controlled
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all the local reflexes. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">However,
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in order to guide locomotion relative to distant objects, sensory
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organism must be able to detect objects located at a distance from
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the body, and since that means using proximal input to extract
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information about distant objects, neurons must be organized on a
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higher level of part-whole complexity in space. There are only
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certain kinds of effects on the animal’s body that can be used:
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electromagnetic radiation, vibrations in the medium or substratum,
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and kinds of molecules encountered. But since somatosensory animals
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have already evolved neurons that respond to such effects, it is just
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a matter of organizing them into systems of neurons whose joint
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output depends on the distant objects causing the proximal input. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In the case
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of vision, for example, photo-sensitive neurons must be arranged in a
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two dimensional array (2 .D array). Not many such neurons are
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required for the compound eyes of insects, but in camera-like eyes.
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extremely large 2 .D arrays of neurons are required to register
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images focused on them by a lens. Hearing requires only neurons that
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are sensitive to mechanical disturbances, but to discriminate the
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direction and tone of the sound, they must compare the disturbances
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of many neurons at once. (Hearing evolve in vertebrates from the
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lateral line in fishes, which is basically a series of sensors of
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mechanical disturbances along the side of the body.) Though
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somatosensory animals already have cells sensitive to kinds of
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molecules (taste receptors) by which they choose which objects to
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ingest, olfaction requires a large variety of neurons testing many
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different aspects of the shapes of molecules at the same time. In
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each case, multiple neurons are organized as a whole system, and the
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effects of its geometrical structure are as important to the function
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of the telesensory organ as the kind of neuron of which it is
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composed. </font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">These
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systems of neurons had to be organized as parts of centralized
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nervous system in order to use telesensory input to guide locomotion
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(and to select the appropriate kind of behavior as an animal behavior
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guidance system). And as we have seen, in order to construct an
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animal representation for guiding behavior in relations to distant
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objects, brain mechanisms must connect input from telesensory organs
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with input from their bodily condition, such as the orientation of
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the body and head and its locomotion. But since the mechanism of
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embryological development had evolved to construct structures of
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eukaryotic cells, there is no reason to doubt that the telesensory
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nervous system is possible. </font></font></font>
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</p>
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<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
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<font color="#000000"><img 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" name="TeleAbgs" align="bottom" width="458" height="324" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">F<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAEUAAAAPCAMAAACFkPIRAAAAYFBMVEXjx5vVu5HHroi4on6qlXSciWqOfGF/cFdxY01jV0MybUFVSjpGPjA4MSYqJR0cGBMNDAkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD2Ty12AAAAyklEQVR4nK2TgW7DMAhEMZwJEcbd/v9nB102LVtaaapPjoXO+AmMQu8rRKso9KqWUtjMcD5pTPzLIlFSkocUOMDnE1iB/nhC8ZhiGUctG+EkM9xvke4eo2GOaDQrMgp9CwS1uKLcIg5Kz82Z6gZMnHTDTtkub4GiVJqz6vNa8JlId8rXZuDZ/Zsifm7rJ2WoHRTbscnosDYxcKfIwFHLzBcMu5xRTaMZlDIli1WT/NLl6gXl9q1zRplhXC1fUP4p9ssZvaiF/9ECfQAExxsfPNSjfgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" name="TtsOtkCRS05_04" align="right" hspace="5" width="150" height="25" border="0">unctionality.</font>
|
||
To be functional and begin another stage of evolution, however, such
|
||
a higher level of neurological organization had to enable telesensory
|
||
animals to control an entire range of relevant conditions that were
|
||
out of reach for animals at previous stages. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Though
|
||
it is clear that the ability to use telesensory input would make them
|
||
more powerful than somatosensory animals, it may not be clear that
|
||
this power was out of reach for all previous animals, because animals
|
||
at lower biological levels move about and have mechanisms to guide
|
||
their locomotion. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Magnetosomes
|
||
in bacteria, for example, tell which direction to move in order avoid
|
||
the toxic effects of oxygen-rich water near the surface. And
|
||
animal-like protists, such Paramecia, have eye spots by which they
|
||
can orient their motion relative to light. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">However,
|
||
even if this is the capacity to guide locomotion relative to distant
|
||
objects, it would make telesensory animals inherently more powerful,
|
||
because they would be guiding the locomotion of a multicellular
|
||
animal, which is already inherently more powerful than single-celled
|
||
animals. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In any
|
||
case, these structures in animal-like protists are not telesensory
|
||
organs, much less an animal systems of representation, because they
|
||
do not detect <i>objects </i>at a distance in space. They merely
|
||
orient locomotion in some ambient field. In these animals, locomotion
|
||
is just a response to light built into the organism’s structure by
|
||
the biological behavior guidance system, like reflexes in
|
||
somatosensory animals. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Since
|
||
telesensory animals are both possible and functional, this
|
||
ontological explanation of revolutionary evolution implies that their
|
||
evolution is inevitable. Telesensory animals would evolve on any
|
||
planet in a spatiomaterial world like ours where stages of evolution
|
||
could unfold at all. But since they begin another stage of evolution,
|
||
reproductive causation also implies that their basic power to guide
|
||
locomotion in relation to distant objects would evolve in ways that
|
||
enable them to control additional conditions affecting reproduction.
|
||
This prediction is confirmed by the main accomplishment of this
|
||
animal stage of evolution, namely, the evolution of nervous systems
|
||
with the capacity to <i>map </i>the relations of salient objects in
|
||
their territory. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Maps.
|
||
</b></i>Telesensory animals would be even more powerful, if besides
|
||
guiding locomotion in relation to objects currently being detected
|
||
objects at a distance, their animal representations enabled them to
|
||
guide locomotion in relation to currently undetected objects. Since
|
||
telesensory nervous systems must already be able to generate more or
|
||
less complex instinctive behavioral routines in relation to objects
|
||
in space in order to generate the various kinds of behavior needed to
|
||
control relevant conditions, only relatively modest modifications of
|
||
their neurological mechanisms are needed to represent the locations
|
||
of unperceived objects.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">For
|
||
example, the capacity to keep track of how far the animal moves in
|
||
each direction relative to the sun or magnetic north would enable it
|
||
to return to a nest by "dead reckoning" (so that once it is
|
||
in the vicinity of its nest it could guide its locomotion relative to
|
||
objects recognized from current telesensory input). Gallistel (1990)
|
||
has marshaled abundant evidence of such mechanisms in telesensory
|
||
animals. Desert ants, for example, find their way back to their hive
|
||
by keeping track of how far they go in any direction relative to the
|
||
sun or wind. Only when they get in what should be the vicinity of
|
||
their hive do they orient their locomotion by telesensory input from
|
||
objects in space. (Gallistel 1990, pp. 59-65.)</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The use of
|
||
large-scale maps by social insects like honey bees is undeniable.
