145 lines
4.4 KiB
Plaintext
145 lines
4.4 KiB
Plaintext
. chisel plow and sod—seeding leehniouas.
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- Grouser reliance on m»vl|lige nee (10p near wells
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and ponds
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- Reclanialion oleroded lands Ilslng pioneer species.
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- Kcylnie lechniqutsof llood connol,
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. Scalage pns and impurindrncnr ol runaall oy low
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ounds or swals across slopes
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- 1ree lorage and rail grass hand—led lo domeslie
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sroclr
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- The use at manuresm gardens
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. rlio developmcnl ol domesllc luelwood syslems
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near villages.
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MONSOON 11101-le
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Those are really a sulerype ol weladry liopics. hm ine
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llueneed by nearlry eunllnenral land masses and
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oceanic winds onshore. They are conhriod lo lne lndl»
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Thailand ' m norrhern Ausoalia, asl lava, l'irnor,
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sonuiern New Guinea. and mend Larrlude w lo 35'
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nonh in lndia Dcspihe only about Him ol lhe world's
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land surlace. monsoon areas conlam large human
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popularioris
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Lale summer lioaling ol llie conlinerils causes
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onshoresea winds and lwilh luck) heavy rains. The dry
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lwrnlerl season reverses wmds lrorn cool inreriors lo
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caasrs, gring a cool period nor experienced in lhe war
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dry lropies lrernperalures- ISJI‘C—SS‘JO“?! Tem~
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peralures rise, and dry hol winds develop lro over
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ave—Imam in spring, wilh hcar increasing undl lhc
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onsol ol rhe monsoon . Abmu an. ol llie rain lalls in
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summer. hnl rain is erraria and vanes lrooi memo ciri
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(«Hm inches», depending on ropography and drsrance
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Irorn rho eoasl. Floods and droughls are equally
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unpredicraole. hill common Mosl aeririlies are
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delerrnined by lhe monsoon rain lrransporl, lishing.
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larrningl.
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liopieal loresls once elorhed hie hill slopes and river
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plains, and grasslands erlended lowards deserls as
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savannah. Populallun pressure. deloreslaliori, and
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marginal agriculrrrrc has deyaslaled lhis ecology in
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lndia, nryaicciduous lsroadleayes are common. leak
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and bamboo once errlensire lice canopy is lass drm
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lhan in wer rropics, so lhar dense nnderslory is also
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developed. Mangmvzs occupy river moulhs and low
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eoasls large nahve animals are now rare in lh. lndian
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snlo-«rnlinenl, our repllle lrle is abnmhnl, as are leral
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or mhve deer. lnrnalo, and primares. Monsoon Ausraha
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is herler vzslliled, wlfll searlered eucalypl and Arrrra
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lines, nreriric loresrs, and very low human popnllllmls
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lo dale Large marsuprals, leral hullalo, and marsh
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walerlowl are aoundanl
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Soils are lalenlic. oheri very hard in lhe dry season.
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and 01km nulrionr slams some are cradling clays
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Housing IS ollen mud-pole slruerures, lharched,
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sheep-rooled, wirh wide eaves and good drainage [or
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wel per-rod
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Design essenoais are similar lo lhoce ol use WMry
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lropiss
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10.1
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TROPICAL SOILS
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Special problems arise willi llvplcil soils, in rhal ereepl
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in am: ol reeeril vuloamsm such as lndonesio. soils are
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old lnol renewed by glam-hon) and deeply leached
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Mosr olllie silica and calcium rs in low supply ln elays,
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aluminium ions suosnrule lor some silica ions, i ing
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soil parricles a nel negaliye charge fipvclally in lhe
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oridie lrairlinioc sorls lcommon in wearhered voles )
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only kaolin elays and uxldrs ollmnralumlmum rernarn
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ln lhese soils, lrie charge or «non erchange canaeiry
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lcm oi rhe soils is aflrnzd lry pH 0m? ciearod, llie
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hurriic parrieles leach oul lo ahoul 30% ol’ prror levels,
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and inlernliry oppears in such crops as banana and
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sugar cane. There are a (ew ways ro reslo lhe soil-s
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alnlily ro hold nulrienls (Wayne Ralph, anaging
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some Tropieal Solls‘ in Run] Research N0 M7, pp.
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lslol-
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. lieslore humus wirh green crop. and especially
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perenmals such as Lemma and one legumes generally
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Any nllhvzhon loses humus as carbon dioxide, so rry
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ro grow planls wrllirnlererop
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- Now, add snail quinmles rrl superphosphalc al
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lreousnl rnlervals so lhar plarns ean rake rl up oelore
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leaching. ll posslbk, add linc erushed basall, a scarrer
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u! cemenl powder, and use shredded hamooo or eane
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mulehes lor s as and caloum. increase pH wrlh lime
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aller uses and green crop are growing well
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e Whaleyer is added or :vnihbk as lerliliser, give as
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a lighl spread all ymrul s—wrek lrllflwlr, unnl planls are
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well grown ll al all possible. suoslirule perennial lcrr
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annual crop, and 1mm pracoee lreouenr mhlvalwn
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sasau, cemenr powder, eoral, and bamboo mulch
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supply essennai numeiils and Inmasc soil pH, heme
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increase lhe neganire rharge on soil parricles and lheir
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aoilily lo hold Calcmm, sodium, phosphales againsr
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leaching.
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->
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ALKALNE
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Flllllnf 10,2
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moml cws
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Dlhlzll Ixcmnul mum loan and one bands on soil nannies
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chino! mm on as doomed
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253
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