|
||
Returning foragers direct other members to energy sources by
|
||
performing a figure-eight dance in relation to the azimuth of the sun
|
||
that successfully communicates both the direction and distance to
|
||
other bees. Gallistel shows how these feats could be explained rather
|
||
simply, assuming that neural mechanisms can represent distances and
|
||
directions of locomotion and perform quantitative computations on
|
||
them. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Such
|
||
telesensory level animal systems of representation are capable of
|
||
rather sophisticated navigational feats. When honey bees, for
|
||
example, are released in a region with a known bearing and distance
|
||
from their hive, not only can they return to their hive, but they can
|
||
also fly directly to another, unseen energy source with a different
|
||
bearing and distance from their hive when they have recently been
|
||
feeding on it and that is the only way to obtain energy (Gallistel
|
||
1990, pp. 131-140). </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Such
|
||
territorial maps suggest how much power can evolve in telesensory
|
||
animals because their animal behavior guidance system contains a
|
||
system of representation. But to call a mechanism a system of
|
||
“representation” is to say that there is a <i>correspondence
|
||
</i>between its representations and what they represent, and it is
|
||
relevant to consider how such a correspondence is constituted by the
|
||
animal system of representation, because it is the beginning of an
|
||
explanation of the nature of truth that will hold of rational beings
|
||
like us as well. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
the case of the simplest animal systems of representation, the
|
||
correspondence is basically geometrical. Spatial aspects of behavior
|
||
are adapted to spatial aspects of the world so that the behavior
|
||
imposes a geometrical structure on the thermodynamic flow in the
|
||
region, and what makes that possible is an implicit correspondence
|
||
between the representation of the object in the animal system of
|
||
representation and spatial aspects of the world. The representation
|
||
of the object in the sensory input system has a geometrical structure
|
||
that corresponds to the relations of objects in space because of how
|
||
sensory input is recorded together with input from the current bodily
|
||
condition.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Telesensory
|
||
organs, like the eye, provide information about the locations and
|
||
kinds of objects, not only because of the interaction between the
|
||
eye’s geometrical structure and other objects in space (by way of
|
||
photons), but also because that telesensory input is contingent on
|
||
the direction in which the eye is pointing and the head is oriented.
|
||
<i>Telesensory input </i>is registered in a way that reflects the
|
||
<i>bodily condition</i> at the time, and since the animal
|
||
representation can trigger behavioral dispositions that will approach
|
||
or avoid objects at a distance, it can be used to guide locomotion in
|
||
relation to them.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The
|
||
basically geometrical nature of the correspondence between the animal
|
||
representation and the locations of objects relative to the body
|
||
solves a problem that functionalist explanations encounter when they
|
||
try to explain correspondence with nothing but causal connections
|
||
between input and output within the organism. The correspondence is
|
||
not just a constant conjunction between telesensory input and the
|
||
object in space that is involved in reference, as Fodor seems to mean
|
||
by calling it a “casual connection,” but an isomorphism between a
|
||
structure in the brain and the geometrical structures about the
|
||
locations of objects in the space around the telesensory animal. (See
|
||
<font face="Arial, sans-serif">Epistemological philosophy of
|
||
causation</font><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">: Rational
|
||
causation: Psychology: Naturalism.</font>)</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
the case of maps of the spatial relations of unperceived objects in
|
||
the territory, the correspondence depends on a more complex
|
||
geometrical structure than is required to represent the locations of
|
||
currently detected objects in space, because it involves two phases. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">First,
|
||
since the animal representation of the object functions as a map,
|
||
telesensory input must be registered in a way that reflects how far
|
||
the animal must go in certain directions relative to the sun or
|
||
magnetic north to get from one recognizable location to another.
|
||
(This is a form of inquisitive behavior.) </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Once the
|
||
map has been constructed, the animal can, during the second stage,
|
||
use the isomorphism between those brain states and salient objects in
|
||
the territory to guide its behavior in relation to undetected objects
|
||
in space. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
construction and use of maps are two different structural global
|
||
regularities generated by the structure of the nervous system. During
|
||
the map-making phase, the nervous system acquires an additional
|
||
geometrical structure from the world, and during the second phase, it
|
||
uses that unchanging geometrical structure to guide its behavior. The
|
||
world itself is, therefore, partly the source of the structural cause
|
||
by which animal behavior imposes a geometrical structure on the
|
||
thermo­dynamics flow of matter in the region toward evenly
|
||
distributed heat. The use of its map enables the animal to anticipate
|
||
what will happen as it moves in various directions so that it can
|
||
choose among them according to the kind of behavior that would
|
||
control relevant conditions. This geometrical fit of its behavior
|
||
with the environment would be quite mysterious, except for the
|
||
structural causes involved, including the first phase of map-making
|
||
behavior that sets up the correspondence involved in representing the
|
||
locations of salient objects in its territory.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#993366"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS05_05" align="right" hspace="5" width="275" height="30" border="0">he
|
||
Inferiority of Invertebrates. </b></font></font>The evolution of
|
||
telesensory animals in the direction of natural perfection for
|
||
organisms of their kind is necessary for the evolution of subjective
|
||
animals, but it is not sufficient. The telesensory stage must make it
|
||
possible for the mechanism of embryological development (the
|
||
biological behavior guidance system for multicellular animals) to try
|
||
out, as a random variation, the higher level of neurological
|
||
organization required for locomotor imagination. Its possibility is
|
||
clearly not a foregone conclusion. Indeed, it happened in only one
|
||
kind of telesensory animal, the vertebrates. It did not happen in
|
||
invertebrate animals. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">It
|
||
is because vertebrates seem so basically different from other animals
|
||
that all the other animals are usually classified together as
|
||
"invertebrates". It has long seemed that vertebrates have a
|
||
greater capacity for evolution. They generally have larger and more
|
||
powerful bodies, not only those that live in water, but also those on
|
||
land and in the air. The closest invertebrates come to approximating
|
||
the vertebrate animal system of representation are the octopus and
|
||
squid, which have evolved the same kind of camera-type eyes (focusing
|
||
images on a retina) that vertebrates of all kinds have.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">However,
|
||
many kinds of invertebrates, including insects, many mollusks, and
|
||
even worms, are in the same category of natural kinds as sharks,
|
||
fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and even dinosaurs. All are
|
||
<i>telesensory </i>animals, with centralized nervous systems and the
|
||
capacity to guide behavior in relation to objects at a distance. And
|
||
map-making powers evolve in both classes of animals. Though the
|
||
examples mentioned above are invertebrates, similar map-making
|
||
capacities have been demonstrated in telesensory chordates, such as
|
||
fish, reptiles and birds (Gallistel 1990, Chapters 4 and 5).</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">There is a
|
||
similar difference between two classes of somatosensory animals, even
|
||
those whose radial bodies indicate their adaptation at this level.
|
||
There are simple somatosensory animals, which include the hydra,
|
||
jellyfish, sea anemones and corals (coelenterates) and their somewhat
|
||
more complex cousins, the comb jellies (ctenophora). But there is
|
||
another kind of radially symmetrical animal that is far more complex,
|
||
the echinoderms, including sea stars ("starfish") and sea
|
||
urchins. The difference in their complexity does not come from their
|
||
stage of evolution, since they are both kinds of somatosensory
|
||
animals. (But it is explained, as we shall see, in the same way as
|
||
the difference among telesensory animals.) </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
difference in the fates of these two classes of animals poses a
|
||
challenge to this ontological explanation of revolutionary evolution.
|
||
If evolution is really a dialectic of gradual and revolutionary
|
||
change in which stages of evolution follow one another in time, then
|
||
why did the next stage not happen to any invertebrates species? Thus,
|
||
let us consider what makes vertebrates so different from
|
||
invertebrates before we show how the vertebrate nervous systems
|
||
evolves a higher level of neurological organization. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
answer to this puzzle is found in their patterns of embryological
|
||
development. There are basically two different ways that
|
||
multicellular animals develop, and it has long been recognized as a
|
||
basic difference among them. Once class has so-called “proterostome”
|
||
development, whereas the other has “deuterostome” development.
|
||
Deuterostome embryological development in vertebrates and how it
|
||
differs from proterostome development will explain what makes it
|
||
possible them to try out higher levels of neurological organization.
|
||
The origin of this difference was explained<font face="Arial, sans-serif">,
|
||
</font>along with a more detailed description of the difference
|
||
between proterostome and deuterostome nervous systems, in <font face="Arial, sans-serif">Stage
|
||
4: Origin of the mechanism of embryological development</font>. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Since
|
||
every cell in a (sexually reproducing) multicellular animal derives
|
||
from the same fertilized egg cell and has the same genetic structure,
|
||
the basic challenge in constructing a complex body or nervous system
|
||
is to make the cells become different in their behavior and yet
|
||
coordinate them so that they work together as a whole. This challenge
|
||
has been met by a process called embryological development, which
|
||
began with the original multicellular animals of this kind and became
|
||
increasingly elaborate through evolution. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Sexual
|
||
reproduction requires, as we have seen, that the whole body of the
|
||
multicellular animal be constructed from a single fertilized egg
|
||
cell, and this mechanism coordinates the lower level organisms of
|
||
which multicellular animals are composed. This is a function of what
|
||
is classified here as the "multicellular biological behavior
|
||
guidance system."<font face="Verdana, sans-serif"> </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The advent
|
||
of that important mechanism is responsible for the Cambrian
|
||
revolution, which marks the very beginning of the fossil record some
|
||
600 million years ago. That is when the fossils of many different
|
||
species of multicellular animals suddenly showed up, and since
|
||
fossils form only when multicellular animals evolved hard parts, like
|
||
shells, it indicates roughly when the mechanism of embryological
|
||
development first evolved. That is the mechanism that constructs the
|
||
nervous system.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Cells
|
||
are first determined to become different kinds by the part of the
|
||
cytoplasm (or cortex) of the fertilized egg that they inherit from
|
||
the initial divisions of the egg cell. But animals need complex
|
||
bodies in order to act on other objects in space, and that requires a
|
||
developmental process in which some cells (and groups of cells) move
|
||
past other groups of cells that remain attached to one another. What
|
||
made it possible for animals to have a form of embryological
|
||
development that is so different from plants is the animal-like
|
||
behavior of the protists from which animals evolved (presumably,
|
||
amoebas), including locomotion. Except in the simplest animals,
|
||
development involves a process of gastrulation, and early in that
|
||
process, a major difference shows up among multicellular animals,
|
||
indicating an early branching in the evolution of their kinds. It
|
||
separates vertebrates from most kinds of invertebrates, and it
|
||
explains why vertebrates are able to evolve higher levels of
|
||
neurological development, beyond telesensory animals, whereas
|
||
invertebrates cannot. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
major division among animals is the difference between proterostomes
|
||
and deuterostomes. Most invertebrates are proterostomes, but
|
||
vertebrates are deuterostomes. A brief sketch of the difference about
|
||
the basic frameworks in which their nervous systems are laid out will
|
||
make it clear why higher levels of neurological organization occur
|
||
only in vertebrates. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
proterostomes, the basic structure produced by gastrulation is a
|
||
single tube formed of two layers of cells (ectoderm and endoderm)
|
||
stretching between the mouth and anus. There are apparently gradients
|
||
of messenger proteins established in the tube as a whole, uniquely
|
||
identifying every location in it. Although the mechanism has not yet
|
||
been fully explained, the multicellular behavior guidance system can
|
||
apparently address cells by their locations in this gradient, make
|
||
them open up different segments of their chromosomes so they behave
|
||
differently, and thereby enable them to move past other cells to
|
||
other locations in the body which are also identified by this
|
||
gradient. In proterostomes, this is the source of the structure of
|
||
both the nervous system and most of the structure of the body.
|
||
Neurons always develop only from the outer layer of cells in the tube
|
||
(ectoderm). Cells located in certain parts of the two-layered tube
|
||
are determined to become ganglia, which are clusters of neurons that
|
||
set up their own gradients of messenger molecules among themselves.
|
||
And the multicellular behavior guidance system can also use these new
|
||
gradients, within the ganglia that form, to address cells
|
||
individually and make them send axons to connect with certain other
|
||
neurons in the same ganglion or to certain neurons in other ganglia
|
||
located elsewhere in the body.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
deuterostomes, gastrulation is able to produce a basically different
|
||
structure of gradients for the multicellular behavior guidance system
|
||
to use in determining cells, although not all deuterostomes exploit
|
||
this capacity. There is at least a 2-D gradient in the tube extending
|
||
from mouth to anus identifying the locations of cells (with cells
|
||
also orienting themselves orthagonally to the surface of the tube),
|
||
and there is an additional body-length tube, the neural tube, with a
|
||
similar 2 .D gradient of its own, which becomes the spinal chord and
|
||
brain in vertebrates. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">The neural
|
||
tube is formed from a body-long strip of the outer layer of cells (or
|
||
ectoderm) of the body-tube (or gastrula) which folds over and sinks
|
||
beneath the outer layer of cells. Although neurons still develop only
|
||
from the ectoderm, the ectoderm used in deuterostomes is the neural
|
||
tube, and its separation from the rest of the body enables the
|
||
multicellular behavior guidance system to use the 2-D gradients in
|
||
the neural tube to address neurons separately from the cells that
|
||
become other parts of the body. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Furthermore,
|
||
during the process of gastrulation in which the neural tube is
|
||
formed, both the body and the neural tube are segmented, so that
|
||
there is actually a <i>series </i>of 2 .D gradients (including a
|
||
difference between right and left sides of the body) running along
|
||
the length of both the body and the neural tube. Thus, not only are
|
||
all the cells of the behavior guidance system already separated from
|
||
the rest of the body in a tube with their own 2 .D gradient, but that
|
||
all .inclusive 2 .D gradient is also subdivided regularly into
|
||
smaller 2 .D gradients. The animals that take advantage of
|
||
deuterostome development to construct a nervous system in this way
|
||
are all called "chordates".</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Since
|
||
the challenge to the mechanism of embryological development is to
|
||
coordinate the behavior of lower level organisms, it is clearly an
|
||
advantage to have a segmented neural tube in which to construct and
|
||
operate the animal behavior guidance system separate from the rest of
|
||
the body. Indeed, there is a useful analogy to the biological
|
||
behavior guidance system. Chordates seem to have a higher level of
|
||
organization than proterostomes in a way that resembles how
|
||
eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes, although chordate and
|
||
proterostome nervous systems are actually on the same level of
|
||
part-whole complexity. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
prokaryote and eukaryote biological behavior guidance systems both
|
||
coordinates the behavior of segments of DNA (or genes) in much the
|
||
same way as the multicellular animal behavior guidance system
|
||
coordinates the behavior of neurons in both proterostomes and
|
||
chordates. The lower level organisms are coordinated by being parts
|
||
of the structure of the organism as a whole. But prokaryotes are to
|
||
eukaryotes as proterostomes are to chordates.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In
|
||
prokaryotes, a loop of DNA, containing all the genes, is located
|
||
alongside all the other molecules in the cell, whereas in eukaryotes,
|
||
multiple chromosomes are kept separately in a nucleus, where the
|
||
expression of all their genes can be coordinated without interference
|
||
from the mechanisms generating the behavior of the cell as a whole. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Likewise,
|
||
in the case of nervous systems. In proterostomes, neurons are
|
||
determined to become ganglia from the body's 2 .D gradient alongside
|
||
all the other organs of the body, whereas in chordates, the only
|
||
cells that become neurons come from the 2 .D gradients of a segmented
|
||
neural tube, so that the coordination of cells in setting up the
|
||
nervous system is not disrupted by the coordination of cells in
|
||
setting up in the body. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In both
|
||
eukaryotic cells and chordates, there is a spatially distinct organ
|
||
for controlling the simplest units involved in guiding behavior. It
|
||
is important to recognize, however, that deuterostome development
|
||
does not put chordates on a higher level of part-whole complexity
|
||
than proterostomes. It does not make much sense to talk about levels
|
||
of part-whole complexity when there are only two levels.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
|
||
is, moreover, a further advantage in separating the animal behavior
|
||
guidance system in the neural tube from the rest of the body. In
|
||
proterostomes, where there is no such separation, another set of
|
||
gradients has to be set up in each ganglion to coordinate its neurons
|
||
after the ganglion has been determined from the ectoderm. In
|
||
chordates, by contrast, this step has already been accomplished
|
||
before neurons are determined, because cells in the neural tube
|
||
already contain labels indicating their relative locations in the
|
||
local 2 .D gradient of each segment of neural tube as well as their
|
||
segment relative to other segments in the neural tube as a whole. The
|
||
chordate multicellular behavior guidance system can, therefore,
|
||
address whole 2 .D arrays of cells in a segment at once and tell
|
||
(some of) them (from each local area) to migrate to, or to send axons
|
||
to, another 2 .D array in the neural tube, while keeping their
|
||
relative positions in their own 2 .D structure and finding their
|
||
counterparts in the target array. That is, chordates have 2 .D arrays
|
||
located in a more inclusive 2 .D array. Thus, it is as if the units
|
||
supplied by gastrulation for use in neural development were not just
|
||
single neurons, but also whole 2 .D arrays of neurons. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">This
|
||
difference would explain why only vertebrates are able to try out yet
|
||
higher levels of neurological organization,<b> </b>and we shall see
|
||
why such connections among whole 2 .D arrays of neurons are essential
|
||
to the mechanisms of the subjective animal system of representation
|
||
that gives mammals a locomotor imagination. It will not be known
|
||
precisely how the segmented neural tube gives vertebrates such an
|
||
advantage until the mechanisms of the multicellular biological
|
||
behavior guidance system are explained, but that is not essential to
|
||
this argument, for it depends only on recognizing a basic difference
|
||
between the biological behavior guidance systems of proterostomes and
|
||
deuterostomes in how they coordinate the behavior of cells in setting
|
||
up the structure of the nervous system. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
difference between a nervous system enclosed in a separate unit and
|
||
one spread throughout the body is intuitively clear, and there are
|
||
many reasons for believing that this accounts for the failure of
|
||
invertebrates to evolve higher levels of neurological organization
|
||
are not hard to find. Here are three (which are explained in more
|
||
detail in <font face="Arial, sans-serif">Stage 4: Multicellular
|
||
organisms: Evolution of embryological development)</font>. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">First,
|
||
it is clear that the gradients in the body of invertebrates could
|
||
interfere with the structure of the nervous system, because, despite
|
||
the obvious advantage to telesensory animals of having a nervous
|
||
system centralized in the head for guiding locomotion, not a single
|
||
proterostome has managed to disentangle its nervous system from the
|
||
mouth itself. At the head of every telesensory proterostome, there
|
||
are always two pairs of ganglia whose connections encircle the mouth.
|
||
This reflects the gradients set up in the body by proterostome
|
||
development, in which the mouth is the opening in the sphere created
|
||
by gastrulation. Proterostome development is simpler than
|
||
deuterostome, but it compromises the unity of the centralized nervous
|
||
system.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Second,
|
||
although proterostomes do develop segmentation in their bodily
|
||
structures (in segmented worms and insects), it does not give the
|
||
nervous system a larger 2 .D gradient in which smaller 2 .D gradients
|
||
are embedded for use in connecting 2-D arrays at different locations
|
||
with one another, because it is the body as a whole that is
|
||
segmented. The body is, in effect, a series of simpler, proterostome
|
||
bodies. Ganglia can be set up in each segment, but they still have to
|
||
set up their own internal 2 .D gradients. Hence, they are independent
|
||
of one another and not coordinated with one another by being embedded
|
||
in a larger 2 .D gradient. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Unlike the
|
||
deuterostome development of chordates, where the process of
|
||
gastrulation segments both the body and the neural plate (which
|
||
becomes neural tube), the segments in proterostomes are set up by the
|
||
duplication of special mesodermal cells, which give rise to coeloms
|
||
that divide the basic tube-like structure of their bodies. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Third,
|
||
the evolution of a camera-type eyes in the squid and the octopus
|
||
shows that the difference between invertebrates and vertebrates
|
||
cannot be explained by any lack of ability to evolve the right kinds
|
||
of cells. But the difference in their wiring does show the advantage
|
||
of having 2 .D arrays built into the gradients of the neural tube. In
|
||
vertebrates, the retina of the eye develops from a section of the
|
||
neural tube that migrates as a whole to the ectoderm (where they
|
||
determine cells located there to become a lens and an eyeball
|
||
surrounding it). So their axons, with millions of them in a bundle,
|
||
are able to keep their spatial relations to one another as they
|
||
project back to the neural tube and superimpose themselves in an
|
||
orderly way on the 2 .D arrays of their targets. But in order for the
|
||
octopus, as an invertebrate, to operate a camera-type eye, the
|
||
complex 2 .D array of cells must be constructed from the neurons in
|
||
ganglia, and whatever is going on, a glance at the basket-weave
|
||
structure of its optic nerve makes clear that it takes a good part of
|
||
the multicellular biological behavior guidance system's capacity for
|
||
determining cells simply to keep them straight as they project to
|
||
their targets. Not surprisingly, it is not easy to combine many such
|
||
neural mechanisms as parts of a larger neural mechanism. (See
|
||
Diagram.)</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img 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" name="Octopus" align="bottom" width="384" height="384" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">By
|
||
explaining why invertebrates are unable to try out higher levels of
|
||
neurological organization, we also explain why vertebrates do.
|
||
Deuterostome development coordinates lower level organisms in a way
|
||
that can set up a segmented neural tube separate from the rest of the
|
||
body so that it can then use all its powers of coordination to set up
|
||
the nervous system and only later connect it with the body (using its
|
||
parallel set of segmented 2-D gradients). </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Vertebrates
|
||
also differ from invertebrates, of course, in having generally larger
|
||
and more powerful bodies. That has not been explained. Nor will we
|
||
try to explain it, except to suggest that, since their size and power
|
||
are mainly a matter of having an internal skeleton, rather than an
|
||
external skeleton (as in insects) or no skeleton at all (as in the
|
||
octopus), and since the vertebras are also determined as a separate
|
||
unit running the whole length of the body (the notochord) in the same
|
||
process of gastrulation and segmentation that determines the body and
|
||
the neural tube (and the coelom, from which the internal organs
|
||
come), it would not be surprising if the same cause were responsible
|
||
for this other difference from invertebrates as well.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#993366"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS05_06" align="right" hspace="5" width="275" height="30" border="0">he
|
||
structure of the non-mammalian vertebrate brain. </b></font></font>In
|
||
the non-mammalian vertebrate brain, the three systems serving the
|
||
main subfunctions of the animal behavior guidance system are located
|
||
in three anatomically distinct parts of vertebrate brains. It is
|
||
relevant to take account of this structure, because shifting the
|
||
sensory input and behavioral output systems to the part of the brain
|
||
that served only the goal selection subfunction in non-mammalian
|
||
vertebrates is the random variation that will try out the higher
|
||
level of neurological organization found in the mammalian brain. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">B<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAGsAAAAOCAMAAAAfWBLXAAAAYFBMVEXjx5vVu5HHroi4on6qlXSciWqOfGF/cFdxY01jV0MybUFVSjpGPjA4MSYqJR0cGBMNDAkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD2Ty12AAAA6UlEQVR4nL2U2WoDMQxFtVkLYznp//9spYEmDaWUacB6MVxb90i2MHzsC9jLgj3xYJG74VPX74cIX5P4TZYcovMXO5fXpHyX5cABRybjzCw7XnmUrpl6WyG1ZFN0rbinFj7BZ3Lkwj8YP1m3zADUw3lSmx4EbTLH2ZfE2U4XAZinVKwBNMXtH31ByFJz0FiUXxdFnt4sf7LgwSr93L3KOmQkLQlnk8llFNIF2xjTXJo11YulJQy20HuzcI0xrrJqDp2AyxX7MWoO1XtAuMYTTamKRxcFNCOqA6YKQp1ndJW1Ibazdv5R2+ITZSAl8dQ5D6kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" name="TtsOtkCRS05_07" align="right" hspace="5" width="125" height="20" border="0">asic
|
||
structure. </font>In the non-mammalian brain, the major systems and
|
||
their functions are obvious, given the function of the animal
|
||
behavior guidance system (and its three subfunctions). The brain
|
||
itself is one of two main components of the nervous system set up in
|
||
the neural tube. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
other component is the spinal chord. It is the entire nervous system
|
||
of somatosensory chordates (represented by <i>Amphioxus</i>) from
|
||
which vertebrates evolved. For vertebrates, the spinal chord serves
|
||
mainly to connect the brain with the rest of the body. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="NMBrainParts" align="bottom" width="450" height="286" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
the brain's segment of the neural tube, embryological development
|
||
results in three, anatomically distinct parts: just above (rostral
|
||
to) the spinal chord is the <i>hindbrain</i>, followed by the
|
||
<i>midbrain</i>, and finally (at the rostral-most end) the <i>forebrain</i>.
|
||
These three units can be explained by the three subfunctions that any
|
||
system that would choose among different kinds of behavior must have.
|
||
Any behavior guidance system, as we have seen, must register input
|
||
from the world, select from among incompatible kinds of behavior, and
|
||
generate the kind of behavior chosen. That holds for the vertebrate
|
||
brain. These three subfunctions account for the kinds of neural
|
||
connections found in the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain, as a
|
||
brief sketch of their connections will confirm. (See the diagram of
|
||
the main parts of the non-mammalian brain.)</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Furthermore,
|
||
the neural connections among these sub-systems are just what would be
|
||
expected of an animal behavior guidance system with an animal system
|
||
of representation, that is, with input from the bodily condition
|
||
being combined with telesensory input to construct an animal
|
||
representation of the object that can guide locomotion in relation to
|
||
distant objects.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Hindbrain’s
|
||
behavioral output system.</b></i> The hindbrain is responsible for
|
||
<i>motor output </i>to the body. In order to guide locomotion by
|
||
telesensory input, the hindbrain takes over control of local reflexes
|
||
in all segments of the original neural tube (as in <i>Amphioxus</i>),
|
||
and thus, the <i>somatosensory input</i> that triggered those local
|
||
reflexes is also passed toward the head (rostrally) and registered in
|
||
the hindbrain. (See diagram of the behavioral output system.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img 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" name="NMBrain3Stms" align="bottom" width="425" height="658" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">But
|
||
the hindbrain does not represent the body somatotopically, that is,
|
||
as a picture or isomorphic representation of the body. (Its diffuse
|
||
organization is called a "reticular formation".) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
|
||
is, however, an appendage to the hindbrain, the cerebellum, whose
|
||
neurons correspond roughly to the geometrical structure of the body
|
||
because of how it assists in generating behavior. The somatotopic
|
||
organization is required by the cerebellum's function. It modifies
|
||
the hindbrain's motor output in order to even out the spatial
|
||
distributions (and temporal sequences) of its ultimate commands to
|
||
local muscle groups (using its own somatosensory input). </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">That is,
|
||
when different regions of the hindbrain generating different kinds of
|
||
behavior call on the same local muscle groups in the spine, the
|
||
cerebellum distributes their orders spatially and temporally so that
|
||
all the tasks requested are accomplished without overtaxing any local
|
||
group (while keeping the body oriented in gravity, with the help of
|
||
the vestibular nucleus). It has its own channel of sensory input from
|
||
the body, from the inner ear about acceleration and orientation in
|
||
gravity, and from nuclei (olivary nuclei in the caudal hindbrain)
|
||
that appear to compare motor commands with somatosensory input. It
|
||
modifies motor commands by way of its output to the hindbrain
|
||
behavior generator.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Midbrain’s
|
||
visual input system.</b></i> The midbrain registers <i>telesensory
|
||
input </i>from the object. The main form of telesensory input was
|
||
originally vision, whose 2 .D arrays, as mentioned before, are easily
|
||
set up in the neural tube. The retina is a segment of the forebrain
|
||
that migrates to the ectoderm of the body and determines cells
|
||
already located there to become a lens and an optic cup behind it.
|
||
The retinal neurons send an ordered, 2 .D array of axons to a region
|
||
of the midbrain called the "optic tectum" (and to a part of
|
||
the forebrain called the "thalamus" from which the retina
|
||
migrated). (See diagram of the visual input system.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
optic tectum picks objects out from the background, a relatively easy
|
||
task when either the object or the animal is moving. Its control of
|
||
the direction of the eye serves the function of inquisitive behavior
|
||
in the animal system of representation, though the optic tectum also
|
||
receives some somatosensory input. But somatosensory input includes
|
||
the "lateral line" in fishes, which can detect the pressure
|
||
caused by fish swimming nearby, and there is also taste input to the
|
||
optic tectum (from cranial nerves that serve the feeding apparatus),
|
||
and hearing (after it evolves). </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
optic tectum has a large projection to the hindbrain behavioral
|
||
output system, by which the optic tectum can adjust locomotion
|
||
according to the direction, motion and distance to the object in
|
||
space it is tracking visually and direct routine responses to
|
||
objects, as in feeding. In non-mammalian vertebrates, in short, the
|
||
optic tectum serves as the animal representation, or the input
|
||
subfunction in the animal system of representation, for it guides the
|
||
locomotion of the body in relation to the currently perceived object.
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Forebrain’s
|
||
olfactory selection system.</b></i> The basic need responsible for
|
||
the evolution of the behavior guidance system is choosing the goal,
|
||
and telesensory animals must choose which goal to pursue with respect
|
||
to the object at a distance (feeding, self-protection, mating, and
|
||
the like). This subfunction is served in non-mammalian vertebrates by
|
||
the forebrain. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
the primitive vertebrate brain, these decisions depend mainly on the
|
||
forebrain's own form of telesensory input, <i>olfaction</i>. The
|
||
olfactory bulb, located at the extreme rostral end of the
|
||
telencephalon, contains neurons that identify molecules by
|
||
interacting with them directly. About organisms, olfaction is usually
|
||
a reliable indicator of the kind being encountered. The olfactory
|
||
bulb has multiple pathways by which it reaches the midbrain and can
|
||
control the kind of behavior that the hindbrain generates in response
|
||
to the visual input from the object. (See diagram of the olfactory
|
||
selection system.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">One pathway
|
||
by which the olfactory bulb affects the midbrain is through the
|
||
hypothalamus, a (ventral) part of the diencephalon, which has
|
||
multiple connections to the midbrain. A second pathway is through the
|
||
amygdala, another nucleus in the telencephalon, which, as the seat of
|
||
fear, can override other routines and generate fighting or fleeing
|
||
instead. And there is a third pathway involving the septum, a ventral
|
||
part of the telencephalon. </font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In
|
||
primitive vertebrates, the main route for affecting the midbrain is
|
||
<i>via</i> the habenulae, a prominent, asymmetric pair of nuclei
|
||
located just above the diencephalon (or atop the dorsal thalamus)
|
||
which has a heavily myelinated bundle of fibers (the fasciculus
|
||
retroflexus) that passes through the thalamus to a spiral shaped
|
||
nucleus at the ventral midline of the midbrain (the interpeduncular
|
||
nucleus). The olfactory bulb projects to the hypothalamus and the
|
||
septum (which are interconnected), and they have connections to the
|
||
habenulae <i>via </i>the stria medularis. The amygdala (which is also
|
||
connected to the hypothalamus) has a connection of its own to the
|
||
habenulae <i>via </i>the stria terminalis. (See diagram of the
|
||
olfactory selection system.)</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
forebrain also has, as we shall see, two other ways of affecting
|
||
motor output, which depend on other kinds of sensory input. The
|
||
forebrain receives (<i>via</i> its thalamus) visual input (both
|
||
indirectly, by way of the optic tectum, and directly, from the
|
||
retina), auditory input (after hearing evolves), and even some
|
||
somatosensory input, all of which become increasingly pronounced in
|
||
the evolution of vertebrates. (See diagrams of the forebrain output.)
|
||
But these sensory inputs are used only to modify behavior in relation
|
||
to distant objects currently being detected by the optic tectum and
|
||
to generate complex instinctive routines, including telesensory
|
||
map-making routines. Thus, there are, including olfaction, three ways
|
||
that the forebrain can influence what happens in the midbrain and
|
||
hindbrain, and all have to do with the subfunction of selecting the
|
||
right kind of behavior. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">F<img src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAGsAAAAOCAMAAAAfWBLXAAAAYFBMVEXjx5vVu5HHroi4on6qlXSciWqOfGF/cFdxY01jV0MybUFVSjpGPjA4MSYqJR0cGBMNDAkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD2Ty12AAABPUlEQVR4nL1U27LDIAhEQcTRtTn//7MHza1J+9KXMBnNAmFBMPT3nNCzXPSMHFzRLIdTrxcvxgXzXMubn/I17B1P54NLqmi7h9sF4QrPdfMzuYa+4+l8chlxoQpwaIDbFLMY9o0XeMxkJIXRs8NhQe3qftzbQtZQadhci8nlUdrIEUHR5cb1AgoFrcYtjjxamgk56EchNdYkB/RAU+eLpfE2bWGtS00aq8ZKkNQ+6qIiXbORlh7hDYStxWMLnrN/Y2bnGWK1YZwZ3m0mVs1iQBZ6memNq0pC7FKMs2cEyimN/pmlnSssQlY8qZb45LKcXivXtO1cAvEBGQcKlXzl8jm0SOxOwcv3+eJtLtU3PRusflxxtl7H40tWkMQJ3ba6OhbTQOyNCNl4qn+5X6rftNz7V/2nPH6Xn/xHPSb/oh8p3tRim/cAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" name="TtsOtkCRS05_08" align="right" hspace="5" width="175" height="20" border="0">oundation
|
||
for a higher level of neurological organization.</font> Looking
|
||
ahead, the transformation of the non-mammalian into the mammalian
|
||
brain is often described as the centralization of functions in the
|
||
nervous system. That is, as mentioned above, the three subfunctions
|
||
of the animal behavior guidance system, which are parceled out to the
|
||
three anatomically distinct sections of the non-mammalian brain, are
|
||
all served by one of those sections in mammalian brains, namely, by
|
||
the forebrain. The midbrain and hindbrain structures are still there,
|
||
but they are slaves to the forebrain. The simplest and most
|
||
convincing way to show how the four subsystems of the subjective
|
||
animal system of representation are the functions served by
|
||
structures in the mammalian forebrain will be to describe how those
|
||
structures evolve from simpler mechanisms in the non-mammalian
|
||
forebrain, and thus, it will be helpful to describe the relevant
|
||
structures of the vertebrate brain here. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
|
||
are two important kinds of changes in the mammalian brain, not only
|
||
the evolution of a neocortex, but also the redirection of erstwhile
|
||
forebrain output back to the forebrain (by way of the thalamus) to
|
||
form the complete circuits of its higher level of neurological
|
||
organization. To see what is involved in these changes, let us look
|
||
at the structure of the non-mammalian forebrain more closely and its
|
||
three outputs to the midbrain.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Embryological
|
||
development of the forebrain.</b></i> The vertebrate forebrain
|
||
develops from the extreme rostral section of the neural tube. It has
|
||
two parts, the <i>diencephalon </i>and <i>telencephalon</i>. (See
|
||
earlier diagram of the main parts of the non-mammalian brain.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
diencephalon is the neural tube itself at that most rostral section.
|
||
It is divided into two parts: the dorsal half, the <i>thalamus</i>,
|
||
receives and passes on to the telencephalon all the forebrain's
|
||
sensory input, and the ventral half, the <i>hypothalamus</i>, is the
|
||
master control of the endocrine system (managing the messenger
|
||
proteins, or hormones, in the blood) and the parasympathetic nervous
|
||
system (sending nerves to internal organs). (The hypothalamus is,
|
||
therefore, the main way in which the outputs of the animal behavior
|
||
guidance system and the biological behavior guidance system are
|
||
coordinated.)</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
telencephalon develops from the same segment of the neural tube as
|
||
the diencephalon. That segment of the neural plate does not close
|
||
fully into a tube like the rest of the nervous system; instead, both
|
||
sides are extended and thickened and become two, symmetrical flaps,
|
||
which ultimately almost surround the diencephalon, as the
|
||
telencephalon. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Forebrain
|
||
output to the midbrain.</b></i> The non-mammalian forebrain projects
|
||
all its output to the midbrain, because that is where the optic
|
||
tectum uses telesensory input to guide the locomotion in relation to
|
||
the distant object (that is, where the animal representation of the
|
||
object guides locomotion). The default behavior is normal locomotion
|
||
and feeding. (Taste receptors have direct connections that affect
|
||
feeding behavior.) Output from the forebrain modifies these behaviors
|
||
and is responsible for selecting most other goals. The forebrain's
|
||
outputs are all received by a region of the midbrain where the optic
|
||
tectum influences the hindbrain motor commands and determines how the
|
||
body moves in relation to the distant objects, approaching or
|
||
avoiding them. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
most primitive output of the non-mammalian forebrain to the midbrain
|
||
for choosing the goals of the behavior has already been mentioned. It
|
||
originates from input to the olfactory bulb and reaches the midbrain
|
||
by various ancient pathways, including some through the hypothalamus.
|
||
This, together with another olfactory pathway (through the amygdala,
|
||
a ventral part of the telencephalon), becomes the <i>affective system</i>
|
||
in mammals. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">It
|
||
is the two other ways that non-mammalian forebrains can influence
|
||
behavior that are relevant to the evolution of the subjective system
|
||
of representation itself. Both of these other two outputs depend on
|
||
visual, auditory or somatosensory input received by the thalamus and
|
||
relayed to the telencephalon. But each involves a different target in
|
||
the forebrain. One target is the (non-mammalian) dorsal cortex, the
|
||
extended flap that develops from the neural tube at the diencephalon
|
||
into the telencephalon, and the other is the striatum, a structure at
|
||
the base of that extended flap. The dorsal cortex sends output to the
|
||
midbrain by way of its connections to the extreme (medial) edge of
|
||
the flap, which is (or becomes) the hippocampus. And the hippocampus
|
||
projects, in turn, (by way of the fornix) to the hypothalamus, which
|
||
sends output to the midbrain and to the mammillary body located in
|
||
the hypothalamus. (The mammillary body has its own projection to the
|
||
midbrain.) (See diagram of the hippocampal and striatal two pathway
|
||
for forebrain output.)</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img 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" name="NMBrain2Paths" align="bottom" width="421" height="440" border="0"></font></p>
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||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
striatum, the other forebrain target, sends output to the midbrain by
|
||
way of connections in and through the hypothalamus. (See diagram of
|
||
the hippocampal and striatal two pathway for forebrain output.)</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
size of the forebrain increases in vertebrate evolution, and the size
|
||
and definition of the striatal and hippocampal pathways to the
|
||
midbrain increase more than that of the primitive olfactory pathways.
|
||
But the function of striatal and hippocampal output to the midbrain
|
||
is basically to select the <i>right kind </i>of behavior for the
|
||
distant object, including the construction of instinctive telesensory
|
||
maps. They generate instinctive responses, including complex fixed
|
||
action patterns, by modifying behavior that is already being adjusted
|
||
to the currently detected distant object by the optic tectum in the
|
||
midbrain. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">For
|
||
example, in an amphibian like the frog, visual input from the retina
|
||
and optic tectum that is relayed (by the thalamus) to the striatum is
|
||
used to select flight from large objects that are moving toward them
|
||
(which are usually predators), suppressing their normal behavior of
|
||
snapping at food. And visual input from the retina relayed (by the
|
||
thalamus and dorsal cortex) to the hippocampus is used to keep frogs
|
||
from jumping into walls. (See Macphail 1982 on amphibians and
|
||
reptiles.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">In
|
||
birds, at least, this hippocampal pathway evolved into a complete
|
||
circuit for a one-dimensional, vision-based memory for retracing a
|
||
pathway of salient landmarks, which approximates the mammalian <i>memory</i>
|
||
circuit.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">In the
|
||
avian brain, the dorsal cortex contains a detailed visual image
|
||
called the "visual Wulst" which controls locomotion by its
|
||
own, direct motor output. It is part of a memory map that uses visual
|
||
input relayed by the thalamus directly from the retina to the dorsal
|
||
cortex. And as part of the dorsal cortex, the Wulst connects through
|
||
the medial cortex/hippocampus and fornix back to the mammillary body
|
||
in the hypothalamus. But instead of merely influencing the midbrain
|
||
and motor output, as in other non-mammals, the mammillary body relays
|
||
a signal, by way of the thalamus, back to the Wulst in the
|
||
telencephalon. This is a complete circuit, resembling the mammalian
|
||
memory mechanism, is apparently used to construct a memory map for
|
||
guiding locomotion. Assuming it works the same way as in mammals, the
|
||
Wulst can use a one-dimensional chain of stimulus-response
|
||
connections as a map to guide locomotion without involving the rest
|
||
of the circuit (hippocampus, fornix and mammillary body). But vision
|
||
is the only sensory modality involved, and judging by the
|
||
neurological mechanisms, it cannot use its memory map as a locomotor
|
||
imagination.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><i><b>Reptilian
|
||
innovations.</b></i> There is little change in the basic structure of
|
||
the non-mammalian vertebrate brain (after the evolution of the jaw in
|
||
fishes), except for three important changes, each involving one main
|
||
parts of the brain, that came with the evolution of reptiles and the
|
||
their use of legs to support the body. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Legs
|
||
that could support the body made vertebrates better able to move
|
||
across land, and new mechanisms were required to operate them. A new
|
||
section of the cerebellum (the <i>paleocerebellum</i>) was required
|
||
to balance the body on its legs and smooth out motor commands to
|
||
them. And to serve this function, it has a somatotopic organization,
|
||
that is, like a picture of the body. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
paleocerebellum projects to a new nucleus in the midbrain, the <i>red
|
||
nucleus</i>, which uses a somatotopic array of neurons to send motor
|
||
commands to the limbs. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Finally,
|
||
the source of the more complex motor commands required to operate
|
||
legs is a prominent, new structure in the telencephalon, the <i>DVR
|
||
</i>(dorsal ventricular ridge). It is a major modification of the
|
||
striatal pathway of forebrain output, because the DVR receives most
|
||
of the thalamic relay of sensory input <i>via</i> this pathway to the
|
||
telencephalon (including both the direct and the indirect visual
|
||
channels), and the DVR projects to the striatum, by way of which its
|
||
output reaches the midbrain and hindbrain areas for generating motor
|
||
output. The DVR controls the motor commands from the red nucleus by
|
||
way of a projection from the hindbrain to the paleocerebellum. (The
|
||
main part of the DVR also projects to a more basal part of the DVR,
|
||
which also receives olfactory input and projects to the hypothalamus,
|
||
according to Ulinski, 1983.) (See diagram of the reptilian brain with
|
||
paleocerebellum, red nucleus and DVR.) </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="NMBrainDVR" align="bottom" width="422" height="224" border="0"></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">To
|
||
sum up, there are only three ways that the non-mammalian forebrain
|
||
can affect the behavior being generated in relation to the distant
|
||
object by the midbrain and hindbrain: the ancient olfactory pathway,
|
||
the hippocampal pathway, and the striatal pathway. And the only input
|
||
to the non-mammalian forebrain is the sensory input (indirectly from
|
||
the midbrain and directly from the retina) registered in the thalamus
|
||
of its diencephalon and relayed to various structures in the
|
||
telencephalon — that is, except for the forebrain's own telesensory
|
||
input, olfaction, and what the hypothalamus gathers from its control
|
||
of the endocrine and parasympathetic nervous system. Although there
|
||
is, as we have seen, a further development of the reptilian brain in
|
||
birds, this is the basic structure of the reptilian forebrain from
|
||
which the subjective animal system of representation evolves.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font color="#993366"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif"><b>T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS05_09" align="right" hspace="5" width="275" height="30" border="0">he
|
||
gradual evolution of vertebrates. </b></font></font>In the first
|
||
section of this chapter, we found that the evolution of telesensory
|
||
from somatosensory animals is inevitable because it is both possible
|
||
and functional. In the second section, we saw how deuterostome
|
||
development of chordates makes it easier to construct a nervous
|
||
system with a telesensory level of part-whole complexity, and the
|
||
third section described in detail the structures in the vertebrate
|
||
brain that are the foundation for using the deuterostome capacity to
|
||
determine entire 2-D arrays of neurons to construct a brain with yet
|
||
higher level of part-whole complexity. We are following the
|
||
inevitable stages of evolution that lead up to beings like us, and
|
||
thus, it remains only to trace the gradual evolution of telesensory
|
||
animals on earth. We may set aside animals with proterostome
|
||
embryological development, because we have sufficient reason to
|
||
believe that they are not capable of evolving beyond the telesensory
|
||
stage. Let us consider briefly, therefore, the origin and
|
||
evolutionary career of vertebrates, beginning with the somatosensory
|
||
animals from which they evolved.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">S<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS05_10" align="right" hspace="5" width="175" height="20" border="0">omatosensory
|
||
chordates.</font> We are counting somatosensory animals as a
|
||
necessary part of the multicellular biological stage of evolution,
|
||
because we want to count how many distinct levels of part-whole
|
||
complexity and, thus, how many distinct evolutionary stages, there
|
||
are in the ladder that begins with the original proto-organisms and
|
||
ascend to beings like us. The multicellular animals from which
|
||
vertebrates evolved are somatosensory chordates, and they are
|
||
represented by the brainless chordate, <i>Amphioxus</i>. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Without
|
||
a brain, its nervous system is equivalent to the vertebrate's spinal
|
||
chord. Relatively sophisticated swimming behavior is generated in its
|
||
bilateral body by local connections between segments of its neural
|
||
tube, each with sensory, motor and interneurons serving the three
|
||
basic subfunctions of somatosensory animal behavior guidance systems.
|
||
The function of selecting the right kind of behavior is served by a
|
||
cough reflex at the mouth that rejects unwanted particles. And motor
|
||
reflexes triggered by somatosensory input lead <i>Amphioxus </i>to
|
||
burrow into sand at the edges oceans around the world in order to
|
||
feed on microorganisms and protect itself. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Before
|
||
vertebrates evolved, brainless chordates must have acquired free
|
||
energy in more active ways than <i>Amphioxus</i>, feeding on
|
||
microorganisms while swimming or seeking out multicellular plants to
|
||
browse on. It is not known how vertebrates evolved from animals like
|
||
<i>Amphioxus</i>, except that it was part of the evolution of
|
||
telesensory organs. But it is no surprise that <i>Amphioxus </i>is
|
||
the only extant representative of the first stage, because when
|
||
chordates did evolve telesensory organs and a centralized nervous
|
||
system to use them in guiding locomotion, somatosensory chordates
|
||
were left with only the most low-energy, sedentary ecological niches.
|
||
</font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt"><font face="Verdana, sans-serif">T<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" name="TtsOtkCRS05_11" align="right" hspace="5" width="175" height="20" border="0">elesensory
|
||
chordates (Vertebrates).</font> According to the detailed fossil
|
||
record, which begins with the Cambrian Period about 570 million years
|
||
ago, vertebrates showed up about 500 million years ago, after almost
|
||
every kind of marine invertebrate had already evolved. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 3.81cm; margin-right: 2.03cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif">Multicellular
|
||
plants had evolved long before the Cambrian period, and what accounts
|
||
for the fossils of animal skeleton that mark the beginning of that
|
||
period is the evolution of the mechanism of embryological development
|
||
(that is, the biological behavior guidance system for multicellular
|
||
animals). The relatively late arrival of chordates suggests that
|
||
deuterostome development evolved after proterostome development.</font></font></p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Vertebrates
|
||
are named after the series of vertebra that enclose their neural
|
||
tube, except at the head, where the brain is located. From the
|
||
beginning, as we have seen, the vertebrate brain had three,
|
||
anatomically distinct parts (midbrain, forebrain and hindbrain),
|
||
serving, respectively, the three subfunctions of the animal behavior
|
||
guidance system (input, choice and output), and we have seen how the
|
||
function of the telesensory animal system of representation is served
|
||
by its structure. There is remarkably little change in the structure
|
||
of the non-mammalian brain, but the bodies of non-mammalian
|
||
vertebrates underwent radical changes. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">The
|
||
most primitive vertebrates, jawless fishes (Agnathia), were still
|
||
filter feeders. They actively scooped up detritus from the bottom,
|
||
although their contemporary descendants, lampreys, have adapted the
|
||
jawless mouth for preying on other fish. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">From
|
||
them evolved the now extinct, heavily armored placodermi, with a
|
||
major reorganization of the hindbrain to operate its hinged jaw. The
|
||
jaw not only made them ferocious predators, but also revolutionized
|
||
the means of ingesting other organisms for all subsequent
|
||
vertebrates. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Two
|
||
kinds of fishes evolved from placodermi, cartilaginous (such as,
|
||
sharks and rays) and bony. The cartilaginous skeleton was a departure
|
||
from the bony frames of placodermi and jawless fishes. But bony
|
||
fishes were so successful that there may now be as many as 40,000
|
||
species of them. The earliest of them were fresh water fishes, which
|
||
had lungs as well as gills to supplement their supply of oxygen when
|
||
the water was stagnant. In most extant species, the lungs have
|
||
evolved into a swim bladder, which is also used for water-borne
|
||
hearing. But one early lung fishes, the lobe-fin fishes
|
||
(<i>Crossopterygii</i>), had fleshy bases for their two pairs of
|
||
fins. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">From
|
||
lung fishes evolved amphibians. Their ability to pull themselves
|
||
across the land opened up a new range of living objects to ingest,
|
||
for by this time, plants and some insects had already invaded the
|
||
land. (They were our first example of gradual evolution by
|
||
reproductive causation, in <font face="Arial, sans-serif">Change: As
|
||
aspect of substance: Global regularites: Reproductive: Gradual
|
||
evolution).</font> </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">There
|
||
was room for improvement among vertebrates that completed cycles of
|
||
reproduction on land. Although fertilization is still an external,
|
||
water-based process in amphibians, it was done internally by
|
||
reptiles. Reptiles not only had eggs with a shell that protected them
|
||
from drying out as the embryos developed on land, but the reptilian
|
||
body also acquired a dry, scaly, relatively impermeable skin. There
|
||
were also advances in the heart and lungs. And whereas amphibians had
|
||
short, weak limbs attached high on the sides of their bodies,
|
||
reptiles evolved longer and stronger limbs that push directly
|
||
downward, enabling their bodies to clear the land as they moved
|
||
along. In order to operate these limbs, new structures evolved within
|
||
the basic three-part structure of the vertebrate brain to send
|
||
different motor commands to different legs (the paleocerebellum in
|
||
the hindbrain, the red nucleus in the midbrain, and the DVR in the
|
||
forebrain) . Reptiles also have air-born hearing, which among
|
||
amphibians, occurs only in frogs. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 2.54cm; margin-right: 1.27cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Dinosaurs
|
||
and birds evolved from reptiles. Dinosaurs were apparently able to
|
||
move around very quickly on two legs, freeing their front legs to
|
||
grasp other living objects; only as larger dinosaur species evolved
|
||
did some return to four-footed locomotion. Dinosaurs may have evolved
|
||
some control over bodily temperature, but we have little evidence
|
||
apart from birds, which descend from an early dinosaur species.
|
||
Hollow bones and feathers adapted birds to flight, and besides
|
||
improvements in heart and lungs, they acquired the metabolism to
|
||
maintain a high body temperature. Since hatchlings cannot acquire
|
||
energy for themselves until their bodies have developed far enough to
|
||
fly, birds also care for their young, a rather rare trait before the
|
||
evolution of mammals. Birds also have, as we have mentioned, a
|
||
one-dimensional, stimulus-response, vision-based memory for retracing
|
||
a pathway, as in returning to a nest, patrolling a territory, or
|
||
migrating with the seasons, and dinosaurs probably did too. </font></font></font>
|
||
</p>
|
||
<p lang="en-US" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.27cm; margin-right: 2.54cm; text-indent: 0cm; margin-top: 0.49cm; margin-bottom: 0.49cm; line-height: 100%; widows: 0; orphans: 0">
|
||
<font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman, serif"><font size="3" style="font-size: 12pt">Although
|
||
these changes in vertebrates required enormous periods of time, they
|
||
are all at the same stage of animal evolution. Jawless fishes first
|
||
appeared about 500 million years ago, about 70 million years after
|
||
the start of the Cambrian period. The jaw evolved somewhat more than
|
||
400 million years ago, about the time that plants invaded the land.
|
||
Amphibians evolved from the lobe-fined lung fish a little more than
|
||
350 million years ago, during the age of fishes. Reptiles evolved
|
||
about 300 million years ago, late in the age of amphibians, and the
|
||
dinosaurs evolved about 225 million years ago, after the decline of
|
||
amphibians, followed shortly by birds (over 200 million years ago).
|
||
The evolution from fishes to amphibians to reptiles to dinosaurs to
|
||
birds is not a result of the dialectic of gradual and revolutionary
|
||
change, because their nervous systems (and bodies) are on the same
|
||
level of part-whole complexity. They are just a series of adaptations
|
||
of an animal behavior guidance system with a telesensory animal
|
||
system of representation (and the body it operates) to new habitats
|
||
on land and in the air (though some used their improved design to
|
||
return to water). These changes did not alter radically the
|
||
structures of their brains.</font></font></font></p>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|